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11
HYDROGEN ENERGY IN TURKEY
E. Orkun*, M. Qetinkaya, F. Karaosmanoglu
Istanbul Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department 34469, Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey Ph.: +90 212 285 68 37; fax: +90 212 285 29 25; e-mail: mervecetinkaya@yahoo.com, filiz@itu.edu.tr
"Istanbul Technical University, Aerospace & Aeronautical Engineering Department
34469, Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey Ph.: +90 212 285 68 37; fax: +90 212 285 29 25; e-mail: ertimork@yahoo.com
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Research activities: currently responsible for biodiesel, biolubricant and used diesel engine lubricant activities. Research interests:
■ biofuels: alcohol-gasoline blends as a SI engine fuel-bioethanol and methanol; biodiesel: http://www.biyomotorin-biodiesel.com; biogas: http:// www.biyogaz.com; pyrolysis of biomass; biocoal-biochar-biobriquet;
■ hydrogen;
■ fuel cell;
■ lubricating oil technologies: environmental friendly lubricants-biobased lubricants; additives for lubricating oils; oil recovery.
Karaosmanoglu Filiz Educational background:
■ Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, November 1990;
■ MSc. in Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, June 1984;
■ BSc. in Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, June 1982.
Professional experience: Academic staff of Istanbul Technical University Dep. of Chemical Engineering (1983-).
Publications: 41 contributions to International Conferences, 51 articles in peer-reviewed Journals and 6 books editing; 22 Technical National Project Reports and an EU Report entitled "ESTO Study on the Techno-Economic Feasibility of Large-Scale Production of Bio-fuels in EU-Candidate Countries", Project of Institute for Prospective Technologic Studies for IPTS - EU.
MSc. Student
Research activities: currently responsible for MSc Thesis study on "Numerical Investigations for Scaling Parameters of Highly Underexpanded Supersonic Jets".
Research interests:
■ aerothermodynamic
■ combustion (internal combustion engines) Educational background:
■ MSc. in Aeronautical-Astronautical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, May 2004;
■ BSc. in Astronautical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2002;
■ the Koc School, Istanbul, Turkey, June 1997.
A
Orkun Ertim
Publications: one article in peer-reviewed journals, two presentations in national conferences; member of Technical and Social Activities Committee of V. Symposium of National Clean Energy UTES'2004 (http://www.temizenerji.itu.edu.tr).
A Research activities: currently responsible for MSc Thesis study on "Used
Cooking Oil Originated Biodiesel as a Generator Fuel".
Research interests:
■ biofuels: biodiesel, biogas, biochar;
■ Lubricants: biobased lubricants, oil recovery.
Educational background:
■ MSc. in Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, May 2004;
■ BSc. in Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, June 2001;
Qetinkaya Merve ■ Robert College, Istanbul, Turkey, June 1997.
Professional experience: "University Supported Exchange Visitor - Student Non-Degree", Iowa State University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ames, IA, October-November 2003.
Publications: eight contributions to international conferences and seven articles in peer-reviewed journals; technical national reports and an EU report entitled ESTO study on the techno-economic feasibility of large-scale production of bio-fuels in EU-candidate countries, project of Institute for prospective technologic studies for IPTS-EU; member of Executive Council of V. Symposium of National Clean Energy UTES'2004 (http://www.temizenerji.itu.edu.tr)
As fossil fuel resources deplete all around the world, researches and investments on renewable energy resources increase. Hydrogen is the most important of all renewable energy types and it is accepted to be the energy of our future due to its simplicity, abundance on nature, diversified resources and energy content. Turkey as a country, who is highly dependent on foreign resources must give great importance to domestic and renewable resources. Turkey must catch up the rapidly growing trend of hydrogen energy all around the world. In Turkey, scientific researches on hydrogen energy and related subjects have been going on for a long time. Since two years, both private sector and the government pay great attention to hydrogen energy and the interest increases day by day. The aim of this study is to investigate the last position of hydrogen energy in Turkey from academic, governmental and industrial points of view.
Introduction
Fossil fuels have a dominant share in the world's energy production. Although they are a gift of earth to humankind, the increase in world population, industrialization, social and economical choices and most importantly environmental problems such as global warming, greenhouse effect and climate change directed the world to alternative choices at the second half of the last century. Environmental effects pushed countries to put strict standards and targets for future emissions like Montreal, Kyoto Protocols and Johannesburg World Summit. Although fossil fuels are cheap, easy and familiar for us to use, but most of them will be exhausted within this or the next century. The last researches show that petroleum resources will deplete in 41 years, where as natural gas in 62 years and coal in 230 years [1]. We can use electricity directly in many applications, but a new fuel alternative will be needed to store energy for other applications such as transportation. Renewable energy resources like wind, solar, hydraulic, geothermal, wave, bio-fuels are getting more and
more important every day all around the world, and hydrogen seems to be the energy resource of our future. Including the mineral oil derived fuel producers a large number of companies are working on renewable resources and hydrogen. Many governments encourage such researches. Countries and organizations such as EU and USA puts hydrogen energy into their energy programs and leave high budgets for improving hydrogen technology. The level of interest can be understood with "Energy Bill", which is 5 billion Euro, that is given to hydrogen energy technology by EU and 3 billion USD from USA government for hydrogen production, transportation and application [2].
As the hydrogen energy gets more and more important and becomes a critical point in countries' future energy policies, it is necessary to scope into its position in Turkey. This paper focuses on hydrogen energy studies in Turkey and summarizes the last situation through different aspects.
Turkey's energy profile
As the energy demand increases every year, the dependence to foreign resources increases expo-
nentially in Turkey. An increase in energy consumption and a decrease in national production cause the gap to grow very rapidly. In 1990, domestic energy production was 47.7% of total demand, where as in 2000 it became 33 %. Energy consumption per capita is 1900 kW per year [3]. Turkey has insufficient fossil fuel reserves (oil and natural gas) and highly dependent on foreign resources for petroleum products since only 33 % of her energy consumption can be supplied from domestic resources [4]. In Table 1, the energy production and consumption values of different resources between years 1996 and 2001 are given [5]. The mentioned gap between energy production and consumption can be clearly seen in Table 1. As it can be seen from the table, the production of fossil fuels is far less than the consumption amounts. For example, although the natural gas production in 2001 decreased to 312 million m3, the consumption increased by 1253 million m3. The renewable energy production and consumption values are small when compared to fossil fuel resources due to lack of modern renewable energy technologies.
According to the report prepared by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Turkey, difference between national production and total demand will increase next 20 years. In Fig. 1, the expected difference between energy production and consumption until 2025 are given. It can be seen from the chart that the difference in 2012 will be doubled in 2024 [6].
Renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, hydraulic, geothermal and hydrogen will have to be considered and will be used in the future, because of the coming shortage in the fossil fuel resources all around the world. Re-
newable energy production is at the second place after coal production in Turkey, although there is a lack of modern renewable energy technologies. Hydro-electrical energy covers almost one fifth of the county's energy production, but it is not sufficient for future consumption even though there is enough hydraulic resources. Only 30 % of the total hydro-electrical energy capacity is produced in the country. Wind energy possibilities have started only recently and a production of totally 19 MW is available, where as there is almost 3000 MW wind power potential in the country. Solar and biomass resources are additional possibilities but none of these are individually or collectively can meet the energy demand of Turkey in the long run and in the process of industrialisation [7]. According to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Turkey, an increase in renewable energy production is expected, although the ratio over total demand will decease according to the rise in energy demand [1].
In Table 2, we can see the renewable energy consumption-production values and projections for the next 20 years [8]. It can be seen from the table that production of all renewable energies other than biomass is expected to increase. Although Turkey has a wide agricultural land, a decrease in biomass energy production is expected for the next 25 years. Especially energy production based on geothermal, solar and wind energy resources, which are new technologies for Turkey, will increase rapidly.
From the renewable resources, hydrogen seems to be the fuel of the future because of its simplicity, abundance on nature, diversified resources and energy content. When the hydrogen resources are con-
Table 1
Energy Production & Consumption values between 1996 and 2001 in Turkey [5]
Production
Hard Coal (TTons) Lignite (TTons) Asphaltite (TTons) Natural Gas (million m3) Oil (TTons) Hydraulic (GWh) Wind-Geothermal Electric Heat Wood (TTons) Biomass (TTons) Solar (Ttoe) Total (Ttoe)
(Gwh) (Ttoe)
2441 53888 34 206 3500 40475 84 471 18374 6666 159 27386
2513 57387 29 253 3457 39816 83 531 18374 6575 179 28209
2156 65204 23 565 3224 42229 91 582 18374 6396 210 29324
1990 65019 29 731 2940 34678 102 618 17642 6184 236 27659
2259 60854 22 639 2749 30879 109 618 13938 5981 262 26825
2357 63445 31 312 2551 24010 152 618 16263 5790 287 26266
Consumption
10892 54961 34 8114 29604 40475 84 471 18374 6666 159 69862
12537 59474 29 10072 29176 39816 83 531 18374 6575 179 73779
13146 64504 23 10648 29022 42229 91 582 18374 6396 210 74709
11362 64049 29 12902 28862 34678 102 618 17642 6184 236 74275
15393 64394 22 15086 31072 30879 109 618 16938 5981 262 81221
11039 64883 31 16339 29661 24010 152 618 16263 5790 287 77044
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
Years
Fig. 1. Energy difference in production and consumption expected from 2000 to 2025 [6]
sidered, there are several choices in Turkey. The Black Sea water is 90 % anaerobic and contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Concentration is 8 ml/l at 1000 meters and rises up to 13.5 ml/l at the bottom. There are researches on hydrogen production by using electrolyze reactor and oxidation reactor. Another research about the same purpose is producing hydrogen with photo catalytic system by using semiconductor particles [6].
Turkey has great Uranium, Thorium and Boron reserves, which are not utilized sufficiently. Boron reserves consist 75 % of the world's total reserves [9]. Although according to the Ministry
of Energy and Natural Resources projections, nuclear energy will have 10-15 % of share in total energy consumption until 2025, there is no investment in nuclear energy sector, at the moment [6]. In order to increase national energy production, Turkey should consider nuclear energy in the future.
Hydrogen energy in Turkey
Parallel to improvements around the world, researches has been going on hydrogen energy academically since 70's in bio-hydrogen production, hydrogen usage (fuel cells, hydrogen using inter-
Table 2
Turkey's renewable energy resources production & consumption values and production & demand projections [8]
Resources Production-consumption values Production and projection
2000 2001 2005 2010 2015 2020
Production, Ttoe - hydraulic energy - geothermal + solar + wind energy - biomass energy Total 2655 1988 6445 11088 2065 2059 6201 10325 4162 2118 5325 11605 5623 4245 4417 14285 7190 6131 4001 17322 8381 9081 3925 21387
Renewable energy production / Total energy production, % 39.6 37.7 34 30 31 30
Renewable energy resources / Primary energy demand, % 13 13 9 8 8 7
Renewable electric energy production (REEP), GWh - hydraulic energy - geothermal + solar + wind energy Total 30879 109 30988 24010 152 24162 48398 113 48511 65387 113 65500 83605 113 83718 97456 113 97569
REEP / Total electrical energy production, % 24.8 19.7 25 22 21 18
Renewable energy consumption (REC), Ttoe - geothermal + solar + wind energy - biomass energy Total 1988 6445 8433 2059 6201 8260 2039 5325 7364 4166 4417 8583 6052 4001 10053 9002 3925 12927
REC / Total energy consumption, % 10 10.5 8 7 6 6
nal combustion engines) and hydrogen storage in Turkey. In recent years, with the efforts of T. N. Veziroglu and academic groups, companies are also getting interested in hydrogen energy.
ITU (Istanbul Technical University) Mechanical Engineering Department, Automotive Section conducted a project on hydrogen combustion using an internal combustion engine in 1993. The study consists of the utilization of hydrogen in a single cylinder spark ignition engine with minor modifications. Hydrogen has been introduced directly into the combustion chamber through the passages connected to the gallery placed under the inlet valve seat. Direct and intermittent induction of hydrogen into cylinder prevented the pre-ignition and backfire problems of hydrogen engines in general. The use of hydrogen in gaseous form resulted in a loss in the maximum power output of the engine, but increase in thermal efficiency has been obtained with lean mixtures. Even though they had positive results, project couldn't continue because of lack of industrial requests and supports [10, 11].
Kadirgan F. and her group are studying on fuel cells for more than 15 years in ITU. Currently, the group is preparing two projects for FP6 (Sixth Framework Programme). First project's overall objective will be the development of a low cost 1 kW stack for transportation applications, delivering 350 mW • cm-2 power capacity, as well as the generation of new knowledge on the key aspects of "High Efficiency Direct Methanol Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (DMPEMFC)". Specific objectives of this program is to reduce catalysts and membrane costs, to increase anode reaction rate, to develop methanol resistant cathode catalysts and new membranes by taking into
] Completed ] Continuing / Future
Continuous production of hydrogen
Construction and operation
of outdoor photobiore actor
Selection of microorganism
Factors affection hydrogen production
Identification of
by-products
Coupled systems
nvestigation of bacterial metabolism
Enzymes and Genetics
Fig. 2. The R.sphaeroides OU 001 studies of the METU Biohydrogen Group [16]
consideration the factors such as; higher conductivity and stability at elevated temperatures and reduced crossover of methanol through the membranes. This project will involve 13 partners from six countries and offer a critical mass of researches, expertise and laboratory set-up. Second project's purpose is to generate second-generation high temperature PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cells systems for automotive and residential applications. The final technical objectives of the project is the development of high temperature (95-160 °C) PEMFC components, stacks and preliminary evaluation of systems with durability and cost characteristics suitable for market entry in the medium to long term, driven by the requirements of automotive and stationary/ residential applications. (Low risk, low pay-off <120 °C, high risk, high pay-off >120 °C) [12-15].
Eroglu I. and her "Biohydrogen Production Research Group" are working on hydrogen in METU (Middle East Technical University) since 1981. Group's current research program is focused mainly on hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroi-des, a photosynthetic bacterium of the purple non-sulfur family. Their research topics in this area include the optimization of the parameters affecting hydrogen production, the use of coupled systems of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Halobacteri-um halobium and the scaling-up of the hydrogen production system from laboratory-scale volumes to pilot or industrial scale. Some of their research subjects are; modeling and kinetics of light induced proton pumping of bR re constituted liposomes, photoresponse of bR immobilized in polyac-rilamide gel membranes, kinetic analysis of light induced proton dissociation and association of bac-teriorhodopsin in purple membrane fragments under continuous illumination, modeling of long-term photo-response of bacteriorhodopsin immobilized on cellulose acetate membranes. High purity (95-99 %) hydrogen has been produced in reactors designed specifically for the purpose. The group so far optimized variables such as; temperature, light intensity and substrate concentration have been for hydrogen production. Kinetic expressions relating substrate consumption and hydrogen production with substrate concentrations have been proposed. Experiments have been conducted in which, long-term continuous hydrogen production has been accomplished. Hydrogen production was found to be possible in specif-
Hydrogen production by daity plant/sugar refinery WW
Hydrogen production
from waste water of vegetable oil plants
ic blends of wastewater with the standard medium. The valuable by-product poly-hydroxybutyrate has been detected and identified. Group's future plans is to improve hydrogen production through optimization of metabolism, for this purpose investigation and identification of the genetic structure is also necessary, to construct continuous operation of an 8 liter outdoor photobioreactor, to investigate the effect of other parameters, such as the use of coupled R.sphaeroides-Bacteriorhodop-sin systems, to complete the characterization and identification of PHB and to investigate the possibility of hydrogen production from vegetable oil waste [16-19]. The scheme of the group's researches and future plan are given in Fig. 2 [16]. The group works cooperatively with TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey) Biohydrogen Research Group under the leadership of Dr. Sevnur Mandaci [20].
METU Group is also working on fuel cells. They had worked on alkali fuel cells in the past and currently making use of this experience for investigating the manufacture of PEM fuel cell. A 1.5 kW PEM fuel cell has been designed after the results taken from previous experiments and is currently under construction by EAE Company with the cooperative contribution of TUBITAK. The METU Group is, also, preparing a project for FP6. METU Metallurgy and Material Engineering Department is working on hydrogen storage, where they use magnesium-hydrate as a storage material. The researches continue, with promising results [21-23].
A group of academicians M. D. Mat, Y. Kaplan, K. Aldas, M. Bayrak is working on hydrogen energy at Nigde University. Currently, they are working on hydrogen production by photovoltaic powered electrolyses founded by NSF (National Science Foundation-USA) and TUBITAK. The project started in 2001 and planned to and in 2004. The purpose of this research is to investigate with the aid of mathematical modeling and develop methods to increase efficiency of the electrolytic hydrogen production by means of hydrodynamic enhancements and establish a background for production and usage of the hydrogen energy in Turkey. Specifically hydrogen evolution and hydrodynamics of bubbles in an alkaline electrolyzer will be studied for a wide range of process parameters, such as current density, applied potential, electrolyte and electrode materials, gaps between anode, cathode and membrane, temperature and ambient pressure. The group's other project is "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of hydrogen Absorption in a Metal Hydride Bed" funded by DPT (Turkish State Planning Organisation). This project started in 2002 and will end in 2005. The main purpose of this project is to determine effects of bed geometry, temperature, pressure, reaction rate, and fluid flow process parameters on the hydrogen stor-
age process, and to determine the basic parameters to establish the advanced hydrogen storage systems [24, 25].
Ture E. at the Engineering Faculty of Halig University has research studies on "Solar-Hydrogen System" and "Biomass-Hydrogen System". His research group has activities all around Turkey to introduce solar energy and biomass energy [26, 27]. Noyan O. F. at Celal Bayar University has translated "Solar Hydrogen Energy" written by Veziroglu T. N., Bockris J. O'M. and Smith D. L. to Turkish in 2001 and has contributions in the activities to keep the hydrogen energy on the agenda [28, 29]. The idea of "Sun, Wind and Hydrogen Hibrid System" and its importance and advantages are first proposed by Sahin A. D. from ITU-Meteorology Department, by considering the promising solar and wind energy potentials of Turkey. It is anticipated that this system will have an important position in Turkey's renewable energy potential and future energy plans [30]. The new research groups in different Turkish universities have started new projects on hydrogen production, utilization, transportation and storage. S. Z. Baykara and her research group at Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul work on on-board hydrogen production. The group focuses on methanol and sodium borohy-dride applications for hydrogen production [31].
Turkcan E. (ITU and KOSGEB TTS Ltd.-Istan-bul) and Sahin S. (Gazi University, Ankara) propose the nuclear hydrogen production idea for Turkey's future energy agenda. The construction of Nuclear Energy Plant is in the energy agenda of the 59th Turkish government. The studies on this subject fastened with the public reaction on dependence on foreign energy resources. For this reason "Nuclear Hydrogen Production System" will be one of the alternatives in the future [32, 33].
As a part of TUBITAK there are researches going on hydrogen energy in MAM (Marmara Research Center). The research groups study, mainly, on hydrogen production by biological and reforming methods. Projects on the storage and transportation of hydrogen with boron and the applications of hydrogen in fuel cells are conducted at different departments of the center [19].
In Turkey BIMAS-Foster Wheeler (USA) has activities in Turkish refineries on hydrogen production. The company builds units for hydrogen production from naphtha cracking and natural gas with steam reforming method. The capacity of the units vary from 14500 m3/day to 550000 m3/day. The company is active in Izmit, Kirikkale and Izmir Refineries.
The 59th Turkish government is aware of the importance of national renewable energy resources and hydrogen energy. Hydrogen energy production, investments and encouragements for storage and transportation infrastructure will be
placed in the future energy plans and projections. A commission formed by Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIE) and the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Dr. M. Hilmi Guler, attended a meeting, which was held under the name of "IEA Hydrogen Coordination Group-1st Meeting" in Paris (France) on 18-19 of June 2003, which was about hydrogen energy and fuel cells. They represented Turkey and had a presentation on the developments that take place in Turkey about hydrogen transportation and fuel cell technology. They informed the participants about the governments future programs on hydrogen energy technology. Hydrogen HLG Committee, representing Turkey, attended the conference named "Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells", which was organized by European Council Hydrogen Energy Executive Committee in Brussels (Belgium) on 16-17 of June 2003. They had contributions to the final report of the conference, which was about the strategies that will be followed next 50 years about hydrogen energy in EU. These attempts show the interest of the new government to hydrogen energy and their will for international cooperation. Beside these activities, Dr. M. Hilmi Guler, who is an engineer, the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, mentions the strategic and very important position of hydrogen energy in his speeches and gives directions, which fastens the applications and related studies on hydrogen energy.
I. and II. National Hydrogen Congresses took place in July 2002 and 2003 with the great contributions of Veziroglu T. N. and Karaosmanoglu F.'s Research Group. The aim of the congresses were to inform public and government about the improvements and studies on hydrogen energy around the world. This year, the second week of July was announced as "Hydrogen Activities Week in Turkey" and serial conferences by. Veziroglu T. N. and "II. National Hydrogen Congress" were organized in three different cities: Istanbul, Ankara and Izmit. Elimsan Group and UTES (National Clean Energy Symposium Organization, Turkey) sponsored both congresses [34, 35]. Around 400 people were gathered together from academic, governmental and private sectors. Turkey's first magazine on hydrogen energy was published under the name of "Hidrojen-Turk" in July 2002. "HidrojenTurk"'s 2nd Edition was published in July 2003 and it is decided that the magazine will be published every 3 months from now on. It is expected that the public interest on hydrogen energy will increase parallel to the increase in the interest of government and the private sector on hydrogen energy [36].
"The Hydrogen Economy Miami Congress-THEME" was organized in March 1974. In his opening speech Veziroglu T. N. mentioned the energy crises, increasing fuel costs and expressed "Hydrogen" as "The Fuel of The Future". During
the coffee break, ten scientist including Cesare Marchetti, John O' M. Bockris, Tokio Ohta, William D. Van Vorst, Anibal R. Martinez, Walter Seifritz, Hussein K. Abdel-Al, William J. D. Escher, Robert M. Zweig and Kurt H. Weil, told Dr. Veziroglu, known as Dr. V. all around the world, that they agree with his ideas about hydrogen energy [37]. Since that day, these eleven scientists who are also called "Hydrogen Romantics" study on hydrogen energy and have contributions on the increasing interest on "Hydrogen Energy System". As ITU -F. Karaosmanoglu's Research Group, we propose to celebrate the 18th of March, the day that the hydrogen energy idea was born, as the "World Hydrogen Day". The first "World Hydrogen Day" will be celebrated in Istanbul (Turkey) on March 18, 2004.
Conclusion
Hydrogen Energy System, designed and first presented in 1974 by Veziroglu T. N., is the leading answer to world's energy problems of the future. The construction of UNIDO (International Hydrogen Energy Technologies Center) in Istanbul was proposed by Dr. Veziroglu to United Nations and accepted by the UN. The construction of the Center delayed because of bureaucracy and governmental reasons. Dr. M. Hilmi Guler, The Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, and Veziro-glu T. N. gathered together on 11 July 2003 and as a result of this meeting, it was decided to accomplish the necessary requirements in 2003-2004 period. The construction of UNIDO will be beneficial for Turkey to catch up the current hydrogen energy technology improvement around the world. The research facilities, pilot applications, international funds, international academic cooperation will be available in Turkey. The new Turkish government must undertake responsibility and must organize the necessary requirements.
As it is mentioned above, Turkey has diversified renewable energy resources. Turkey must utilize her rich domestic renewable energy resources and construct a strong position in future energy plans. Encouragements should be rearranged in Turkey in order to catch up the accelerating improvements around the world. Turkey became highly dependent on foreign resources such as natural gas in recent years. There are new concepts that are mentioned in the new energy policy of Turkey today and it can be renewable energy resources are getting important. As a progressing nation we should use our resources for cheap and clean energy. Especially, coal, hydrogen sulfide reserves in the Black Sea, Boron reserves, solar, wind and biomass energy resources are important for hydrogen production and must be utilized with modern energy technologies.
In order to build infrastructure for hydrogen production, storage and transportation, gov-
ernment and universities must support the industrial studies. The government should encourage academic researches on hydrogen energy and TUBITAK must play an important role in connecting academic research groups and industry to base the studies on R&D.
The research studies must be encouraged with additional loans and the industry must be oriented to build investments on hydrogen energy. Public awareness is necessary for the acceptation of a new fuel type all around the world. To build a public awareness on hydrogen energy, international automobile producers, international petroleum firms, municipalities, media and government should work, cooperatively.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to dedicate this review to the hydrogen energy pioneer, Prof. Dr. T. Nejat Veziroglu, and thank to the scientists, who have worked or plan to work on hydrogen energy in Turkey.
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Sustainable Transport Energy Perth
Department for Plamming and Infrastructure Government of Western Australia
the transition to sustainable transport energy
12-15 September 2004 Burswood International Resort, Perth Western Australia
Energy supply is a critical issue for all communities, industries and governments. This prestigious major conference — the first of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere — will provide comprehensive coverage of the most likely future energy provision arrangements currently being identified across the globe.
The conference program includes papers, panels, plenary sessions, poster papers and workshops with a major focus on sustainable transport energy, including:
■ strategic directions in Transport Energy Policy;
■ the transition to sustainable energy systems;
■ trials and demonstrations of hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles.
International Advisory Committee
The International Advisory Committee is chaired by Dr. Robin Batterham (Chief Scientist, Australia).
The committee includes:
■ Prof. Xinhe Bao, Director, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China;
■ Dr. Andrew Dicks, Senior Research Fellow in Fuel Cells, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
■ Dr. David Hart — Head of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research, Imperial College London, United Kingdom;
■ Dr. Bruce Hobbs, Chief Scientist and Executive Director, Office of Science and Innovation, Western Australian Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Australia;
■ Prof. Philip Jennings, Professor of Physics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia;
■ Dr. Michael Jones, General Manager Hydrogen, BP, United Kingdom;
■ Mr. Jamie Levin, Director of Marketing and Communications, Project Director Fuel Cell Bus Trial, AC Transit, Oakland, California, United States;
■ Prof. Peter Newman — Director, Sustainability Policy Unit, Western Australian Department of the Premier and
Cabinet, and Director, Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy (ISTP), Murdoch University, Australia;
■ Prof. Thorsteinn Sigfusson, Co-Chair of the IPHE, International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy, Implementation and Liaison Committee, Iceland
■ Dr. Manfred Schuckert, Assistant to Executive Managing Director Research and Development, EvoBus; Coordinator for DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell Buses for Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE), Ecological City Transport Systems (ECTOS) and Sustainable Transport Energy Perth (STEP), Perth; Global Director of Fuel Cell Bus project Daimler Chrysler, Germany;
■ Mr. Reinhold Wurster, Manager, European Integrated Hydrogen Project, L-B-Systemtechnik Consultants, Germany
Your Conference managers
Congress West has been appointed as the Conference managers. Congress West brings 18 years experience in the management and promotion of Conferences, exhibitions and events. The Company looks forward to maximising the benefits of your sponsorship or exhibition at the "Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Futures — the transition to sustainable transport energy" Conference.
Susan Robson or Mandy Sheehan Congress West Suite 3/12 Thelma Street (PO Box 1248, West Perth 6872) West Perth, Western Australia, 6005 Australia
Tel.: +61 8 9322 6906 Fax: +61 8 9322 1734 E-mail: hydrogen@congresswest.com.au
http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/fuelcells/conf/index.html
