CC BY
9PACS: 89.30.g; 01.75.+m; 87.23.n; 89.30.Ee; 89.30.Jj
УРОВЕНЬ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ И ДОКАЗАННЫЕ ЗАПАСЫ НЕФТИ, ПРИРОДНОГО ГАЗА, ГИДРОЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ, ЯДЕРНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ В МИРЕ
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Г.И. Исаков , Т.Н. Везироглу , В.Г. Исакова , Хакан С. Сойхан4, Гокан Джошкун4
'Институт Физики НАН Азербайджана Пр-т Г. Джавида, 33, Баку, А2 1143, Азербайджан e-mail: gudrat.isakov@physics.ab.az Международная Ассоциация Водородной Энергетики, Институт исследования чистой энергии, Университет Майами, Корал Гейблс, FL 33124, США, e-mail: vezirioglu@miami.edu 3Бакинский государственный университет Ул. Захида Халилова, 23, Баку, АЗ 1148, Азербайджан, e-mail: vusala.isakova@gmail.com ^Университет Сакарья, Инженерный Факультет, Эсентепе Кампус, 54187, Сакарья, Турция, e-mail: hsoyhan@sakarya.edu.tr
Были проанализированы естественные связи между уровнем социального развития и запасами нефти, газа, воды. Статистически показано, что в странах с высоким уровнем социального развития запасы нефти и природного газа ниже, чем в странах с низким уровнем социального развития. В то же время показано, что в странах с высоким уровнем социального развития запасы гидроэнергии больше, чем в странах с низким уровнем социального развития. Были рассмотрены возможности UNIDO-ICHET, Института исследования чистой энергии (Университет Майами), Международной Ассоциации Водородной Энергетики для развития водородной энергетики и водородной экономики в мире.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX RANKINGS AND PROVED RESERVES OIL, NATURAL GAS, HYDROELECTRICITY, NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE WORLD
G.I. Isakov1, T.N. Veziroglu2, V.G. Isakova3, Hakan S. Soyhan4,
Gokhan Coskun4
institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences, Azerbaijan, AZ 1143, H. Javid av., 33, Baku, Azerbaijan Phone: (0099412)563-05-74 e-mail: gudrat.isakov@physics.ab.az 2International Association for Hydrogen Energy, Clean Energy Research Institute, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA, e-mail: vezirioglu@miami.edu 3Baku State University, AZ 1148, Zahid Khalilov str, 23, Baku, Azerbaijan e-mail: vusala.isakova@gmail.com 4Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey e-mail: hsoyhan@sakarya.edu.tr
In the world countries have been analyzed natural connections between Human Development Index Rankings and oil, gas, water reserves. It is statistically shown that in countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings oil, natural gas reserves are less than in countries with a low Human Development Index Rankings. At the same time it is shown that in countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings hydroelectricity reserves are more than in countries with a low Human Development Index Rankings. There have been considered possibilities of UNIDO-ICHET, Clean Energy Research Institute, Miami University, USA, International association for Hydrogen Energy for the development of hydrogen energy and the hydrogen economy in the world.
Introduction
The present mankind development is directly connected with the exploration of fossil fuel energy reserves, their extraction, refinement and use of their products for the creation of electric power industry, metallurgy, machine-building, food industry, and etc. It means that oil, gas, coal extraction, their refinement and
economy construction on their base is the reason for the development of the countries having the traditional energy sources and the countries importing energy reserves as well. Otherwise it is impossible to conceive of modern economy and development of mankind without the traditional energy sources.
We can say that materialization process of scientific discoveries and knowledge system of mankind has been
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generally started more than 2000 years from the middle of XIX century. Since the 1950ies of the XXth century the process of globalization has begun. Rapid advance in science and technology leads to a rapid growth of export and import in the world economy. As a result the countries without any energy reserves have used them up. It brings up the fact that some countries importing energy reserves have begun to advance in development the countries rich in energy reserves.
In the late XXth century there was started the acceleration of globalization. As a result energy reserves such as oil, gas, coal became the property of all mankind.
However the most important factor for each country is the human one. Human factor index is defined by Development Program of the United Nations. The full name of this index is United Nations Human Development Index Rankings for life expectancy, educational levels and real per capita income [1].
This paper deals with the connection between index of traditional fossil fuel energy reserves and United Nations Human Development index. The full list of the countries by United Nations Human Development index is 177. It is impossible to investigate such a number of countries in one paper. Therefore we particularly limit ourselves to 22 countries with the largest oil, gas and hydroelectricity reserves. We shall analyze the oil, gas and hydroelectricity reserves as of in 22 countries with high United Nations Human Development Index.
Oil proved reserves and Human Development Index Rankings
In Table 1 there are presented 22 countries with the highest index of oil rates proved oil reserves which have been selected, from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2007 [2] among the 48 countries of the world.
Разведанные запасы нефти в 22 странах Proved reserves of oil in 22 countries
Таблица 1 Table 1
Ni n2 Country 1986 1000-106 barrels 1996 1000-106 barrels 2005 1000-106 barrels 2006 1000-106 tonnes 2006 1000-106 barrels 2006 Share of total 2006 R/P ratio
1 61 Saudi Arab. 169.7 261.4 264.2 36.3 264.3 21.9% 66.7
2 94 Iran 92.9 92.6 137.5 18.9 137.5 11.4% 86.7
3 Iraq 72.0 112.0 115.0 15.5 115.0 9.5% *
4 33 Kuwait 94.5 96.5 101.5 14.0 101.5 8.4% *
5 39 Un. Ar. Emir. 97.2 97.8 97.8 13.0 97.8 8.1% 90.2
6 74 Venezuela 55.5 72.7 80.0 11.5 80.0 6.6% 77.6
7 67 Russia n/a n/a 79.1 10.9 79.5 6.6% 22.3
8 56 Libya 22.8 29.5 41.5 5.4 41.5 3.4% 61.9
9 73 Kazakhstan n/a n/a 39,9 5,5 39,8 3,3% 76,5
10 158 Nigeria 16,1 20,8 36,2 4,9 36,2 3,0% 40,3
11 12 USA 35,1 29,8 29.9 3,7 29,9 2,5% 11,9
12 4 Canada 11,7 11,0 17.1 2,4 17,1 1,4% 14,9
13 35 Qatar 4.5 3.7 15.2 2,0 15,2 1.3% 36.8
14 81 China 17.1 16.4 16.2 2.2 16.3 1.3% 12.1
15 52 Mexico 54,9 48,5 13,7 1,7 12,9 1,1% 9,6
16 70 Brazil 2.4 6.7 11.8 1.7 12.2 1.0% 18.5
17 104 Algeria 8.8 10.8 12.3 1.5 12.3 1.0% 16.8
18 162 Angola 1.4 3.7 9.0 1.2 9.0 0.7% 17.6
19 2 Norway 6.1 11.6 9.6 1.1 8.5 0.7% 8.4
20 98 Azerbaijan n/a n/a 7.0 1.0 7.0 0.6% 29.3
21 147 Sudan 0.3 0.3 6.4 0.9 6.4 0.5% 44.2
22 58 Oman 4.0 5.3 5.6 0.8 5.6 0.5% 20.5
Продолжение табл. 1 Continuation of Table 1
In 22 Countries Total 767 931.1 1146.5 156.1 1145.5 94.8%
Total North America 101.6 89.3 60.7 7.8 59.9 5.0% 12.0
European Union 25 7.8 7.5 6..9 0..9 6.7 0.6% 8.0
S. & Cent. America 64.6 90.8 103.2 14.8 103.5 8.6% 41.2
Tot. Europe&Eurasia 76.8 82.6 145.2 19.7 144.4 12.0% 22.5
Total Middle East 536.7 672.2 742.7 101.2 742.7 61.5% 79.5
Total Africa 58.0 74.9 117.2 15.5 117.2 9.7% 32.1
Former Soviet Union 60.7 61.9 127.7 17.7 128.2 10.6% 28.6
Total World 877.4 1049.0 1209.5 164.5 1208.2 100.0% 40.5
OPEC 643.0 8 02.8 905.5 123.6 905.5 74.9% 72.5
Non-OPEC 173.7 184.3 176.4 23.2 174.5 14.4% 13.6
*More than 100 years. Notes: Proved reserves of oil - Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio - If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate. Source of data - The estimates in this table have been compiled using a combination of primary official sources, third-party data from the OPEC Secretariat, World Oil, Oil & Gas Journal and an independent estimate of Russian reserves based on information in the public domain. Canadian proved reserves include an official estimate of 10.2 billion barrels for oil sands "under active development". Reserves include gas condensate and natural gas liquids (NGLs) as well as crude oil. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand million barrels figures.
N1 - index of country's oil reserves. N2 - United Nations Human Development index of this country. Saudi Arabia in oil proved reserves takes the first place in the world. With Bold Italics printing type there are shown the countries with high Human Development Index which N2 indexes are between 1-50. These countries among the 177 countries of the world have a higher Human Development Index Rankings. It is seen from the Table that Saudi Arabia takes the 1st place in oil proved reserves in the world, and the 61st place in Human Development. Iran taking the 2nd place in oil proved reserves, and the 94th place in Human Development Index. From the Table it is seen that these 22 countries have 94.8% of oil world reserves. Among them only Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, USA, Canada, Qatar, Norway have a high Human Development Index. Thus, from the 22 countries, only 27% of the countries have a high of human development index. Iraq ranks 3rd in oil reserves but has no any Human Development Index Rankings.
From Table 1 it is seen that in Total North America, Total European Union, i.e. in regions with a high Human Development Index, temporary dynamics of oil proved reserves tends to reduce. In Total Europe & Eurasia, total Middle East, total Africa, total Former Soviet Union, total OPEC, total World in oil temporary dynamics show some tendencies to the growth of oil reserves. Temporary dynamics of oil proved reserves and limited reserves of the whole world indicate that in countries with high Human Development Index Rankings oil reserves will be exhausted much faster than
in countries with low Human Development Index Rankings. Such regularity of exhaustion of the world oil reserves will be the cause of mankind saving. It means by rising greatly in price and in the end by the complete exhaustion of traditional energy reserves humanity will be saved by countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings. If the countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings had more traditional energy the countries with a lower level of human development would die of oil lack and other fossil fuel energy. Only this axiom shows that Great Creator manages the World.
Natural gas proved reserves and Human Development Index Rankings
In Table 2 there have been presented 22 countries with the greatest reserves of proved natural gas which have been selected from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2007 [3] among 50 countries of the world.
According to natural gas proved reserves Russia takes first place in the world. According to Human Development Index Rankings Russia is the 67th. Iran by natural gas proved reserves takes the 2d place, but by Human Development Index Rankings it is 94th. From Table 2 it is seen that only 7 countries take leading positions in Human Development Index Rankings among the 22 countries. They are: Qatar, United Arab Emirates, USA, Norway, Australia, Kuwait, Canada, which were in Table 1 (except Australia).
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Таблица 2
Разведанные запасы природного газа в 22 странах
Table 2
Proved reserves of natural gas in 22 countries
N1 n2 Country 1986 1012 m3 1996 1012 m3 2005 1012 m3 2006 1012 feet 2006 1012 m3 2006 Share of total 2006 R/P Ratio
1 67 Russia n/a n/a 47.66 1682.07 47.65 26.3% 77.8
2 94 Iran 13.96 23.00 27.58 992.99 28.13 15.5% *
3 35 Qatar 4.44 8.50 25.36 895.24 25.36 14.0% *
4 61 Saudi Arabia 4.02 5.69 6.82 249.68 7.07 3.9% 96.0
5 39 United Ar. Emir. 5.41 5.78 6.07 213.95 6.06 3.3% *
6 12 USA 5.36 4.66 5.79 209.15 5.93 3.3% 11.3
7 158 Nigeria 2.40 3.48 5.15 183.91 5.21 2.9% *
8 104 Algeria 3.26 3.70 4.50 159.00 4.50 2.5% 53.3
9 74 Venezuela 2.62 4.05 4.32 152.32 4.3 2.4% *
10 Iraq 0.82 3.36 3.17 111.90 3.17 1.7% *
11 73 Kazakhstan n/a n/a 3.00 105.90 3.00 1.7% *
12 109 Turkmenistan n/a n/a 2.86 100.96 2.86 1.6% 46.0
13 2 Norway 2.30 3.00 3.01 102.09 2.89 1.6% 33.0
14 107 Indonesia 2.27 2.05 2.48 92.91 2.63 1.5% 35.6
15 3 Australia 0.89 1.37 2.61 91.96 2.61 1.4% 67.0
16 63 Malaysia 1.50 2.40 2.48 87.54 2.48 1.4% 41.2
17 81 China 0.87 1.17 2.45 86.45 2.45 1.3% 41.8
18 112 Egypt 0.29 0.85 1.90 68.48 1.94 1.1% 43.3
19 33 Kuwait 1.17 1.49 1.57 62.83 1.78 1.0% *
20 113 Uzbekistan n/a n/a 1.85 66.01 1.87 1.0% 33.7
21 4 Canada 2.75 1.94 1.63 58.77 1.67 0.9% 8.9
22 98 Azerbaijan n/a n/a 1.35 47.66 1.35 0.7% *
In 22 Country Total 54.33 76.49 163.61 5985.38 164.91 91%
North America 10.26 8.41 7.83 281.62 7.98 4.4% 10.6
European Union 25 3.57 3.42 2.49 85.66 2.43 1.3% 12.8
S. & Cent. America 4.24 6.06 6.85 242.8 36.88 3.8% 47.6
Total Europe & Eurasia 47.22 63.55 64.30 2263.69 64.13 35.3% 59.8
Total Middle East 30.41 49.31 72.49 2593.53 73.47 40.5% *
Total Africa 7.40 10.17 14.08 500.67 14.18 7.8% 78.6
Former Soviet Union 41.00 56.65 58.10 2051.28 58.11 32.0% 74.6
Total World 107.67 147.89 180.20 6405.48 181.46 100.0% 63.3
*More than 100 years. Notes: Proved reserves of natural gas - Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio - If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate. Source of data - The estimates in this table have been compiled using a combination of primary official sources and third-party data from Cedigaz.
In Table 2 all the rest countries in these rankings take the positions from 61 to 158. Thus among the 22 countries having the biggest natural gas proved reserves, only 32% of them are the countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings.
From Table 2 it is seen that in the regions of Total North America, Total European Union being in the upper stage Human Development Index Rankings, in the temporary dynamics of proved natural gas reserves there is a decrease. In all other regions with a low Human Development Index Rankings in the temporary dynamics of proved natural gas reserves an increase is observed.
Потребление гидроэлектроэнергии.
Hydroelectricity consumption
Thus, statistical regularities show that in countries with high Human Development Index Rankings natural gas reserves will be exhausted sooner than in countries with low Human Development Index Rankings.
Hydroelectricity and Human Development Index Rankings
In Table 3 there are presented 22 countries of the world having the greatest hydroelectricity resources, which have been selected from 65 countries in BP statistics [4].
Таблица 3
Эквивалент - миллион тонн нефти
Table 3
. Million tones oil equivalent
Ni n2 Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Change 2006 over 2005 2006 Share of tot
1 81 China 50,3 62,8 65,2 64,2 80,0 89,9 94,3 5,0% 13,7%
2 4 Canada 81.1 75.5 79.4 76.4 76.4 81.2 79.3 -2.3% 11.5%
3 70 Brazil 68.9 60.6 64.7 69.2 72.6 76.4 79.2 3.7% 11.5%
4 12 USA 63.0 49.6 60.4 63.1 61.4 61.8 65.9 6.7% 9.6%
5 67 Russia 37.4 39.8 37.2 35.6 40.8 39.6 39.6 0.1% 5.8%
6 2 Norway 32.2 27.4 29.4 24.0 24.7 30.9 27.1 -12.3% 3.9%
7 128 India 17.4 16.3 15.5 15.7 19.0 21.7 25.4 17.0% 3.7%
8 8 Japan 20.7 20.8 21.1 23.3 23.1 19.8 21.5 8.3% 3.1%
9 74 Venezuela 14.2 13.7 13.5 13.7 15.9 17.6 18.4 4.6% 2.7%
10 10 France 16.4 18.0 15.1 14.7 14.7 12.8 13.9 8.4% 2.0%
11 6 Sweden 17.8 17.9 15.0 12.1 12.7 16.5 14.0 -15.2% 2.0%
12 84 Turkey 7.0 5.4 7.6 8.0 10.4 9.0 9.9 10.6% 1.4%
13 20 Italy 11.5 12.2 10.7 10.0 11.3 9.7 9.7 0.2% 1.4%
14 75 Colombia 6.9 7.1 7.6 8.1 9.0 9.0 9.6 7.4% 1.4%
15 38 Argentina 6.5 8.4 8.1 7.7 6.9 7.9 9.7 23.0% 1.4%
16 7 Switzerland 8.7 9.7 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.4 7.4 -0.6% 1.1%
17 136 Pakistan 4.0 4.1 4.6 5.8 5.5 6.9 7.4 6.6% 1.1%
18 40 Chile 4.3 4.9 5.2 5.1 4.8 5.9 6.7 13.9% 1.0%
19 52 Mexico 7.5 6.4 5.6 4.5 5.7 6.2 6.8 9.8% 1.0%
20 22 Germany 5.9 6.3 6.4 5.5 6.2 6.2 6.3 2.2% 0.9%
21 13 Spain 8.3 9.9 6.0 9.9 7.8 4.3 5.7 32.1% 0.8%
22 19 New Zeal. 5.6 5.1 5.7 5.4 6.2 5.2 5.2 -0.5% 0.8%
In 22 Country Total 495.6 481.9 492.3 490.3 523.1 545.9 619.7 81.8%
Total North America 151.6 131.5 145.4 143.9 143.5 149.2 152.0 1.9% 22.1%
European Union 25 83.5 87.8 74.7 73.4 74.7 70.5 71.4 1.3% 10.4%
S. & Cent. America 124.8 117.3 122.9 127.8 132.6 140.4 147.9 5.3% 21.5%
Продолжение табл. 3 Continuation of Table 3
Tot. Europe&Eurasia 194.5 195.3 183.1 175.8 186.8 186.9 184.6 -1.3% 26.8%
Total Middle East 1.8 1.9 2.9 3.2 3.8 4.0 4.9 20.4% 0.7%
Total Africa 17.6 18.2 19.3 19.3 20.0 19.9 20.2 1.3% 2.9%
Total Asia Pacific 120.2 132.1 134.1 137.7 156.6 166.1 178.6 7.5% 25.9%
Former Soviet Union 52.1 54.2 52.0 51.2 57.0 56.3 56.4 0.2% 8.2%
Total World 610.5 596.3 607.8 607.8 643.3 666.6 688.1 3.2% 100.0%
*Based on gross generation and not accounting for cross-border electricity supply. Converted on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency of a modern thermal power station.
Note: Hydroelectricity data expressed in terawatt-hours is available at.
In Table N2 represents Human Development Index Rankings. China with the population 1.5 billion takes the first place in the World. Therefore, China with the population 1.5 billion, can be deleted from the given list. Really Canada takes the first place. According to Human Development Index Rankings Canada is at the 4th place. In Table 3 the number of countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings is the 13th, i.e. among the 22 countries high Human Development Index Rankings is about 60%. These 22 countries possess 81% of world hydroelectricity resources.
From Table 3 it is seen that in 17 countries from the 22 countries temporary dynamics of hydroelectricity resources increase and in 5 countries the reduction of it can be observed. One of negative tendencies is the fact that these 5 countries have a high level of Human Development Index Rankings. They are: Canada, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, New Zealand. The most interesting fact is also the increase of temporary
dynamics of hydroelectricity resources for the regions with a low Human Development Index Rankings. This fact can be evaluated as a positive phenomenon.
It is interesting that Turkey in hydroelectricity resources takes the 12th place in the world and has 1.4% of the world hydroelectricity resources. Turkey is not included in the list of countries given in Table 1 (oil proved reserves) and Table 2 (natural gas proved reserves), and BP statistics (oil and natural gas proved reserves).
Nuclear energy and Human Development Index Rankings
In Table 4 there are presented 22 countries of the world having the greatest nuclear energy resources, which have been selected from 65 countries in BP statistics [5].
Потребление ядерной энергии. Эквивалент - миллион тонн нефти Nuclear energy consumption. Million tones oil equivalent
Таблица 4
Table 4
N1 n2 Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Change 2007 over 2006 2007 Share of tot
1 12 US 183.1 185.8 181.9 187.8 186.3 187.5 192.1 2.4 % 30.9 %
2 10 France 94.0 95.3 98.8 101.7 102.4 102.1 99.7 -2.4 % 16.0 %
3 8 Japan 72.7 71.3 52.1 64.7 66.3 68.9 63.1 -8.3 % 10.1 %
4 67 Russia 31.0 32.1 33.6 32.7 33.4 35.4 36.2 2.1 % 5.8 %
5 26 South Korea 25.4 27.0 29.3 29.6 33.2 33.7 32.3 -3.9 % 5.2 %
6 22 Germany 38.8 37.3 37.4 37.8 36.9 37.9 31.8 -16.1 % 5.1 %
7 4 Canada 17.4 17.1 16.9 20.5 20.8 22.0 21.1 - 4.1 % 3.4 %
8 76 Ukraine 17.2 17.7 18.4 19.7 20.1 20.4 20.9 2.6% 3.4%
9 6 Sweden 16.3 15.4 15.3 17.3 16.4 15.2 15.3 0.7% 2.5%
10 16 Un. King. 20.4 19.9 20.1 18.1 18.5 17.1 14.1 -17.3% 2.3%
11 81 China 4.0 5.7 9.8 11.4 12.0 12.4 14.2 14.6% 2.3%
International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 2 (70) 2009
© Scientific Technical Centre «TATA», 2009
Продолжение табл. 4 Continuation of Table 4
12 13 Spain 14.4 14.3 14.0 14.4 13.0 13.6 12.5 -8.6% 2.0%
13 17/18 Belg & Lux. 10.5 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.8 10.5 10.9 3.4% 1.8%
14 -- Taiwan 8.0 8.9 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.2 1.7% 1.5%
15 7 Switzerland 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.1 5.2 6.3 6.3 0.4% 1.0%
16 32 Czech Rep. 3.3 4.2 5.9 6.0 5.6 5.9 5.9 0.3% 1.0%
17 42 Slovakia 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.5 -14.9% 0.6%
18 128 India 4.3 4.4 4.1 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.1% 0.6%
19 36 Hungary 3.2 3.2 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.0 3.3 9.0% 0.5%
20 53 Bulgaria 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.4 3.3 -24.9% 0.5%
21 70 Brazil 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.2 3.1 2.8 -10.1% 0.4%
22 52 Mexico 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.4 -4.4% 0.4%
In 22 Country Total 583.5 590.4 579.7 606.9 609.9 619 604.9 97.3%
Total North America 202.5 205.1 201.2 210.3 209.5 212.0 215.6 1.7% 34.7%
European Union 221.6 224.5 226.3 229.2 226.1 224.5 211.7 -5.7% 34.0%
Total & Cent. America 4.8 4.4 4.7 4.4 3.8 4.8 4.4 -8.7% 0.7%
Tot. Europe&Eurasia 276.3 280.8 285.0 288.2 285.5 287.2 275.6 -4.0% 44.3%
Total Africa 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.4 2.9 2.4 3.0 24.6% 0.5%
Total Asia Pacific 114.8 117.7 104.6 119.0 125.2 128.6 123.4 -4.0% 19.8%
Former Soviet Union 51.2 53.4 56.0 56.4 56.4 58.4 59.9 2.6% 9.6%
Total World 600.9 610.9 598.7 625.4 627.0 634.9 622.0 -2.0% 100%
N2 shows Human Development Index Rankings in Table 4. The United States take the first place with 30.9% in share of total in nuclear energy consumption. According to human development index rankings US takes the 12th place among 177 countries. In Table 4 the number of countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings is 14, i.e. among 22 countries high Human Development Index Rankings is about 63.5%. It shows many of the high human development countries provide most of their electrical energy from nuclear power. Belgium and Luxemburg as the share their nuclear energy they are considered as one country at Table 4. These 22 countries hold 97.3% of world nuclear energy resources. Table 4 shows 11 countries of 22 countries temporary dynamics of nuclear energy consumption increase but 11 countries reduce their nuclear energy consumption and so production. One of the negative tendencies is the fact that 8 of the 11 countries have a high level of Human Development Index Rankings. They are: France, Japan, South Korea, Germany, Canada, United Kingdom, Spain and Slovakia.
Still nuclear energy is one of the most important energy sources of the world. Table 4 shows nuclear energy consumption from 2000 to 2007 has increased.
By the way some countries planning to build their first nuclear energy stations in the near future.
Human Development Index Rankings and proved reserves energy
In Table 5 there are shown oil, natural gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear energy resources of 22 countries having highest Human Development Index Rankings. N - Human Development Index Rankings. From the Table it is seen that Iceland takes the 1st place in Human Development Index in the world [1-5].
Iceland is not included in BP in the number of countries with oil, natural gas and nuclear energy resources. According to BP Iceland has only 0.2% hydroelectricity energy of the world energy. Ireland (N = 5), Sweden (N = 6), Switzerland (N = 7), Japan (N = 8), France (N = 10), Finland (N = 11), Spain (N = 13), Austria (N = 15), Belgium (N = 17), New Zealand (19), Hong Kong (21), Germany (22) have no oil and natural gas proved reserves and BP statistics either. Most of these countries have hydroelectricity energy. These countries by hydroelectricity energy resources of these countries are included in BP statistics. 12 countries of 22 high-developed countries have nuclear energy resources.
Таблица 5
Уровень социального развития и энергетические запасы в 22 странах
Table 5
Human Development Index Rankings, and energy reserves in 22 countries
N Country Oil, % Gas, % Hydroelectricity, % Nuclear energy, %
1 Iceland --- --- 0.2 ---
2 Norway 0.7 1.6 3.9 ---
3 Australia 0.3 1.4 0.5 ---
4 Canada 1.4 0.9 11.5 3.5
5 Ireland --- --- ---
6 Sweden ---- --- 2.0 2.4
7 Switzerland ---- --- 1.1 1.0
8 Japan --- — 3.1 10.8
9 Netherlands ---- 0.7 --- 0.1
10 France --- --- 2.0 16.1
11 Finland --- --- 0.4 0.9
12 United States 2.5 3.3 9.6 29.5
13 Spain ---- --- 0.8 2.1
14 Denmark 0.1 --- ---
15 Austria --- --- ---
16 United Kingdom 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.7
17 Belgium --- --- 0.1 1.7
18 Luxembourg --- --- --- ---
19 New Zealand --- --- 0.8
20 Italy 0.1 0,1 1.4 ---
21 Hong Kong, China (SAR) --- --- --- ---
22 Germany --- --- 0.9 6.0
Total 5.4 8.3 45.7 74.1
Table 5 shows that the 22 countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings have 5.4% of the world oil proved reserves, 8.3% of natural gas reserves, which wastes and all products of burning poison soil, water reservoirs, atmosphere, flora and fauna, population of the planet. However, these high-developed countries have big world resources of the purest hydro energy-45.7%.
From Table 5 it is seen that only 22 countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings have 74.1% of world nuclear energy resources.
In Table 6 there are shown energy resources in 70 countries with the highest Human Development Index Rankings. From the Table it is seen that at falling Human Development Index Rankings oil and natural gas proved reserves grows faster than nuclear and hydro resources [1-5].
Таблица 6
Энергетические ресурсы в 70 странах с наивысшим показателем уровня социального развития
Table 6
Energy resources in 70 countries with the highest Human Development Index Rankings
Country Oil, % Gas, % Hydro, % Nuclear, %
Total 12 4,9 7.9 34,2 64.3
Total 22 5.4 8.3 45.7 74.1
Total 26 5.4 8.3 38,7 79.4
Total 43 23.5 26.9 41.8 82
Total 53 23,1 28 44 83.1
Total 70 56.9 60.9 62.1% 89.2
Nuclear energy used for economy needs have always been and still remain a problem for discussion. Therefore countries with nuclear energy take risk between life and death. Nowadays we consider that construction of nuclear electric power station is just possible in the countries with big territories and small population. And the countries with small territories and high compactness of population the presence of nuclear electric power station creates threat of existence of this country. In the case of big accident population of this country has to move to another country.
A continual source of threat is also electric power nuclear station wastes because burial of wastes has always been a difficult problem for all the countries using nuclear energy.
Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen is the main element of oil, natural gas and other hydrocarbons. All other elements are the multiples of hydrogen. Sources of nuclear energy uranium, plutonium, radium and other radioactive elements are multiples of hydrogen too. Hydrogen is the main element of all life. Water reviving soil, atmosphere, flora, fauna and life consist of hydrogen and oxygen. 80% of our organism consist of water. We drink water, breathe oxygen. 3/4 of our planet is covered with water. Water resources are more than other ones on our planet. Hydrogen obtained from water decomposition by combustion goes into the purest water. Hydrogen obtained from the decomposition of any hydrogen content compounds by burning goes into the purest water too.
Nature is arranged so that it is possible to burn all elements, all connections. Except for hydrogen and oxygen all elements and their compounds at burning make noxious substances for the flora and fauna, atmosphere, soil and etc.
The second element of water is oxygen which we also can burn. At high temperatures as a result of burning oxygen there can be obtained triatomic molecules of ozone. Ozone makes up the ozone layer of our planet atmosphere. It protects us from charged particles coming from the Sun and space. Oxygen burning process takes place continuously on the planet. 6000 lightings sparkle every minute on our Planet. These lightings burn through the atmosphere of the planet. At this moment oxygen changes into the ozone. Thus there is created, renewed and preserved the ozone layer. These lighting are due to the charged water, charged water drops which consist of hydrogen and oxygen and form clouds.
Production of hydrogen and oxygen from water, hydrogen burning and changing it into water is similar to circulation of water. Water evaporation, formation of clouds, rain and snow are an important process for our planet. By hydrogen production atmosphere will obtain the great amount of oxygen. By burning hydrogen forming oxygen combines with hydrogen to form pure water. This water transfers into clouds, they turn into rain and snow. Hydrogen production and its burning is the
inland cyclic process in which loss of water and oxygen does not take place. Proceeding from the above-stated, transition of mankind in hydrogen energy and hydrogen economy transforms all power and all economy function as participant of a water cycle of our planet.
Clean Energy Institute, UNIDO-ICHET, IAHE
International Hydrogen movement, principles of hydrogen energy and hydrogen economy, hydrogen civilization have been created by Prof. Dr. Turhan Nejat Veziroglu [6, 7].
One of the current sensational information is the creation of hydrogen city by President of United Arab Emirates Sheikh Mohammad Bin Zayed Al-Nahayan. Initial investments for construction of the purest city in the world are 15 billion dollars [8].
In University of Miami, United States there has been first founded Clean Energy Research Institute [9]. First young scientists working for Institute of clean Energy continue their research in many countries of the world.
Nowadays it is necessary to found laboratories and other scientific branch of Clean Energy Research Institute in different countries of the world. Clean Energy Research Institute is the leading organization in the field of hydrogen research in the world. Clean Energy Research Institute is the bridge between scientific organizations of USA and other world in research of hydrogen energy.
There has been first founded International Center of Hydrogen Energy Technology of Department of Energy Technology Industry Development of the United Nations (UNIDO-ICHET) [10]. UNIDO-ICHET operates in Istanbul, Turkey.
There has been first founded International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) for association of efforts of scientists of the world for coordination scientists' activity in the field of hydrogen energy and hydrogen economy [11].
Scientific, ecological, economic and strategic importance of World Hydrogen Centers: Clean Energy Research Institute, UNIDO-ICHET, IAHE require all scientists to show solidarity and to turn their efforts for transition into hydrogen energy and hydrogen economy.
Conclusions
There have been found out statistical regularities between the indexes of oil, natural gas, and hydro-electricity proved reserves and Human Development Index Rankings.
1. It is shown that among the 22 countries with the largest oil proved reserves only 6 countries have a high Human Development Index Rankings. 16 countries have a low Human Development Index Rankings.
2. It is shown that among 22 countries with the largest natural gas proved reserves only 7 countries have a high Human Development Index Rankings, 15 countries have a low Human Development Index Rankings.
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3. It is shown that among the 22 countries with the largest hydroelectricity 13 countries have a high Human Development Index Rankings, 9 countries have a low Human Development Index Rankings.
4. The above-mentioned conclusions show that between oil, natural gas proved reserves of countries and Human Development Index Rankings inverse proportions take place. And there is direct proportion between hydroelectricity reserves and Human Development Index Rankings.
5. There have been carried out analysis by 70 countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings. It is shown that by falling Human Development Rankings Index oil and natural gas proved reserves rise with big velocity. Hydroelectricity reserves by falling Human Development Index Rankings fall is rather lower.
6. The above-mentioned conclusions show that according to statistics countries with a high Human Development Index Rankings give preference to pure water and nuclear energy.
7. Nowadays transition to hydrogen energy and hydrogen economy for the countries is the task of high priority for mankind. The quickest solution to this problem will save mankind from future energy crisis.
8. For transition to hydrogen energy and hydrogen economy it is necessary to prepare state strategy programs with the participation of well-known Scientific and Technology Hydrogen Centers: Clean Energy Research Institute, University of Miami, USA, International Association for Hydrogen Energy and International Centre for Hydrogen Technology the United Nations Industrial Development Organizations.
References
1. Human Development Report 2007/2008. Human Development Indicators. Human Development Index. P. 229-232. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2007-2008
2. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2007. Oil. P. 6. www.bp.com/statisticalreview
3. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2007. Natural gas. P. 22. www.bp.com/statisticalreview
4. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2007. Hydroelectricity. P. 38. www.bp.com/ statisticalreview
5. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2007. Nuclear Energy. P. 36. www.bp.com/statisticalreview
6. Vezirogly T.N. Saga of Hydrogen Civilization http://eanw.psycolor.ru/index.php?option=com_content &task=view&id=325&Itemid =52
7. Goltsov V.A., Veziroglu T.N., Goltsova L.F. Hydrogen civilization concept: historical and all-planetary aspects // Int. J. Nuclear Hydrogen Production and Applications. 2006. Vol. 1, No. 2. P. 112-133.
8. University of Miami, www.miami.edu
9. Energy Space, Hydrogen Energy, http://www. energospace.ru / hydrogen
10. United Nations Industrial Development Organization - International Centre for Hydrogen Energy (UNIDO-ICHET), http://www.unido-ichet.org/ ichet.org/ index.html
11. International Association for Hydrogen Energy, Clean and abundant energy for sustainability, http:// www.iahe.org
