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Abidova K.
4th year student majoring in education faculty of folk art "Socio-cultural activity " Uzbek State Institute of Arts and Culture
HUMAN CAPITAL AND ITS ROLE IN CULTURAL MANAGEMENT
Annotation: This article is about the history of Uzbek statehood, stages of development, human capital and its role in cultural governance.
Key words: State apparatus, governing system, governing system, system of interaction, coordination management, tactical management, legitimacy in management, material and procedural relations, responsibilities.
Mil. avv. By the third and second millennia, the economic development of Central Asia led to the emergence of the first cities. The first cities were one of the main factors in the formation of the first statehood, and both processes went hand in hand. Mil. avv. In the middle of the 2nd century small towns were formed. The ruins of ancient cities in different parts of Uzbekistan have been studied.
Studies have shown that some of the archeological finds in the cities are at least 2700-3000 years old. These include Afrosiyob, Koktepa (Samarkand), Kyzyltepa (Surkhan oasis), Uzunqir, Yerkurgan (Kashkadarya oasis) and others. In Uzbekistan, the first cities began to appear in Northern Bactria (Surkhandarya oasis), then spread to Sogdiana (Kashkadarya, Samarkand, Bukhara oasis), Khorezm and Fergana. Cities sprang up in oases where irrigated agriculture flourished, along ancient trade routes, and around the rulers' residences. Since their inception, they have served as a political, economic, cultural, religious and military center.
Along with archeological information about the formation of ancient city-states and state associations, the ancient written sources, including the Avesto (meaning strict laws), provide valuable information. The Avesto is a sacred collection of Zoroastrianism that dates back to the first half of the first millennium BC. It contains geographical, socio-economic, political, religious and other information up to the Achaemenids. The Avesta contains information about social groups in society: priests (atravan), military (rataistra), peasants (vastrya-fshuyant), artisans (hut). The priests and the military were the ruling classes and ruled the country. Priests were especially prominent. The family, village, district, city, and county are governed by titled religious leaders. The military ranks of the king and his courtiers were also high. The main producers were farmers, ranchers and artisans.
The Avesta states the existence of slaves. They didn't play a big role in society. According to the Avesta, the society is divided into four administrative-territorial units: family-owned dwellings (nmana); villages (vis); districts
(zantu); province Each of these units had its own leader. The head of the family is called nmanopati, the head of the village is called vispati, the head of the district is called zantupati, and the head of the province is called dahyupati. The provincial official was a "genius." The ruler of such an association was called the "dakhyupat of all dakhyus." There were also management titles such as "kavi", "sastar" and "hatra". The title "kavi" (Persian for "kay") was given to the kings of large lands, and sometimes to the rulers of small estates. The rulers of castles, districts and provinces were given the title of "Sastar". The king (dahyupati) was at the same time the chief military officer and the chief judge (judge). The king had his army. In the study of the ancient history of Uzbekistan, along with the Avesto, other written sources, the works of ancient Iranian writings, Greco-Roman historians Herodotus, Ctesias, Arrian, Cursius Rufus, Strabo and others, the works of archaeologists in our country are valuable data can be obtained.
Mil in Central Asia. avv. By the middle of the 6th century, the process of formation of peoples was completed, their territorial boundaries, the administrative boundaries of the provinces appeared. Mil. avv. In the VII-VI centuries in the agricultural oases of Uzbekistan lived Sogdians, Bactrians and Khorezmians, in the mountains, steppes and deserts lived cattle-breeding tribes of Saks and Massagets. They spoke Turkish and Iranian. The formation of states is a complex process, and different peoples have their own characteristics. There are "Eastern Ways" and "European Ways" of state formation. There was no private ownership of land on the Eastern Way, based on the Asian method of production; the economy is based on artificial irrigation; community-controlled irrigation facilities; the peasant community formed the primary link in society; land and irrigation were state-owned; a layer of rulers emerged. The Asian method of production is widespread in regions such as Egypt, Babylon, China, India, and Central Asia. The main factor in the "European way" of state formation was the process of social property stratification (stratification) of society, which was caused by the formation of private property.
The process of statehood formation in Central Asia has expanded from south to north. The first period of transition to statehood in the southern part of Uzbekistan dates back to the middle and second half of the second millennium BC. The process of development of state organizations in the IX-VIII centuries spread to a large part of the region. Mil. avv. In the 7th and 6th centuries, state associations were formed in ancient Bactria, Khorezm and Sogdiana. There is very little historical information about the state of "Great Khorezm" (in the Avesto language - Khvarizam, in ancient Persian - Khvarazmish, in ancient Greek - Khorasmia). Construction of large irrigation facilities in Khorezm, strong defense facilities (Kozalikir, Dingalja) dates back to the VI-V centuries BC. There is no exact information about the territory of ancient Khorezm. The borders of Khorezm cover the area from the middle Amudarya to the Aral Sea. It has developed construction and handicrafts. Bronze and iron weapons,
pottery, needles, knives, and pottery were found in abundance. They are similar in method to Margiyona, Bactria and Sogdiana.
The ancient Bactrian state is believed to have included the Surkhandarya Valley, northeastern Afghanistan, southern Tajikistan, as well as Margiyana and Sogdiana. Mil. avv. In the VIII-VII centuries the state of Ancient Bactria rose. The capital was Bactria. The country had a developed socio-economic system. In foreign affairs, it has established ties with the Middle East and Central Asia. Sogdiana region includes Zarafshan and Kashkadarya oases.
Sangirtepa, Yangitepa, Chirakchitepa, Yerkurgan settlements of VIII-VII centuries were studied. The data show that the population of this region is mainly engaged in sedentary farming. Mil. avv. In the 7th and 6th centuries, the inhabitants of ancient Bactria, Khorezm and Sogdiana spoke Turkish and Persian. Their cultural traditions were very close to each other. This similarity is evident in the construction of housing. It is customary to build fortifications, mainly along trade routes. In the construction of housing and public buildings, much attention is paid to the defensive properties of buildings. Thus, studying the political, socio-economic and cultural processes in Khorezm and Bactria, in the first half of the first millennium BC in our country, the city-states gradually merged into state associations. State associations were socially, economically, politically, and culturally similar to other centers of ancient Eastern civilization.
References:
1. K.Nishonbaeva "Interethnic and universal problems of culture". Innovation-Ziyo Publishing House. Tashkent 2020
2. Annotated dictionary of the Uzbek language. State Scientific Publishing House Tashkent 2000
3. www.ziyo.net
4. www.saviya.uz
