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УДК 616-085.81(081.9) ББК 55.145
HIV, PAST AND PRESENT
RENDIC K.
Faculty of Medicine University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina - Republic of Srpska Abstract
HIV epidmic started in the mid to late 1970s, but the name got in may 1986. From 1987 till today many group of medication are approved for HIV patients. These days, alnost 20 millions of people are receiving antiretroviral treatment. Red Ribbon is used as the symbil for the solidarity of people living with HIV/AIDS and for the awareness and prevention. There are many projects who use Red Ribbon.
Keywords: HIV, AIDS, world, awareness, Red Ribbon.
Actuality. It is widely believed that HIV originated in Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo around 1920 when HIV crossed species from chimpanzees to humans. Available data suggests that the current epidemic started in the mid - to late 1970s. By 1980, HIV may have already spread to five continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa and Australia).
In 1981, cases of a rare lung infection called Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) were found in five young, previously healthy gay men in Los Angeles. At the same time, there were reports of a group of men in New York and California with an unusually aggressive cancer named Kaposi's Sarcoma. In December 1981, the first cases of PCP were reported in people who inj ect drugs. By the end of the year, there were 270 reported cases of severe immune deficiency among gay men - 121 of them had died.
In June 1982, a group of cases among gay men in Southern California suggested that the cause of the immune deficiency was sexual and the syndrome was initially called gay-related immune deficiency (or GRID). In September, the CDC used the term 'AIDS' (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) for the first time, describing it as a disease at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell mediated immunity. AIDS cases were also being reported in a number of European countries.
In January 1983, AIDS was reported among the female partners of men who had the disease suggesting it could be passed on via heterosexual sex. In November, the World Health Organization (WHO) held its first meeting to assess the global AIDS situation and began international surveillance.
In March 1985, the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed the first commercial
blood test, ELISA, to detect antibodies to the virus. Blood banks began to screen the USA blood supply. In April, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) hosted the first International AIDS Conference in Atlanta Georgia.
In May 1986, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses said that the virus that causes AIDS will officially be called HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) instead of HTLV-III/LAV.
1987, In March, the FDA approved the first antiretroviral drug, zidovudine (AZT), as treatment for HIV.
In April, the FDA approved the western blot blood test kit, a more specific HIV antibody test.
In July, the WHO confirmed that HIV could be passed from mother to child during breastfeeding.
In 1988, the WHO declared 1st December as the first World AIDS Day.
In 1991, the Visual AIDS Artists Caucus launched the Red Ribbon Project to create a symbol of compassion for people living with HIV and their carers. The red ribbon became an international symbol of AIDS awareness.
On 7 November, professional basketball player Earvin (Magic) Johnson announced he had HIV and retired from the sport, planning to educate young people about the virus. This announcement helped begin to dispel the stereotype, still widely held in the US and elsewhere, of HIV as a 'gay' disease. A couple of weeks later, Freddie Mercury, lead singer of rock group Queen, announced he had AIDS and died a day later.
In December 1994, the FDA approved an oral HIV test - the first non-blood HIV test. In June 1995, the FDA approved the first protease inhibitor
beginning a new era of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART).
In 1996, FDA approved the first non-nucleoside transcriptase inhibutor (NNRTI) drug called NEVIRAPINE.
In 2011, FDA approved Complera - all in one fixed dose combinstion tablet. In 2015, in September, the WHO launched new treatment guidelines recommending that all people living with HIV should receive antiretroviral treatment, regardless of their CD4 count, and as soon as possible after their diagnosis. In October, UNAIDS released their 2016-2021 strategy in line with the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), that called for an acceleration in the global HIV response to reach critical HIV prevention and treatment targets and achieve zero discrimination.
Two yeas ago, 2016, the number of people in Russia living with HIV reached one million. Newly released figures also showed 64% of all new HIV diagnoses in Europe occurred in Russia. In 2017, for the first time ever, more than half of the global population living with HIV are receiving antiretroviral treatment, a record of 19.5 million people. Organisations around the world endorse "Undetectable = Untransmittable" (U=U). This antistigma slogan launched by the Prevention Access Campaign is based on robust scientific evidence that people who have adhered to treatment and achieved an undetectable viral load cannot pass the virus on.
Treatment of HIV. Antiretroviral treatment (also known as antiretroviral therapy or ART) are the drugs that treat HIV. Many people living with HIV are taking treatment and staying healthy as a result. Current treatment for HIV is not a cure for HIV, but it can keep HIV under control very effectively. ART works by keeping the level of HIV low in body. This lets immune system to recover and stay strong.
There are lots of antiretroviral drugs, and they can be combined in different ways. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a combination of antiretroviral drugs for people starting HIV treatment: TDF (tenofovir), 3TC (lamivudine) or FTC (emtricitabine) and EFV (efavirenz). Combination drugs combine medications from different classes into one drug form. The drugs are combined to make a complete HIV regimen. This type of regimen is usually used to treat people who have never taken HIV medications before. Examples of these drugs include: abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine
(Triumeq), dolutegravir/rilpivirine (Juluca), emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil
fumarate (Complera), etc. I. I. Integrase inhibitors
are a class of medication that stops the action of integrase enzyme. This is a viral enzyme that HIV uses to infect T-cells. Integrase inhibitors are usually among the first HIV drugs used in people who have recently contracted HIV because they work well and have minimal side effects. Example is dolutegravir (Tivicay).
II. Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Examples are abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom) and abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (Trizivir).
III. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). These drugs work in a similar way to NRTIs. They stop the virus from replicating itself in your body. Examples of these drugs include efavirenz (Sustiva), etravirine (Intelence) and nevirapine (Viramune).
IV. Protease inhibitors work by binding to protease. This is a protein that HIV needs to replicate in the body. Examples of protease inhibitors used to treat HIV include atazanavir/cobicistat (Evotaz), darunavir/cobicistat (Prezcobix), lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra).
Side effects when first used. These effects can include: diarrhea, dizziness, headaches, fatigue, fever, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting.
Red Ribbon Days. Srpska medical students international commitee (SaMSIC - Bosnia and Hercegovina/Republic of Srpska) has organized a series of events on marking the World AIDS Day. Our slogan was
"Sometimes is positive to be negative". The World AIDS Day is beeing held on December 1st since 1988. This day is an important reminder that HIV is still present and that it is necessary to raise money, raise awareness, improve education and fight the still existing prejudices. This year, our goal was to raise awareness of this health problem in the local community, and we organized the "Red Ribbon Night". We made theater trio "Positive Negative". The trio prepared a little show that is half act and half unformal lecture on how HIV is and is not transmitted, also there was a scene where they "talked" directly in person with the "HIV VIRUS". Each guest got a hand made red ribbon and a latex condom. Next day, members of SaMSIC and students of the Faculty of Medicine in Banja Luka performed a flashmob. We gathered in the university kampus and formed the red Ribbon shape out of people, where every participant hold a red baloon in
the air and everything has been recorded from the air. As part of the three-day activities on World AIDS Day, a brief lecture was held at the tenth
scientific and expert conference "Students to Meet Science - StES 2017", where the emphasis was on destigmatization among healthcare workers. Students as well as professors who attended the lecture had a chance to hear who they can contact if they suspect HIV infection, that we should accept infected people and we should not discriminate
them in any way. The visitors were wearing red ribbons and and we recorded that activity with interesting photographs.
There is no epidemic in my country with HIV/AIDS but we still have people with this condition so I think we should still raise awareness about whole these theme.
ВИЧ, ПРОШЛОЕ И НАСТОЯЩЕЕ
РЕНДИК К.
Медицинский факультет университета Баня-Луки, Баня-Луки, Босния и Герцеговина -
Республика Сербская
Аннотация
ВИЧ-эпидемия началась в середине-конце 1970-х годов, но такое название было принято в мае 1986 года. С 1987 года по настоящее время многие лекарственные препараты одобрены для ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов. 20% таких пациентов получают антиретровирусную терапию. Красная лента используется как символ для солидарности людей, живущих с ВИЧ / СПИДом, для освещения проблемы и профилактики ВИЧ-инфекции. Многие проекты используют красную ленту.
Ключевые слова: ВИЧ, СПИД, мир, осведомленность, Красная лента.
