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ОСНОВНОЙ РАЗДЕЛ
UDK 62
Abdullaeva M.S.
teacher Kamolova Sh. T. teacher
Fergana juridical high school
HISTORY OF THE TERM CORRUPTION AND ITS EFFECT TO
DEVELOPMENT
Annotation: A characteristic feature of corruption is a conflict between the actions of an official and the interests of his employer, or a conflict between the actions of an elected person and the interests of society.
Key words: corruption, development, country and civil society.
Corruption (from Latin corrumpere "to corrupt", Latin corruptio "bribery, corruption; corruption, corruption; corruption") is a term that usually refers to the use of an official of his power and the rights entrusted to him, as well as the authority, opportunities, and connections associated with this official status for personal gain, contrary to legislation and moral guidelines. Corruption is also called the bribery of officials, their venality, corruption, which is typical for mafia states. The corresponding term in European languages usually has a broader semantics, resulting from the primary meaning of the original Latin word.
Many types of corruption are similar to fraud committed by an official, and belong to the category of crimes against state power.
Any official with discretionary power may be subject to corruption. 1] in the sphere of distribution of any resources that do not belong to him at his own discretion (official, deputy, judge, law enforcement officer, administrator, etc.). The main incentive to corruption is the possibility of obtaining economic profit (rent) associated with the use of power, and the main deterrent is the risk of exposure and punishment.
In his" Divine Comedy", Dante placed the bribe takers in the eighth (penultimate) circle of hell grave. Gustave Dore. The systemic nature of corruption manifests itself in its coercive nature for those who work in state organizations covered by it: the lower ranks collect bribes and share them with the upper ones to maintain their own positions.
According to macroeconomic and political economic studies, corruption causes significant damage and hinders economic growth and development in the interests of society as a whole. In many countries, corruption is criminalized.
Transparency International, the World Bank, and other organizations understand corruption as the abuse of trusted authority for personal gain. There are
also other definitions that clarify (that power includes trusted resources, that it can relate to the public and private sectors, etc. or use stricter legal language.
According to the Russian legislation, corruption is abuse of official position, giving a bribe, receiving a bribe, abuse of authority, commercial bribery or other illegal use by an individual of his official position contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state in order to obtain benefits in the form of money, valuables, other property or services of a property nature, other property rights for himself or for third parties, or illegal provision of such benefits to the specified person by other individuals.; as well as the commission of these acts on behalf of or in the interests of a legal entity. The concept of "corruption crime" found in the law does not have a separate definition.
Abuse can be a form of corruption (one of the criminal acts of an official or a group of persons), but does not exhaust the full definition of corruption.
The European Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, ratified by Russia, classifies corruption as a criminal offense committed by individuals and legal entities. As of 2010, in Russia, for the same corruption crime, you can get a penalty under both the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Criminal Code.
The first ruler to be mentioned as a fighter against corruption was Uruinimgina, the Sumerian king of the city-state of Lagash in the second half of the XXIV century BC. Despite the demonstrative and often cruel punishments for corruption, the fight against it did not lead to the desired results. At best, it was possible to prevent the most dangerous crimes, but at the level of petty embezzlement and bribes, corruption was widespread. The first treatise on corruption, the Artha-shastra, was published under the pseudonym Kautilya by a minister of Bharata (India) in the fourth century BC. In it, he made a pessimistic conclusion that "the property of the king can not be, at least in a small way, not appropriated by those in charge of this property."
The pharaohs of Ancient Egypt also faced similar problems, where a huge bureaucratic apparatus of officials was formed, which allowed itself to create lawlessness and arbitrariness against free peasants, artisans, and even military nobility. The teaching of a certain Itahotelah has been preserved, who recommends: "Rot your back in front of your superiors, then your house will be in order, your salary will be in good order, for it is bad for someone who resists in front of the boss, but it is easy to live when he is pleased".
Of particular concern was the corruption of judges, as it led to the illegal redistribution of property and the desire to resolve the dispute outside the legal field. It is no accident that the leading religions of all types of corruption condemn first of all the bribery of judges: "... the chief demands gifts, and the judge judges for bribes, and the nobles express the evil desires of their soul and pervert the cause... " ; "Do not accept gifts, for gifts make the blind see and turn the cause of the right" (Exodus 23: 8, see also Deut. 16:19); "Do not misappropriate one another's property, and do not bribe judges to intentionally misappropriate a portion of other people's property" (Qur'an 2: 188), etc.
In the ancient Roman Laws of the XII tables, the term "corrumpere" begins to be used in the meanings of "changing testimony in court for money" and "bribing a judge": "Do you really consider a severe decree of the law that punishes with death the judge or mediator who was appointed during the court agreement, [for the trial of the case] and was found to have accepted a monetary bribe in [this] case?"
The works of Niccolo Machiavelli give an important impetus to the understanding of corruption. He compared corruption to a disease, such as consumption. It is difficult to recognize at first, but easier to treat. If it is started, it is easy to recognize, but difficult to cure.
Since the end of the XVIII century, a turning point has occurred in the West in the attitude of society to corruption. Liberal transformations took place under the slogan that the state power exists for the benefit of the people subject to it, and therefore the subjects maintain the government in exchange for strict compliance with the laws of the officials. In particular, according to the US Constitution, adopted in 1787, taking a bribe is one of the two explicitly mentioned crimes for which the US President can be impeached. Society began to exert an increasing influence on the quality of the work of the state apparatus. As political parties and government regulation have intensified, episodes of collusion between the political elite and big business have become a growing concern. Nevertheless, the level of corruption in developed countries during the XIX—XX centuries decreased in comparison with the rest of the world.
A new stage in the evolution of corruption in developed countries was the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. On the one hand, another strengthening of state regulation and, accordingly, the power of officials has begun. On the other hand, a large private business was born, which in the competitive struggle began to resort to "buying up the state" - no longer to the occasional bribery of individual small civil servants, but to the direct subordination of the activities of politicians and senior officials to the protection of the interests of capital. With the growing importance of political parties in developed countries (especially in Western Europe after World War II), party corruption developed, when large firms and multinational corporations paid for lobbying their interests not personally to politicians, but to the party treasury.
In the second half of the twentieth century, corruption increasingly began to become an international problem. Corporate bribery of top officials abroad has become widespread. Globalization has led to the fact that corruption in one country began to negatively affect the development of many countries. At the same time, the countries with the highest levels of corruption were no longer limited to the third world: liberalization in the former socialist countries in the 1990s was accompanied by blatant official abuses. In its December 31, 1995 issue, the Financial Times declared 1995 the "year of Corruption". To promote knowledge about corruption, the UN has established the International Day against Corruption (December 9).
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