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15 Schekina D. Intrigues of the royal court as struggle for the throne in Saudi Arabia devolved into human toll / / https://360tv.ru/news/tekst/intrigi-korolevskogo-dvora-kak-borba-za-prestol-v-saudovskoj-aravii-oborachivaetsja-chelovecheskimi-zhertvami.
16 46 people were executed with him, accused of terrorism and supposedly related to Al-Qaeda
17 Later foreign secretary of the kingdom Abdel Al-Jubeir admitted the journalists murder "disastrous mistake and tragedy." См. Death of D. Смерть Джамаля Hashugdzhi: Riyadh admitted a mistake, the West demands explanations // Russian BBC service 21.10.2018
18 The king of Saudi Arabia carried out shifts in the government, without having touched the accused of murder crown prince Khashoggi. 28.12.2018 / / https://www.newsru.com/world/28dec2018/ saudicabinet.html
20 In the Saudi royal family there are thoughts of change of heir to the throne 20.11.2018 //http://www.forbes.ru/obshchestvo/369381-pod-naslednym-Prince m-saudovskoy-aravii-zashatalsya-tron
21 In the list of the richest people of the world Forbs Waleed ibn Talal takes the 45th place. Before the described events his wealth was estimated at 19 bln. dollars.
TATIANA CHIZHIKOVA. HISTORY OF THE INITIATION OF MOSLEMS MIGRATION TO EUROPE SINCE THE 1960s //
The article was written for the bulletin "Russia and the Moslem World."
Keywords: migration, Moslems, Europe, generations, labor force, international migrants, integration, migration exchange, emigration.
Tatiana Chizhikova,
2nd year master's student, IIR & SPS, MSLU
Abstract. The article dwells on development of the migration situation in Europe, covering, in connection with historical events, the period since 1960. The situation in Europe and at the present stage is given for comparison.
The modern era is safe to be called the "era of migration," thus emphasizing the special role of migration processes, as they among the key components of development of social life and economy globalization. But special attention should also be paid pay to the facts which triggered such an active relocation of people from one end of the world to the other.
If we compare the number of migrants in the 1960s and the present day, we will notice a grand difference: three times as much. If, for example, in 1970 the number of international migrants was 81 million people, today this figure reaches 258 million.
Formation of the world migration system began even in the colonial era. The countries of Western Europe played a major role in this process. As H. Rasmussen noted, "Europeans created a giant migration system that covered almost the entire world."
In order to have an idea about the current situation in the field of international migration, one should resort to systematization of the multitude of migration links between countries. This way it is possible to reveal the existence of not one, but several both world and regional migration systems.
There are some groups of countries, linked by large-scale and sustainable migration communication set up since the past centuries. At a minimum, the migration system includes two countries with migrational exchange functioning between them. But due to the fact that, in reality, countries participate in various migration flows with a range of other states, smaller migration systems may be part of larger systems. So, the migration system, uniting France with the countries of North Africa, is one of the world's migration systems with Europe as the center.
Europe has been very active in global migration flows for several centuries. Over time, its role has changed dramatically: Europe as a region, being a symbol of mass departure of migrants, has become a region of attraction of migrants from a variety of corners of the earth.
Back in the 1950s, many migrants in search of work went to Europe from Turkey, Central Asia and North Africa. They were
actively hired by governments for various kinds of works aimed at improving life in Europe. France and Belgium, for example, attracted mainly youth from Morocco and Algeria. Well-timed job growth continuously attracted migrants. However, most migrants arrived in Europe for several years, and then returned to their homeland.
Since the beginning of the 90s of the twentieth century the scale of the migration process has become incredible. It should be noted that the intensity of international migration is significantly lower than internal migration movements. According to the UN expert estimates, internal migration, since the 1980s, makes from 750 million to 1 billion people (almost every sixth resident of the planet).
I would like to single out the emigration from Algeria, which started in the middle of the last century. During the First World War, Algeria, being a colonial country, supplied labor force for the development of agriculture, industry, as well as for recruiting army in France. By 1924 in France there were about 100 thousand Algerians. But the largest displacements were registered after the Second World War. It was at the time that France needed manpower to rebuild its economy. Do not forget that by 1954, France has officially owned Algeria for 120 years. On the other hand, during this period, about a million ethnic French moved to Algeria due to the fact that the colonists were entitled to good land, higher-paid jobs compared to indigenous Arabs and Berbers.
Despite this, the situation in the country began to change gradually. In 1954, one of the most violent anti-colonial wars in history burst out. After eight years of war on March 19, 1962 France and the National Liberation Front (FLN) of Algeria signed Evian agreements. They were supported by 91% of French citizens, but the fact that Algeria got independence entailed certain disastrous consequences: those who stood in the ranks of the FLN began to rob and kill ethnic French and the Algerians who had anything to do with the French.
The refugees were mostly the Algerians who collaborated with the French authorities and, therefore, feared persecution -these were, first of all, Europeanized Algerian intelligentsia and military personnel. The fact is that immediately after coming to power, the National Liberation Front started the policy of terror against the French population. It should be noted that on the very day of the proclamation of independence of Algeria, a bloody attack on Europeans, which claimed 153 victims took place in Oran. The slogan "Suitcase or coffin" thundered across the country. The result of such actions of the pogrom-mongers was that most Europeans who lived in Algeria were forced to flee the country. More than a million people became refugees, and it was a disaster for them, indeed, their ancestors lived in Algeria for generations.
During the period of Algeria's independence, millions of Algerians who supported the proclamation of national independence and their descendants moved to France, Spain and other European countries. By some estimates, the number of Algerian immigrants abroad reaches more than 7 million people, among them 4 million live in France. But these figures show only the number of officially registered migrants, and in fact there are much more of them, considering Algerian migrants who illegally crossed the borders of the country.
Algerian immigration in France is considered to be one of the oldest, and today the fourth generation of Algerian origin is growing up on the French soil.
The stability of migration ties is determined both by historical reasons (colonial relations or political unions) and by the mutual interest of countries, in particular, economic, in migration exchanges, which explains the upraise and preservation of the migration movement.
So, initially the migration flow from the colonies of Great Britain was initiated by the British to replenish labor force in the mines, in agriculture and construction. During World War II, ethnic minorities were recruited to serve in the Royal Air Force,
as well as to work at the factories where military equipment was manufactured. Immigrants from the former colonies of Great Britain undoubtedly made a great contribution to recovery and development of the economy. By the 1970s, the immigrant community in the UK numbered almost 1 million people. 80% of those who came to the UK in the 1980s were family members of previously arrived migrants. At the end of the century, the migration flow from the former British colonies was already more focused on the United States.
In the 1970s, Europe suffered an economic crisis that left most migrants out of work. From 1973 to 1975, many European countries pursued a strict migration policy aimed at stopping flows. Such a policy could not change the situation in Europe, it was not effective, and migrants continued to settle and, moreover, bring their families with them. Up until the 1980s, many immigrants were able to obtain citizenship in Europe, which explains the observed increase in the Muslim population.
So, we can conclude that from 1970 to 2019 the number of migrants has more than doubled. And their number grew faster than the population of the globe.
We have repeatedly mentioned the reason that makes migrants move so quickly to Europe. Besides, the events that took place in the fall of 2015 contributed to the acceleration of these processes. It was then that the European migration crisis manifested its origins.
In 2014-2015, European countries were swept by a wave of illegal migrants from the Middle East and Africa. In 2000-2010, 20-25 thousand people a year illegally arrived in Europe, but already in 2014, 900 thousand people arrived in Europe, in 2015, 1.048 million people. Syria and Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya were the countries from which migrants fled to Europe. About 25% came from Africa (Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Cameroon, Tunisia, DR Congo, Algeria, Mali, Gabon).
In 2016, the indicator of the number of migrants and refugees arriving at the continent dropped to 390 thousand, in 2017 - to 186 thousand, at the beginning of 2018 - to 56 thousand, and at the beginning of 2019 - up to 8 thousand people.
The main reason for the increase in the migration flow to Europe was the "Arab Spring" in 2010-2011, which led to internal political destabilization in a number of countries in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East.
Another reason was the expansion of the network of criminal organizations smuggling people. In 2015, for example, more than 90% of illegal migrants who sought to get to Europe used the services of smugglers.
To combat the crisis, the governments of almost all European countries have decided to tighten migration standards. Thus, the length of stay of candidates for refugee status was reduced, the amount of benefits was reduced, and other measures were taken to reduce the arrival of migrants and refugees.
As we can see, the main reason of migration, both in the 1960s and starting from 2014, is the natural desire of refugees to live in better conditions, and, further, to restore their families. Only the movement methods and methods adopted by states to help migrants to acquire a new home or return to their homeland evolve.
Migrants should not be regarded just as a burden. Western Europe needs them. The demographic situation in Europe already forces the countries to take measures that would ensure the stability of the pension system in a few decades.
References
1 Bondareva S.K., Kolesov D.V. Migration (essence and phenomenon)
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3 Moscow: Moscow State University, September 30 - October 2, 2003). Lyubin V.P. The revolution of migration and its settlement. The experience of Russia, Germany and the EU reflected in scientific literature and media. (According to the materials of the presentation "Migration, integration and segregation in Russian society." 11th All-Russian Sociological Congress. Moscow: Moscow State University, September 30 - October 2, 2003)
4 "The migration crisis in Europe. Dossier" https://tass.ru/info/5336277 (Date of appeal: 03.12.2019)
5. Novozhenova I.S. Algerian diaspora in France. Actual problems of Europe. 2009 № 4. S. 77100.
6. "How Algeria fought for independence and whether it brought prosperity to it" https://topwar.ru/119695chemodaniligrobkakalzhirvoevalzanezavisimo stiprineslalionaemublagopoluchie.html (circulation date: 15.02.2019)
7. Rasmussen H.K. No Entry: Immigration Policy in Europe. Copenhagen: Business School Press.
