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12
UDC 03.02
Nurmatova N.N. Andijan state medical Institute Teacher of the department of social and humanitarian sciences
Uzbekistan, the city of Andijan HISTORY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AS A SCIENCE
Annotation: This article describes the history of the emergence and development of political science. The main problems of political science are described. analyzes methods and methodologies of political science research.
Keywords: history, political science, science, state, citizens ИСТОРИЯ ПОЛИТОЛОГИИ КАК НАУКИ
Аннотация: В данной статье описывается история возникновения и развития политологии. Описаны основные проблемы политологии. анализирует методы и методологии политологических исследований.
Ключевые слова: история, политология, наука, государство, граждан
Political science or political science is the science of politics, that is, about the special sphere of people's life activity associated with power relations, with the state-political organization of society, political institutions, principles, norms, the action of which is intended to ensure the functioning of society, the relationship between people, society and by the state. The person involved in political science is called a political scientist.
The history of the development of political science can be divided into three periods:
1. Philosophical. It originates in the ancient world. Continues until the middle of the XIX century. Aristotle - the founder of political science; Cicero, a famous speaker, has also done a lot for the development of this science;Plato; Niccolo Machiavelli is an Italian scientist who lived in Florence (XVI century), who is considered to be a scientist who revived political science in the modern era.
2. Empirical. The middle of the XIX century. - 1945 The study of political science begins with scientific methods. Sociology had a great influence on its development. There is a movement of Marxism. In the 1920s and 30s, the USA became the center of political science. Begins the teaching of political science in schools.
3. Reflection. 1945 - continues to this day. In 1948, under the auspices of UNESCO, an international colloquium of political scientists was convened, where questions of political science were considered, the subject, object, and tasks of political science were defined. It was recommended to all countries to introduce this science for study in higher educational institutions.As an academic discipline, politics began to be included in the curricula of European universities from the end of the XIV century. Initially, her teaching was limited to the study of Aristotle's "Politics".The qualitative change in the teaching of politics occurred in the second half of the XIX century, largely due to the development of sociology and the methodology of positivism. Chairs and even faculties of political science appeared
in European and North American universities. The first in 1857 the Department of History and Political Science at Columbia University (USA, 1857) was opened. The Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in Madrid (Spain, 1861), the Free School of Political Science in Paris (France, 1871), the School of Political Science in Colombia (USA, 1880), the Society of State Studies in Berlin (Germany, 1883), and the London School of Economics and Political Science (UK, 1895).
The international symposium on political science, held in 1948 under the auspices of UNESCO, played a significant role in the development of political science education. It was then that the term "political science" was proposed and a recommendation was developed to introduce the teaching of the relevant discipline within the framework of the higher education system.First of all, the object of studying political science as a science is political power, the foundations of its legal system, the definition of the foundations of its legitimacy, the elucidation of mechanisms to ensure its stability and optimality from the point of view of government. In addition, the object of studying political science is politics, the political sphere of public life.
The subject of political science are the laws of the relationship of social subjects about political power. Of course, these problems are studied not only by political science, but also by philosophy, sociology, state law science, etc. Political science studies them, integrating certain aspects of these disciplines.Within the framework of a system-management approach in political science, the object of study of political science is the processes and the effectiveness of the political management of all types of technologies and processes of life activity in the state. Ideology is considered the logical basis of the system of political governance. In a system-management approach in political science, the functions and roles of ideology, political culture, civil society (as a subject and object of political management) are formulated, a system of coefficients is developed for quantifying the effectiveness of political management and evaluating the activities of political subjects.In the view of many scientists, political science is an interdisciplinary science, the subject of study of which are the trends and laws of the functioning and development of political life, which reflect the real process of inclusion of political actors in activities with the implementation of political power and political interests. But at the same time, many scientists adhere to the opposite point of view, believing that there are no special grounds for discovering "eternal" truths and "unchanging" political laws.
In their opinion, often supporters of the search for political laws do not take into account the main thing - what one theorist regards as "progress", for another it turns out to be regressive.The problems that political science deals with can be divided into three large blocks:
1. philosophical and ideological and theoretical foundations of politics, system-forming signs and the most important characteristics of a subsystem of political, political phenomena, characteristic of one or another specific period of history;
2. political systems and political culture, the differences and similarities between different political systems, their advantages and disadvantages, political regimes, the conditions for their change, etc;
3. Political institutions, political process, political behavior and participation, etc.The tasks of political science - the formation of knowledge about politics, political activities; explanation and prediction of political processes and phenomena, political development; development of the conceptual apparatus of political science, methodology and methods of political research.
The functions of political science are organically linked with these tasks. The most important of them are the following: gnoseological, axiological, managerial, the function of rationalizing political life, the function of political socialization. The method of political science (within the framework of a systemmanagement approach in political science) is a system of principles and techniques by which the removal of uncertainty, an objective knowledge of the political system of government in the state, as well as the political, social, economic and other consequences of imperative political management. The role of political science is to increase the level of socio-economic efficiency of activities, as well as reduce the political risks of socio-economic actors.
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