CC BY
30
HISTORY OF NATIONAL CRAFTS DEVELOPMENT IN
UZBEKISTAN Tishabaeva L.A. Email: [email protected]
Tishabaeva Lola Arifovna - Senior Teacher, HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN DEPARTMENT, BUILDING FACULTY, FERGHANA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, FERGHANA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article under discussion deals with the development of national crafts in the ancient world as well as in Uzbekistan. The author of the article thinks that the craft was created with the beginning of human production activity, has passed a long historical way of development, taking various forms. The origins of the craft in Uzbekistan go back to ancient times. Archaeological excavations testify to the existence of a highly developed craft among the peoples of the Central Asian interfluves more than two thousand years ago. The entire long period offeudalism was characterized by the extensive development of the craft, which was the only form of industrial activity until the accession of Central Asia to Russia, when the factory industry was established. Over the centuries, Uzbek craftsmen have accumulated special skills and knowledge. Extreme fragmentation of specialization led to the mastery of a few, but very finely designed operations, to the improvement of technical methods and high quality of products.
Keywords: crafts, history, development, territory, technologies, goods, transfer, language, traditions, modern, ideas, religious, culture, people.
ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ РЕМЁСЕЛ В
УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ Тишабаева Л.А.
Тишабаева Лола Арифовна - старший преподаватель, кафедра истории Узбекистана, строительный факультет, Ферганский политехнический институт, г. Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: данная статья рассматривает вопросы развития ремёсел в древнем мире, а также в Узбекистане. Автор статьи считает, что ремесло возникло с началом производственной деятельности человека, прошло длительный исторический путь развития, принимая различные формы. Истоки ремесла в Узбекистане уходят в глубокую древность. Археологические раскопки свидетельствуют о существовании у народов Среднеазиатского междуречья высокоразвитого ремесла свыше двух тысяч лет назад. Весь длительный период феодализма характеризовался широким развитием ремесла, которое являлось единственной формой промышленной деятельности вплоть до присоединения Средней Азии к России, когда появилась фабрично-заводская промышленность. На протяжении веков у узбекских ремесленников накапливались специальные навыки и знания. Чрезвычайная дробность специализации вела к овладению немногими, но очень тонко разработанными операциями, к совершенствованию технических приемов и высокому качеству изделий.
Ключевые слова: ремесло, история, развитие, территория, технологии, товар, передача, язык, традиции, современный, идеи, религиозный, культура, народ.
UDC 745.5
Crafts originated from the beginning of human production activity, they have passed a long historical way of development, taking various forms: a) home craft - in the conditions of natural economy; b) custom craft - in the conditions of decomposition of natural economy; c) craft on the market. The emergence of the craft to order and especially to the
market is associated with the emergence and development of cities as craft and trade centers. Household handicrafts are often referred to as domestic industries (i.e. non-agricultural production), handicrafts to order and to the market as handicrafts [1].
The origins of the craft in Uzbekistan go back to ancient times. Archaeological excavations testify to the existence of a highly developed craft among the peoples of the Central Asian interfluves more than two thousand years ago. The entire long period of feudalism was characterized by the extensive development of the craft, which was the only form of industrial activity until the accession of Central Asia to Russia, when the factory industry was established.
Over the centuries, Uzbek craftsmen have accumulated special skills and knowledge. Extreme fragmentation of specialization led to the mastery of a few, but very finely designed operations, to the improvement of technical methods and high quality of products. Craftsmen of various specialties also worked in the cities, serving the needs of all citizens and the surrounding rural population: blacksmiths, woodworkers, builders, mat weavers, tailors, bakers, confectioners, etc.
Home craft is widely spread throughout the history of pre-capitalist societies. The rural population produced most of the handicrafts they consumed. Gradually, the craft to order and the market began to play a leading role. In ancient Greece, ancient Rome, there was a significant number of artisans in the ancient East who were self-sufficient and made their products to order or market [2].
Many industries were in the hands of rural artisans, who combined craftwork with farming and gardening. They gave the latter a significant part of their time, as the sale of products of gardens, vineyards and vegetable gardens occupied a prominent place in their budget. Rural artisans produced most of the cheap cotton fabrics and simple pottery.
Cocoon unwinding was a profession that required special training and skill, and was often inherited. In the towns and some villages - the centers of silk weaving - this business was in the hands of men craftsmen. Ferghana and Bukhara were famous for their silk weaving, which produced many different kinds of silk fabrics; silk weaving was also developed there. The technical equipment of professional silk weaving consisted of a boiler for cocoon evaporation, a sticks to pick up the ends of the threads, suspended above the boiler ring, through which the thread was passed until the arrival on the wheel, rotating the assistant to the master. During the unwinding process, the master connected the threads from several cocoons, and their number determined the thickness of the thread. The wizard would also touch and see when it was necessary to pick up the new ends, so that the entire thread would be even in thickness. After unwinding, the rowing was carried out in a solution of potash, where the decoction of morels was added to whiten the silk. The degree of readiness of the yarn was recognized by touch. Before boiling, the yarn was twisted, for which a huge wheel called "damn" was used.
The weaving machine used by professionals was basically the same for all types of fabrics, differing only in the number of remixes and the size of the parts that determined the width of the fabric. The belt unit consisted of thread loops stretched between two reeds; it was lowered with pedals, the number of which corresponded to the number of remises. The pedals were lowered to the bottom of the pit. The weaver sat on a board placed on the edges of the pit, lowering his legs into the pit. Pressing the pedals in a certain order, the weaver got the necessary weaving of the warp threads. Berdo was a heavy wooden frame. A grating of sheared reeds was inserted into it, with the warp threads running between them. Berdo, hanging over the machine, before the remises, was driven by the weaver's left hand, tightly nailing the duck threads to each other. The shuttles were horny, beautifully polished. They were made by special masters. The base, tucked into the machine, was passed through the blocks, which looked like large wooden coils, reinforced under the ceiling, and pulled out with round weights of unburned clay. They took off the fabric from the war machine in pieces of a certain measure: two pieces went to the same clothes and made up a unit of goods for sale and calculation. Fabrics were produced mostly very narrow - not wider than
35-40 cm, which was explained by the primitive device of the machine. Only by the beginning of the 20th century did the wide war machine tools appear, on which some new kinds of fabrics (kiseiya, turban, silk blankets) began to be produced [1].
In the third quarter of the 19th century, the production of fine and rare hawth fabric was still going on, which was most often used by both sedentary and nomadic groups of the Central Asian population to produce shrouds for export to the steppe regions. With the beginning of the production of kiseias and the delivery of cheap factory fabrics (crankshaft) to the region, the production of khos was completely stopped. Production of silk and semisilk fabrics was developed in certain areas.
Production of silk and semi-silk atlases, mainly with a motley pattern, was famous for the Ferghana Valley, especially the city of Margelan, from where the fabric was exported to other parts of Uzbekistan. The production of silk and semi-silk atlases, mainly with a motley pattern, was famous for the Fergana Valley, especially the city of Margelan, from where the fabric was exported to other parts of Uzbekistan.
References / Список литературы
1. Nurmatova G. Medieval Akhsikent (IX XII century) // Scientists notes from the Khujand State University named after Khujand. Academician B. Gafurov. Humanities, 2010. № 2 (22). P.p. 78-80.
2. Tursunov N.N. Special features of craftsmanship in culture Population of Surkhansk Valley // Russia and the Muslim world, 2019. № 2 (312). P.p. 5-9.
