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HISTORY OF KARAKUL INDUSTRY IN UZBEKISTAN
Akhmedov Bekzod Abdirahmonovich Karshi engineering-economic institute (Uzbekistan)
Abstract: This article discusses the history of karakul in Uzbekistan. The article also analyzes issues such as the establishment of karakul farms, state farms specializing in karakul cultivation, attention to the development of the industry in the conditions of independence.
Keywords: Uzbekistan, animal husbandry, astrakhan, leather, Mubarak, state farm, collective farm, fur, independence, period, farmer, economy, reform, economy.
Аннотация: В стать рассказватся история каракулеводство в Узбекистане. В том числе, анализируются создания хозяйства по каракулеводства, специализированный совхозы по производства каракуль, влияние развития каракулеводства в годы независимости.
Ключвые слова: Узбекистан, животноводства, каракуль, кожа, совхоз, колхоз, мех, независимость, период, фермер, экономика, реформа, хозяйства.
One of the main directions of animal husbandry in Uzbekistan is karakul breeding. Uzbekistan is one of the world's leading producers of high-value astrakhan leather. The first state farm "Mubarak" in Uzbekistan, specializing in karakul, was established on November 26, 1928 in Kasan district1.
The Mubarek state farm was located on the southern border of the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts in the vast Ortachol pasture, which covers an area of about 200,000 square kilometers. Herds of rich people like Sardor Jabi, Hayit Navbatov, Niyazkhon Budiev, who lived here, were taken to the new state farm. In particular, 1,200 sheep were confiscated from the liquidated Choriqul boy and gathered near the Mubarek railway station. At that time, only one basement and a warehouse were built here. From the moment the sheep were accepted, Petrov was appointed head of the farm, and B.A. Veterok was appointed senior zootechnician2.
In 1931-1933, the Nishan, Karavulbozor, Karakum, Tallimarjon, and Kokdala karakul state farms were separated from the Mubarek state farm.
1 50 years Vsesoyuznomu nauchno-issledovatelskomu institutu karakulevodstva. (Historical essay). Tashkent .: Fan.-1980.-S.4.
2 History of collective and state farms of Uzbekistan. Book III.-T .: Uzbekistan.1972, -B.536-538.
INTRODUCTION
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
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Taking into account the further development of karakul farming in Uzbekistan, in 1930-1934 another 14 specialized karakul state farms were established. "Karakum", "Kizil chorvador", "Kirov nomli", "Oq kapchigay", "Nishan", "Qarnob", "Ulus", "Kizilcha", "Konimex", "Tomdi", "Jongeldi", "Karavulbozor", Karakol and Guzar state farms are among them.
At the same time with the construction of specialized state farms, collective farm karakul began to develop. In Samarkand region "Leninchi chorvador", "Kizil chorvador", "Akhunboboev", "Frunze", "Telman", "Yangi turmush", "Komsamol", in Bukhara region "Sverdlov", "Navoi", "Kirov", in Kashkadarya region III International "and" Jenov "collective farms were established.
In order to develop the Karakul industry, the Karakul Society was established in 1930, and in 1943 the society was transformed into the Union-wide Uzbekkarakul Trust. The Trust operates on a self-supporting basis and has contracts with organizations and enterprises. The Trust has been involved in issues such as water supply and development of pastures, insemination of herds, proper feeding and feeding of sheep, breeding, creation of material and technical base, increasing the material interests of staff in the field of karakul and staffing.
The work carried out has provided rapid and uninterrupted growth of karakul sheep hooves and productivity in the specialized karakul state farms of the republic. In 1931, there were 159,000 head of karakul sheep in the state farms, and on January 1, 1935, their number increased to 443,000, an increase of 2.3 times.
The construction of the first state karakul sheep farms in Bukhara and Kattakurgan became the basis for scientific research in the field of karakul. Research in this area was then continued at the experimental station, and then at the Karakul Scientific Research Institute.
During the war years, serious attention was paid to the development of the industry. In 1943, three new specialized karakul state farms were established: Oyok Kuduk, Nurata and Temiryazov. In early 1946, the number of karakul sheep in the republic's state and collective farms increased from 1,918,000 in 1940 to 2,946,000, an increase of more than 1.5 times3.
This sector has developed in the USSR, Bukhara, Jizzakh, Kashkadarya, Samarkand and Surkhandarya regions. In 1940, the number of karakul sheep in Uzbekistan was 1 million 918 thousand, and in 1961 it reached 5.9 million.
3 Narziev M., Current state and prospects of karakul farming in the Republic of Uzbekistan.//Scientific bases of karakul production. Samarkand, -1999.-B.20-22.
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In terms of the number of karakul sheep and the volume of leather production, Uzbekistan was a leader among the allied republics. For example, in 1982, the number of farms and karakul sheep in all categories of the Uzbek SSR was almost 4% of the total number of sheep in the country, 35.7% for karakul sheep, 33.9% for karakul leather, 3% for wool and 10% for mutton. formed4.
There are two periods in the development of Soviet-era karakul in Uzbekistan. The first period covered 1930-1957, during which time karakul skins were mainly produced on collective farms. Eighty-four percent of the sheep and 80 percent of the astrakhan skins were raised by these farms.
After 1957, new specialized karakul state farms, such as "Forish", "1st Koshrabad", "2nd Koshrabad", "Lenin", "Kattakurgan", "2nd Gallaorol", "Communism", "40th anniversary of October", "Bolshevik" "," Uzbekistan "," Dehkanabad "," Sayrob "state farms were formed, and the total number of karakul state farms in the republic reached 315.
The second period, which lasted from 1965 to 1980, focused on the collection of karakul sheep in large specialized state farms. During this period, 20 more large state farms were established on the basis of large karakul farms of cotton kolkhozes. The range of astrakhan skins has been increased, the share of blue astrakhan leather has increased 2.7 times in Surkhandarya region, 1.6 times in Bukhara region and 2.4 times in Karakalpak ASSR.
State farms in Bukhara, Kashkadarya, Samarkand and Surkhandarya regions have achieved the best results in improving the quality of astrakhan leather. Mubarek, Nishan, Qarnob, Karakum, Tomdi, Uzbekistan and Konimex state breeding plants were the leaders in the production of pure karakul leather.
In 1987, 134.2 thousand pieces of small black astrakhan leather and 23.1 thousand pieces of small blue astrakhan leather were grown in the specialized state farms of the republic.
During the years of independence, Uzbekistan has consistently taken measures to establish and develop this sector. In accordance with the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated March 15, 1993 "On measures to deepen economic reforms in the livestock sector", sheep farms were privatized and farms were established in all collective farms. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers
4 Juraev F., Development of karakul in Uzbekistan. T .: Uzbekistan.-1983.-P.3-11.
5 The work shown.
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of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 250 of June 13, 1998 "On measures to deepen economic reforms in the karakul industry and its support by the state."
In the same year, the Republican company "Uzbek Karakul" was established, which deals with the production and sale of karakul. As of January 1, 1999, there were 20096.1 thousand head of karakul sheep in the republic.
Karakul skins are mainly sold in fur markets, including St. Petersburg, Copenhagen (Denmark) and Finland fur auctions, international fairs, as well as European and American markets. Karakul skins grown in Uzbekistan are exported to Germany, Italy, Israel, Turkey, Mongolia, China, Russia and Azerbaijan6.
CONCLUSION
As a result of many years of selection and breeding work carried out in collaboration with scientists and practitioners in Uzbekistan, Karakul, Karakum, Muborak, Nishan, Pomuq, Konimex, Tomdi, Guzar breeds with high genetic and productivity characteristics. , "Nurota", "Saribek", "Abay", "Kyzylkum" and many other types of plants have been created. They are a valuable species of karakul sheep breed. In 2005, there were 109 specialized farms in Uzbekistan7.
So, Uzbekistan has its own history of establishment and development of karakul. The Republic has a unique experience in the cultivation of astrakhan leather, and today new methods and tools are used to further develop the industry. Karakul leather has always played an important role in Uzbekistan's exports.
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