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UDK:321
Axmedov J. T. assistant
Department of "Social Sciences" Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute Otarbayeva G.K.
Head of the Department of General History and Museum Studies
SCU named after. M.Auzova Kazakhstan
HISTORY OF INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA AND
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Abstract. In Central Asia, inter-ethnic relations are of particular importance. This article discusses the critical aspects of multi-ethnic Central Asian ethno-politics. Since ancient times, cultural, economic and political relations have been established between ethnic groups and peoples living in the region. The ethnic map of Central Asia has been almost unchanged for many centuries. The use of scientific literature and the results of research conducted by many scientists show the complexity of the historical aspect of inter-ethnic relations in Central Asia and the relevance of studying inter-ethnic relations in the region as part of identifying and finding solutions to security problems in the region.
Key words: Central Asia, history, nation, people, inter-ethnic relations, Avesta, titular nation, settler, nomad, Kushan, Turks, Arabs, Mongols, Khans, Shaybani, Soviet rule, independence, national politics.
In each of them, the nation to which the state is named constitutes the majority of the country's population ("titul millat"), but representatives of other, large or small ethnic groups also live in these countries, which constitute a national minority. As a result of the Soviet government's national territorial demarcation in Central Asia in 1924, compact living boundaries of some peoples were defined and new state structures were created, and this process was a result of national policy [7, 378-380]. There is a fairly extensive literature on how artificial the new borders were, how the rights and opinions of certain peoples were neglected, and the blunders and distortions. Assessing the events of the beginning of the history of Soviet power, some researchers note that at that time, by artificially delimiting the borders of the new republics, the Bolsheviks periodically established secret control.
In the example of Central Asia of this period, it is worth noting about the Indo-Aryan tribes located in large areas of the region. In most cases, the determining factor of the relations of that time belonged to different economic and cultural types: on the one hand, peoples engaged in sedentary farming, and on the other hand, nomadic herding tribes [1.56].
Here, two opposing groups of the region's population with different types of governance are pitted against each other. At the same time, the material culture of some archaeological monuments confirms that there were close economic and cultural relations between the Sogds and the Sakas. In Central Asia, such a zone was in the Syrdarya valley, especially in its middle stream [2, 48; 16, 18]. The interaction of the economic and cultural types of Central Asia continued even in the 2nd millennium AD. However, by the end of the 4th century, the ethnic map of the region had become more complicated. As a result of the arrival of Greeks and Macedonians in the II century BC, the emergence of new ethnic groups was also not ignored. The struggle for natural resources intensified, property and wealth were redistributed. In this struggle, the strong won, the losers lost not only resources, but also often ethnic identity, because there was a mixture of ethnic groups, cultures and religions.
The Sogdians should also be included among the peoples of Central Asia who had an influence during this period. In the years 329-327, serious resistance to the army of Alexander the Great was brutally suppressed by massacring the local population, wealth was looted [3, 120-129]. It was at that time that the migration of the Sogds to the east - beyond the Syr Darya border and to Ettisuv - began. New Sogdian settlements began to appear in the territory of nomadic tribes.
Population migration has led to a sharp increase in opportunities for international communication. As a result, during this period, representatives of the Sogds and other settled peoples of Central Asia penetrated to the east, into the depths of Central Asia. Along the routes of the Great Silk Road, Sogdian trading posts and points were established, and their colonial activity reached the Far East. The greatest event of cultural integration in the millennium AD was the Great Silk Road.
The Great Silk Road attracts the attention of many researchers, since many works have been published that reflect the history of trade and cultural contacts, while intercommunal relations, not only between the Sogds and Turks [18,19], but also all the ethnic groups encountered on the Great Silk Road, are still sufficiently not studied.
The period of the late Middle Ages, according to traditional periodization, was a period of real stagnation for the peoples of Central Asia. Until the 17th century, almost the entire territory of Central Asia was occupied by several successive or coexisting states with settled and nomadic populations: Somanids, Ghaznavids, Karakhanids, Seljuks, Khorezmshahs, Chagatai clan, Timur and Timurids, Shaybanids and Ashtarkhanids (8) [9, 7-10] reign continued edn.
The second half of the 19th century can be recognized as a new stage in the development of inter-ethnic relations in Central Asia. As a result of the geopolitical "Great Game", Central Asia fell under the influence and interests of the Russian Empire. The conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire again changed the dividing line, gradually European population began to appear in the region in the
form of the Russian colonial administration, officials and military, entrepreneurs, workers and displaced peasants [10; 13].
The implementation of a new national policy by the Soviet state led to the emergence of new state structures - national republics - within the USSR. In these republics, which are named after the ethnonym of their main population, the processes of forming a national state and national self-consciousness begin. In each republic, newspapers and magazines were published in local languages, national schools, cultural and educational institutions, etc. were built. In accordance with these processes, new inter-ethnic relations of the peoples living in Central Asia have also emerged. Aspects of identity and interdependence were formed within the framework of new state structures within the USSR. Almost 70 years of experience (1922-1991) of the USSR in conducting national policy and regulating inter-ethnic relations is sufficiently covered in science.
As for inter-ethnic relations in Central Asia, even though their study was intensive during the Soviet period, the research was one-sided due to strong ideological pressure. Many serious issues were avoided, often inter-ethnic problems were not solved in time and were hidden. As a result, it is known that the crisis of the economy of the former Soviet Union in the late 1980s had a strong impact on the state of inter-ethnic relations. Ethnic and ethnic conflicts occurred in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, the Baltic region and the Caucasus region.
The above events led to the disintegration of the multinational Soviet Union into national states. When the USSR collapsed in 1991 and the national republics of the former USSR gained sovereignty, many hidden issues of inter-ethnic relations were exposed and intensified (3). The emergence of sovereign republics in Central Asia not only changed the political landscape of the region, but also affected the state of inter-ethnic relations, the transition of ethnic conflicts to the inter-state level in the new conditions, which, of course, affected the relations between the states of the region.
In conclusion, special attention should be paid to the traditional methods of solving problematic situations when studying the problem. Centuries-long coexistence of different ethnic groups in Central Asia, their various relations will be a rich source for studying the problem. There are always internal and external forces in society, which can be seen in the use of inter-ethnic relations and inter-ethnic conflicts for their own political purposes, and in pitting representatives of different nationalities and population groups against each other. Studying the history of relations between peoples, their great experience of tolerance and positive resolution of many conflict situations in the past, and applying it to the modern reality is important in modern inter-ethnic relations in Central Asia.
References:
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Beruni. Canon of Mas'ud / Selected works. V. Part one. Translation and notes by B. A. Rosenfeld and A. Akhmedov. - Tashkent: Fan, 1973.
2. Avesta. Quotations on the history of the ancient East. - Moscow.: Science, 1989.
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