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ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ НАУЧНОЙ РАБОТЫ
HISTORY OF ETYMOLOGY
Irkayev Jasur Abdurakhimovich, Khalimov Salokhiddin, Karshi State University, Karshi, Republic of Uzbekistan
E-mail: jamolbek14mail.ru
ИСТОРИЯ ЭТИМОЛОГИИ
Иркаев Жасур Абдураxимович, Xалимов Салоxиддин, Каршинский государственный университет, г. Карши, Республика Узбекистан
Abstract. The article is devoted to the problems of the history of etymology. The information about the appearing of etymology as the science about the definition of the origin of words is given. Well-known scientists whose works and ideas contributed to the further development of historical linguistics and Etymology are mentioned in the article.
Key words: term, etymology, ancient, philosopher, grammar, philologist, identify, science, methodology, lexicon.
Аннотация. Статья посвящена проблемам истории этимологии. Дается информация о появлении этимологии как науки определения происхождения слов. В статье упоминаются известные ученые, чьи работы и идеи способствовали дальнейшему развитию исторической лингвистики и этимологии.
Ключевые слова: термин, этимология, древность, философ, грамматика, филолог, идентификация, наука, методология, лексика.
Etymology (sru^oXoyia) is derived from an ancient Greek language, meaning "truth, the essential meaning of the word" and "word, doctrine." Etymology - one of the directions of linguistics (comparative linguistics), mainly learns the origin of words. Also, the definition of the origin of words (or sometimes morphemes) is also
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the function of etymology. Under the concept of etymology, any hypothesis can be made about the origin of a particular word.
The term "etymology" is used by ancient Greek philosophers. Until the 19th century this term was used in linguistic terms as "grammar". Ancient etymology has been regarded as part of grammar in linguistics, so grammar-philologists have been involved in this field. One of the most prominent explorers in the history of the word was Roman Grammar Variant (116-27 BC). Roman philologist Varron has identified etymology as a science. Varron explained the answer to the question "Why and where does the word appear?". For example, he explained the origin of the Latin word luna (month) by breaking the word into parts: The first part according to Varran was derived from the Latin luceo (to shine); and in the latter part is derived from the Latin word nox (night) - in Latin. Varron tried to describe the meaning of words even though there was no scientific methodology at that time. Varron has done a great job in defining the role of voice-changing and word-formation in the history of the lexicon.
There is nothing new in the Middle Ages about etymology. The archbishop of Spain, Sevili is the most prominent representative of medieval etymology. The founder of medieval Encyclopedia Isidor Sevilsky (560-636 BC) was the author of the book "Etimology" (Latin Etymology), the father of the last Latin Church and the medieval writer's work. In this paper, Isidor Sevilsky referred to the "value of things" as the main object for etymology. As in the case of scholars, Isidor Sevilsky tried to explain the etymology of certain words in a very simple way.
Before the emergence of a comparative-historical method in linguistics, many of the etymological concepts were absolutely illusory in Russia as well as in Europe. The Russian poet and philologist V.K.Tredyakovsky (1703-1769), who lived in the eighteenth century, explained the name of the country Norway as "high" (Russian HaBepxHA, translation high) because this country is located at the top of the map is country, the name was derived from the wrong form of the word high. The name of the country of Italy is derived from the word yganna in Russian, because it is explained by the fact that this country is located many miles from Russia. Volter (1694-1778) gave such interpretations (to explain): "Etymology is a fanciest thing in which vowels do nothing, and consonants nothing else."
The comparative-historical method of the methodology of etymology has been a set of methods that will help to clarify the most ancient historical factors, based on the proof of the brotherhood of the two, and on the basis of comparing phonetics and (slightly) grammar. It emerged from the late 18th and beginning of the 19th century by William Jones (1746-1794), by opening of the ancient Hindu-speaking Sanskrit language and the thesis on the brotherhood of many languages from India to Europe. As a result, Indo-Europe - later, the Slovak, German, Italy (modern Rome), Celtic, Indo-Iranian, and other languages have become known as the Indo-European Family of Languages.
German scholar Augustus Schleicher (1821-1868) examined the Indo-European languages through compiling comparative grammar, contributing to comparative -historical linguistics and etymology. According Schleicher, due to the Indo-European
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peoples' departure from their ancestral homeland (Central Asia), the languages have changed so much that his composition written in the ancient Hindu-European language called "Sheep and Horses" was found close to Sanskrit. Although many Schleicher 's ideas were incomprehensible, his works and ideas contributed to the further development of historical linguistics and etymology. The "Tree of Language" idea belongs to Schleicher (German name Stammbaum, the term originated under the influence of biological taxonomy), and nowadays there are many etymologists (in particular, Slavonic languages) Scientists in Lithuanian, who used material for the first time, drew attention.
The new stage of etymology was largely associated with achievements in dialectology and linguistic geography, and French scholar Jules Giléron (1854-1926) contributed to it. The lexical analysis of the semantic field, which is the study of the change of meaning, the study of the relationship between the subject of semantics and objects in the universe, has been of great importance. The development of the twentieth century is characterized by Emil Benvenist (1902-1976), Victor Vladimirovich Martinov (1924-2013) and Alexander Savich Melnychuk (1921-1997), using their principles of etymology studies. With their efforts, the analysis of grammar, semantic, lexico - grammatical and other similar groups began to be developed and applied.
Литература:
1. Варбот Ж.Ж. Этимология // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Главный редактор В.Н. Ярцева. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. - 685 с. -ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
2. Откупщиков Ю.В. К истокам слова: Рассказы о науке этимологии. - М.: Просвещение, 1973. - С. 22-23.
3. Михаленко А.О., Колесниченко М.А. Интересная этимология, или почему слова такие разные. - Красноярск, 2014. - С. 19.
4. Этимология // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - СПб., 1890-1907.
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