Historical Review of Global Experience in Regulatory Practice Текст научной статьи по специальности «История и археология»



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AA адц фÇlÇunфшJnlpJшQ, ungÇnÉnqÇmjÇ b ÇpminiQpÇ ÇQumÇmnimÇ ^bmmÇpm^m^mQ hbmmqnmnipjniQQbpÇ pmdQÇ hmjgnpq

bnruuusb'w о-притъьпыд-зиъ AuimoiuUPAUdíAj ФПРР1* «msuuhub циъиги

Anqimömü hbqÇQm^p ËnpgшJÇQ ibp^niönipjmQ t bQpmp^b^ Çpmimumbq& qnpôniQbnipjmQ ^mm-üm^mQ qшpqшgüшQ pQpmggnlü ^п^ш^^шй qpшïшQ фщп^, ÇQ^^bu Qmb QbpïшJшдpbÉ t Çprnirnumbq& qnpômQbnlpJmQ hшüш2ËшphшJÇQ фnpàÇ ôbngpbpniûQbpÇ hQrnprnínp ïÇpшnüшQ niqÇQbpp шqqшJÇQ Çpшíшumbq& qnpôniQbnipjrnQ pQшqшíшnnlü:

4[пШшршпЬр- Jipuji/ujuuiliijô qnpàmûbmpjmû, hiuü'iu^Juiuphiujpli ipnpâ, рршфиЩф wqpjnip, opp-úmumbi¡ámpjmú, ppmi[ml¡ppmn qnpàmûbmpjmû, qiuuuulpuü iijjuuljuipljiu:

frprnírnumbq& qnp&niQbnipjrnQ ^rnmúnipjniQQ шQдbL t bpïrnp ni dÇq dшйшQшïш2P2шQ, npÇ pQ-pшggnlú unínpnlpшJÇQ ^шй QmËшщbmшïmQ ÇprniniQgp hÇйQшïшQnlй фnËшpÇQíbL t opbQuq-prn^rnQ ^шй щbmшïшQ opbQuqpшïшQ ÇpшínlQgÇ: CQqhrnQprn^bu ÇpшínlQgÇ щшmйnlpJnlQp ûÇ2m ¿t, np niqqrnqÇfr b íbppQpшд 2шpdnlй t bqb]_ ^ш^ш-^Q t hÇ2b]_ 20-pq qшpÇ pnQшmÇpшïшQ íшp¿ш-ÏrnpqbpÇ <фpшínlQgp»), uшïшJQ шJQ шщшhníbL t grnqrngrnïÇpp hшuшpшïnlpJшQ шnш2pQpшдp:

^pшíшpшQшïшQ qprn^rnQnipjrnQ Ùbç mшp-pbpшïnlй bQ ÇprniniQgÇ щшmйшïшQ qшpqшдйшQ hbmbJШL bpïni hÇûQrn^rnQ 2P2шQQbpp, йÇQ¿o-pbQuqpшïшQ ÇpшínlQg b opbQuqprn^rnQ Çpш-íniQg: Unш2ÇQp pQniprnqpíniü t np^bu pnniQggÇ [пршфи tipfi (Faustreeht), [nul] bplipnpqp" guiquigui-Щгрр йшийшфгр II Ьшйршфй [пршфи й]ф 2Р?шй :

20-pq qшpÇ hrnjmQÇ ÇpшíшpшQ AшQu -ßbiqb-Qp mrnppbprn^bL t ÇpшínlQgÇ qшmúшïшQ qшp-

quigúuiQ bpbg üb' tiui|uiuu|buiiul]iuti, ифипифий II

2

iJbpiqbmuilpuQ (ü'|iyiuqqiuj|iti) : "buijuuiiqbmuilputi ÇpшínlQgp' QшËQшqшpJшQ-hшйшJQшïшQ un^n-pnipuijJiQ [пршфиti])ti t, npp [пршфи tipfi uljqptiiu-Ijiuti aliti tp : hpuii|uipuiCiuilpiiCi qpuiljuitiiiipjuiti úb$> шJq ÇpшínlQgp pQnlpшqpnlй bQ ¿qшpqшдш& b ¿qp-ÇpшínlQg: UnínpnlpшJÇQ ÇpшínlQgp dbrn^np-t hшuшpшïnlpJшQ bpïшpшmb qrnpqrngürnQ pQpшggnlй: AшuшpшïnlpJшQ ïnqûÇg шQpQqйb2 qnp&rnqpíbini hbmbшQgní unínpnijpp ábng t pb-pniü hbqÇQшïnlpJnlQ b hшйpQqhшQnlp 6rnQrn¿niü b &шnшJnlй t np^bu hшuшpшïшïшQ hшpшpbpnl-pjniQQbpÇ ïшpqшínpÇ¿: ^ш^^ ÇprniniQgp ^шй opbQuqpшïшQ ÇpшínlQgp ábшínpíbL t übq hшJm-QÇ шnш2ÇQ ^bmnipjniQQbpÇ" UÇ2шqbmgÇ, bqÇ^-mnuÇ, ЗÇQшumшQÇ, AQqÏrnumrnQÇ, АшJшumшQÇ, hpuitifi, Il huiuiljuiuibu, Afiti Upbügji, Afiti Annúji рш-II и i ] ) и 11] p 11 ri i ti ti Ь p шпш^шдйшй hbm : Чд^фид pninp gшqшgшÏppnlpJnlQQbpnlй uïqpQшïшQ ßp-

2шQnlй Çprnirnumbq& qnp&nlQbnlpJшйp qpшqínlй tÇQ йÇшJQ gpübpp: 0pйшïшQ qшuÇ йbQш2QnphQ tp opbQgQbpÇ QшËшq&bpÇ й2шïnlйp, ÇQ¿щbu Qшb шpqшpшqшmnlpJшQ qnp&шnnlJpÇ ÇpшïшQшдnl-Ùp:

äbmшïшQ Ç2ËrnQnipjrnQ шйpшщQqйшQp qni-qpQpшg шumÇ6шQшpшp Çprnirnumbq& qnp&Qbni-pjniQp b qшmшïшQ qnp&rnnnijpp ïbQmpnQшQnlй t ш2ËшphÇï Ç2ËшQnlpJшQ ábngniü:

Unш2ÇQ qpшínp opbQuqpшïшQ шïmbpp bpbrnQ bQ hQшqnlJQ gшqшgшÏppnlpJnlQQb-pniü" UÇ2шqbmgnlй (àip - üшйnlÇ opbQgQbpÇ dn-qníш&nlQ й.p.ш. 3-pq hrnq. ibpçp, АшйnlpшщÇÇ opbQuqÇpgp" 1750p.й.p.ш.), AQq^rnumrnQniü (0ш-QniÇ opbQuqÇpgp" íbp2QшïшQ Ëùp. 2-pq q.), 3Ç-QшumшQnlй (opbQuqÇpQbpÇ q^pngp" й.p.ш. 5-4-pq qшpbp): AÇQ hpbrn^rnQ ÇpшínlQgp QnijQ^bu Ùbq hrnurnfr шnш2ÇQ qpшínp ÇpшíшïшQ шqpJnlpQb-pjig t II шй'ршцрфид t Afiti ^ипифиршйш ü' (IJni|u|i-ишфий opbügübpp) :

UшïшJQ qшmйшïшQ фnpáÇ ÇйшumшínpйшQ mbuшQï^nlQÇg, Ùbp ïшp&Çgní, шQhpшdb2m t hrnQ-qшйшQnpbQ ïшQq шnQbL hnnübrn^rnQ Çpшíшu-mbq& qnp&nlQbnlpJшQ ni ÇprnirnïrnQ mbuшïшQ hшJbдшïшpqÇ ípш, gшQqÇ ibpçÇQu tшïшQ b npn2Ç¿ шqqbдnlpJnlQ t niQbgb]_ ÇpшínlQgÇ hbmш-•ш qrnpqrngürnQ, ÇQ¿щbu Qшb йшJpgшйшgшJÇQ ÇpшíшïшQ hrnûrnïrnpqÇ ábшínpйшQ ^^ш: ЗQш-Jш& qшmйшïшQ bpïшp dшйшQшïш2P2шQÇ, npp übq prndrnQniü t AÇQ AnnûÇg, шJQnlhшQqbpá hnn-йbшïшQ ÇpшíшpшQQbpÇ й2ш^ш& ÇpшíшïшQ hrn-Jbgшïшpqp qшpbpÇ pQpшggnlй n¿ ûÇrnjQ ¿Ç Ïnpg-p»É qÇmшïшQ-mbuшïшQ Q2rnQrn^nipjniQp, шJLb qnp&QшïшQ-ïÇpшnшïшQ nlqqíш&nlpJnlQp: ^hшp-Ïb, hnnйbшïшQ ÇpшíшïшQ hшJbgшïшpqÇ аЬшфцт'шй ф1ш й21ийшфи||1 mqqbgnipjniü t niüb-с]Ь| hin йшфий |1ри1фи])и1111и])1ифий újimpp :

AnnйbшïшQ ÇpшínlQgÇ hшйшïшpqp ábшínp-

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up'wrwwsntmmt b

t bp^mpmmb ppm^m^mQ ^pm^mp^mjp b ppm-imqpmnipjmQ üßm^niüQbpp ßQnphpi ni mmppbp-iniü t dmümQm^m^pg ppm^niQgp öjniqmjpQ hm-üm^mpqpg: ^nnübm^mQ ppm^m^mQ pQumpmnim-Qbpp U Qnpübpp qmum^mpqümQ npm^m^mQ hmm-buiQpßp ppuupiiQgp puiduiCini ü'ti tp ü'uiuCiuiünpp (jus

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privatum) b huiQpuijpQp (jus publicum) :

4mQpmjpQ ppm^niQgp, pum hnnübmgp QßmQm-inp ppm^mpmQ flii^pmQnup, «ibpmpbpniü tp hnn-übm^mQ ^bmnipjmQ ppm^m^mQ qpnipjmQp» (ad statum rei Romanae spactat), pu^ ümuQm^np ppm-iniQgp ibpmpbpniü t «mnmQdpQ mQdmQg ßmhb-ppQ» (ad singuorum utilitaiem): Uju^puni, hmQpm-jpQ U ümuQm^np ppm^niQgp üpgb bqmfr mmppbpni-pjmQ ¿m^mQpßp, fliL^pmQnup ^mp&pgn^, ppm-iniQgni ^mßm^mQ^mfr ßmhbpp pQnijpQ t:

UmuQm^np ^mü gmqmgmgpm^mQ ppm^niQgp qnp&niQbnipjmQ pQmqm^mnp 4pQ ^nnüniü ¿m^m-qmQg LmjQ tp: -ßmqmgmgpm^mQ-ppm^m^mQ tpQ hmümpiniü Qmb mjQ^pup hmpmpbpnipjniQQbp npnQg mji ppm^m^mQ hmüm^mpqbpniü qmu^niü tpQ hmQpmjpQ - ppm^m^mQ hmpmpbpnipjniQQbpp ßmpgpQ: OppQm^, qnqnipjniQp hnnübm^mQ ppm-iniQgniü hmümpiniü tp ümuQm^np ppm^m^m^-mniü (delictum privatum) b mjiQ:

•HmQpmjpQ ppm^niQgp hmümp qnjnipjniQ ni-Qbp hbmbjmi u^qpniQgp. «hmQpmjpQ ppm^niQgp Qnpübpp ¿bQ ^mpnq ^n^n^^bi mnmQdpQ mQdmQg hmümdmjQnipjmüp» (jus publicum privatorum pactis mutari non potest): frpm^mpmQ flii^pmQnup ^mp-ipgni hmQpmjpQ ppm^niQgp ^mpqm^npniü t ^pn-Qm^mQ ^mßmmüniQgp hmpgbpp, gpübpp ppm^m-^mQ qpnipjniQp, ümqpumpmmQbpp ppm^niQgQbpQ ni ^mpmm^mQnipjniQQbpp:

•HmQpmjpQ ppm^niQgp, mpmmhmjmbini hnn-übm^mQ dnqnipqp ßmhbpp, umhümQniü tp ^bmni-pjmQ b Qpm ümpüpQQbpp ppm^m^mQ qpnipjniQp, mmppbp qmubpp ppm^m^mQ ipöm^p, pQ¿^bu Qmb ^mpqm^npniü tp hmQgmqnp&nipjmQ b qmmd^ hmpgbpp: Qpm hmümp tL m^mQqmpmp mjq pQm-qm^mnniü Qbpmn^mfr tpQ mjQ^pup pQumpmnim-Qbp b u^qpniQgQbp, npnQg müpmqpniü bQ bp^pp qbmm^mQ pß^mQnipjmQ ^mnnig^m&gp, qbmm-I ^mQ ümpüpQQbpp b ^mßmnQmmmp mQdmQg Lpm-j| qnpnipjniQQbpp, ^pQmQumhmp^mjpQ ninpmp hmp-gbpp b mjiQ: Ujumbqpg ¿l hmQpmjpQ ppm^niQgpQ | pQnpnß bQ pü^bpmmpi Qnpübpp npnQg umhümQniü ^ bQ npnßm^p qmpmmq^p ^mpgmq&p ^mQnQQbp b I npnQgpg ßbqniüQ mQpnijimmpbilp t: ■S, ^nnübm^mQ ümuQm^np ppm^niQgp pQmqm-| imnp Qbpmnniü tp mj Q^pup Qnpübp b pQumpmnim-^ Qbp, npnQg ^mpqm^npniü tpQ gmqmgmgpm^mQ ninpmp hmpmpbpnipjniQQbpp b mjq Qnpübp^Q pQn-

pnß tp q^u^nq^m^inipjniQp, npp hQmpm^npni-pjniQ tp mmi^u mQd^Q ^QgQnipnijQ npnßbini ^p hmpmpbpnipjniQQbpp ümuQm^np pQmqm^mnniü: UQdQ ^pm^niQg niQ^ ^Qgp npnßbini ^p hmpmpbpnipjniQQbpp pQnijpQ ni öm^mip nippßQbpp hbm" müniuQmpQmmQb^mQ, ub^m^mQnipjmQ, dmnmQ-qnipjmQ, ^mpmm^npm^mQ hmpmpbpnipjniQQb-pniü b mjiQ:

ÄmümQm^p pQpmggniü ümuQm^np ppm^niQ-gniü dbm^np^bg ppm^niQgp pQumpmnigpnQmi ^m-nnigim&gp" mQdpQg, qnijg b hmjgbp: ^pm^niQgp pQumpmnigpnQmi ^mnnig^m&gp mQQßmQ ^n^n-^nipjmüp (mQdpQg, qnijg, ^mpmminpnipjniQQbp) pQqop^Qm^bg 1804 p^m^mQp ^pmQu^m^mQ gm-qmgmgpm^mQ opbQuq^pgp:

QnjnipjniQ niQp Qmb ppm^m^mQ Qnpübpp ßm-pmqpümQ, mju^bu ^n¿ím&, ^mQqb^mmjpQ hmüm-

bmpqp, npp dbminpibi t 16-pn nmpniü, qbpümQm-

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C]|i uil|uipinCiCiLpfi l]iniü'|ic] : llji] huiü'uiljuipqp puni-^mgm& t üb^ pQqhmQnip b ¿npu hmmni^ pmdpQQb-ppg: GQqhmQnip ümuniü ^nu^niü t ümuQm^np ppm^niQgp unipjb^mp, opjb^mp, ^mpmm^npni-pjniQQbpp &mqümQ, ^n^n^ümQ ni qmqmpbgümQ b ümuQm^np ppm^niQgp ^mßm^mQnipjmQ (hmjgb-pp) ümupQ: 4mmni^ ümup pmq^mgmfr t ümuQm^np ppm^niQgp mnmQdpQ pQumpmnimQbppg" qnijgm-jpQ ppm^niQg, ^mpmm^npm^mQ ppm^niQg, müniuQmpQmmQb^mQ ppm^niQg b dmnmQqm^mQ ppm^niQg:

ämQqb^mmjpQ hmüm^mpqp mnm^bi pmpq b ^mmmpjmi t, mjQ pQnpnß t dmümQm^m^pg qmp-qmgm& ppm^m^mQ hmüm^mpqbppQ:

^nnübm^mQ ppm^m^mQ hmüm^mpqp ^mpbnpmqnijQ mnmQdQmhmm^nipjniQQbppg t Qmb Qjnipm^mQ b ^pngbunimi ppm^niQgp n¿ hu-mmb mmpmpmdmQniüp, npp pQnpnß t dmümQmbm-

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l^pg [ipiui|iul]iuti huiüuiliuipqbppQ : i-iuc]|i qpuiQpg, hnnübm^mQ ümuQm^np ppm^niQgp, pum tnipjmQ, hmjgmjpQ ppm^niQgQ tp" ppm^niQgp unipjb^mp ppmimqnpnipjniQQ tp ppm^m^mQ ^mhmQgQbpp umhümQ^m& dbbpni, pp ppm^niQgQb-

pp ^mßm^mQnipjmQ ppm^mQmgniüp qmmmpm-Qniü: üjnipm^mQ ppm^niQgp pnimQqm^nipjmQ b qpm qmmm^mpm^mQ ^mßm^mQnipjmQ mQ^qbip ^m^p pQ^m& tp nqg hnnübm^mQ ppm^m^mQ üßm-^nijpp hpügniü:

^nnübm^mQ ppm^m^mQ hmüm^mpqp pQnpnß q&bppg t Qmb ppm^m^mQ Qnpübpp umhümQmqm-mniüp" pum pQnijpp, pum Qnpümmpi pn^mQqm^ni-pjmQ b pum qnp&nqnipjmQ öm^mip:

Cum pQnijpp, ppm^m^mQ Qnpübpp ^mpnq bQ ümpüQm^npbi ^pum ppm^niQgp (jus strictüm) ^mü mpqmpmgp ppm^niQgp (jus aequm et bonum): Unm-

up'wrwwsntmmt b

gpQp qb^gniü ößqpmnpbQ müpmqp^niü bQ ppm^m-^mQ Qnpüp ^mhmQgQbpp b ¿p pnijimmpiniü qpmQ-gpg npbt ßbqniü, pu^ bp^pnpqp qb^pniü" müpmqp-iniü t üpmjQ ppm^m^mQ iniiümQ pQqhmQnip u^q-pniQgp b pnijimmpiniü bQ npnßm^p ßbqniüQbp" ^m^imfr ^nQ^pbm hmQqmümQgQbppg b ppm^m-hmpmpbpnipjmQ ümuQm^pgQbpp ^mümpmmhmj-mnipjniQpg:

Cum Qnpümmpi pnimQqm^nipjmQ, ppm^m-^mQ Qnpübpp ipQniü bQ pü^bpmmpi (jus cogens) b mjipQmpmQgmjpQ (jus dispositum): M^bpmmpi Qnpübpp pmgmnniü bQ ppm^mhmpmpbpnipjmQ ümuQm^pgQbpp mqmm ^mpgmq&p qpubnpümQ mmppbpm^p (oppQm^' gmqmgmgpQbpp b ^bmni-pjmQ ^n^hmpmpbpnipjniQp, pQ¿^bu Qmb hmum-pm^m^mQ QßmQm^nipjniQ niQbgnq gmqmgmgpm-^mQ ^jmQgp mnmQdpQ pQumpmnimQbpp ^mpqm^n-pnq Qnpübpp" müniuQnipjmQ ^mjümQQbpp, bpb-^mQbpp qmumpmpm^nipjniQp, hmjppß^mQnipjmQ bQpmp^^bip, pmpnjm^mQ Qnpübpp ^mh^mQniüp b mjLQ):

Qpu^nqpmpi Qnpübpp ppm^mhmpmpbpni-pjmQ ümuQm^pgQbppQ mqmm pQmpnipjmQ hQm-pminpnipjniQ bQ pQdbnniü (oppQm^" mmppbp mb-um^p qnp&mpgQbpp ^Qgniüp b mjiQ): Cum ppm^m-^mQ qnp&nqnipjmQ imimip ppm^m^mQ Qnpübpp pmdmQ^niü tpQ pQqhmQnip ppm^niQgp (jus generate) b pmgmnp^ ^mü hmmni^ ppm^niQgp (jus speciale):

CQqhmQnip ppm^niQgQ mpmmhmjmniü t ppm-iniQgp mqpjnipp pQqhmQnip pümump" mju ^mü mjQ hmpmpbpnipjniQp ^mpqm^npbini qb^gniü: Ujq Qnpübpp un^npmpmp ^ppmn^niü bQ mjQ dm-ümQm^, bpp pmgm^mjniü bQ mijmi hmpmpbpnipjniQp ^mpqm^npnq hmmni^ Qnpübpp: 4mmni^ Qnpübpp Qm^mmbu^mfr bQ ^nQ^pbm hmpmpbpni-pjniQQbpp hmümp b ¿bQ ^mpnq ppm^niQgp mQmin-qpmjp mqpjnip hmQqpumQmi mjupQgQ" ^mpqm^n-pbi Qmb mji hmümQümQ hmumpm^m^mQ hmpmpb-pnipjniQQbp:

frpm^m^mQ Qnpübpp mju^pup qmum^mpqniü qnjnipjniQ niQp Qmb dmümQm^m^pg ppm^m^mQ hmüm^mpqbpniü b mQ^bpm^mhnpbQ i^mjniü t hnnübm^mQ ppm^m^mQ üßm^nijpp b ppm^m^mQ hmüm^mpqp pmpdp üm^mpqm^p ümupQ:

-innü'luulpuü fipuii|uilpuii ü'ßuilpujpniü' Jipui-u|riT ti])p (jus) niQbp uiuippbp JiüuiuuiQbp : I^puil|iii ti]) ^mpnq tpQ QßmQm^bi hmüm^bgnipjmQ pQqhmQnip ^mQnQQbpQ p mmppbpnipjniQ pmpnjm^mQnipjmQp b un^npnijppQ: frpm^niQg ^mpnq tp QßmQm^bi npnßm^p hmumpm^m^mQ b qbmm^mQ qpnipjniQ" p mmppbpnipjniQ mQppm^nipjmQ: ibpgm^bu, ppm^niQgp ^mpnq t übpib mnm^bi pQqhmQnip

hmu^mgnipjmQ" ppm^m^mpqp hbm:

Ujq QnijQ mbpüpQni" jus-ni, ^mpnq t QßmQm-^»l Qmb ppm^m^mQ Qnpübpp hmüm^gnipjniQ, npnQg mmppbpiniü bQ pum ppbQg mqpjnipp" mum-im&mjpQ ppm^niQg b ümpq^mjpQ ppm^niQg, pum ppbQg dbm^mQ pQnijpp" qp^mfr ppm^niQg b ¿qp-im& ppm^niQg, pum qmmüm^mQ QßmQm^nipjmQ" hpQ ppm^niQg b Qnp ppm^niQg: Jus-p QßmQm^niü tp Qmb unipjb^mpi ppm^niQg" npbt üb^p ppm^niQgp, mpmmhmjmbini pp ^mügp ^mm^p, qnijgp Q^mm-ümüp ^mü ^Qmüm^mipg hpmdmpibip b mjiQ:

QQmjm& ppm^niQgp ibpnQßimi pmqümqmQ QßmQm^nipjmQp b QpmQniü mpmmhmjm^mfr hmp-^mqpm^mQnipjmQp, pum hnnübm^mQ ppm^mpmQ-Qbpp, ppm^niQgp ^bmg t hmümqmmmu^mQp Qmb üp ßmpg hpüQm^mQ ¿m^mQpßQbpp: Ujq^pup hpü-Qm^mQ ¿m^mQpßQbppg t hmümümpq^mjpQ Q^m-mm^mhmpümpnipjniQp: «^pm^niQgp umbq&^m& t ^ pb bqm^p mQhmmQbpp, mji hmüpQqhmQnip Qßm-Qm^nipjmQ hmümp»: UjQnihbmb, ppm^niQgp ^bmg t mpmmhmjmp hmumpm^m^mQ hmümdmjQnipjmQ jnipmhmmni^ ¿m^p mju ^mü mjQ hmpgbpp ibpm-pbpjmi. «^ninp ppm^niQgQbpp umbq&^niü bQ hm-ümdmjQnipjmüp, ^mü mQhpmdbßmnipjmüp, ^mü tL müpmqp^niü bQ un^npnijpni»: ibpgm^bu, mQ-mp^ ^pipun^mjnipjmQ mqqbgnipjmQ ßQnphpi ppm^niQgp pnimQqm^nipjmQ übg Qbpmp^^bgpQ mpdbgmjpQ ^mm^bpmgniüQbp. «Uüpmqp^m& ppm^niQgp tnipjniQQ t mqQpi m^pbi, ¿ippm^npbi nippßpQ, JnlpmgmQ¿JnlppQ hmmnigbi pum mpdmQ-inijQ», npp pQm^mQ ppm^niQgp ^mpbnpmqnijQ ^mQ^mq^nijpQbppg t:

^ mmppbpnipjniQ mum^m&mjpQ ppm^niQgp b pQm^mQ ppm^niQgp, qp^m& ppm^niQgp hpüQm^mQ ¿m^mQpßp hmümpiniü tp Qpm ^nQ^pbm mpmm-hmjmnipjniQp ppm^m^mQ Qnpübpp mbugni, npnQg ^ppmn^niü tpQ ppm^m^mQ ^pm^mp^mjniü:

Ubp hbmmqnmnipjmQ mnmp^mjp mbumQ^^ni-Qpg hmm^mqbu ^mpbnp mbum^mQ QßmQm^ni-pjniQ niQp opbQgp (Lex) ibpmpbpjmi hnnübm^mQ ppm^mpmQQbpp üßm^mfr hmjbgm^mpqp, npQ pp ßmm ^nqübpni niQp Qmb ^ppmnm^mQ QßmQm^ni-pjniQ: Uju^bu, qbnbu 4mQpm^bmnipjmQ ßpgmQniü (509-27pp.ü.p.m.) dbm^npiniü t qpm^np opbQuq- I pnipjniQp (leges): OpbQgp (lex) pQqniQiniü t dn- |j qn^pqm^mQ dnqn^p ^nqüpg: ^mumpm^nipjmQ ^ qmpqmgümQp qniqpQpmg qpminp opbQgp üb& Qßm- 1 Qm^nipjniQ dbng pbpbg:

^mQpmjpQ ppm^niQgp pQmqm^mnniü ppm^m- | Ijuiti l^uipquiqpuiqpbpji h|iü'tiiul]iuti dbp -ifiti snnüniü -S-, opbQgQ tp (lex) : OpbQg ¿tp Ipupnq hiuü'iupi|lj| guiQ- £ ^mgm& Qnpümmpi m^m, bpb QnijQpu^ mjQ pQqni- s Q»l tp qbmm^mQ pß^mQnipjmQ hmümqmmmu-

ur'wru'wsntmmt b

^mQ tfmptfpQp: Hp^buqp mjq rn^rntt opbQgp qpm-^mQ hmm^mQp2Qbp niQbQmp, mjQ ^bmg t odm^mfr IpQbp hmJmqmmmu^mfi Qnptfmmpi pn^mQqm^ni-pjmtfp b pQqniQimi ipQbp umhtfmQ^mfr ^mpqn^: GQqhmQnip umhtfmQtfmQ hmtfmdmjQ «opbQgp" pQqhmQnip pnimQqm^nipjmtfp npn2nitf t, npp tfmqpum-pmmp mnmgmp^nipjmtfp pQqniQbi t dnqn^pqm^mQ dnqnip b hmummm^bi t UbQmmp ^nqtfpg»:

OpbQgp (lex), np^bu ^nqpmpi ppm^niQgp pmpdpmqnijQ b ^mmmpjmi dbp ¿m^mQp2, hnntfb-

uigpGbpp hiuU'iupnii) tpQ dnqnilpquilpuG dnqnilp

12

Ipiqiipg pCiqniGipudp : d-nqnipupqp (populus) uiju-mbq hmu^mg^nitf t np^bu uni^bpbQ ^nib^mpi (civ-itas), hbmbmpmp, opbQgp" uni^bpbQ dnqnipqp ^mtf-gp ppm^m^mQ mpmmhmjmnipjmQ dbQ t:

Uni^bpbQ dnqninipqp, npQ opbQgQbp t pQqni-Qnitf pp hmtfmp, qpmQni pu^ opbQgpQ (lex) mmipu t ^m2mnQm^mQ ^mpqmqpmqpbpp 2p?mQm^nitf qb-pm^mmpi mbq: Ujumbqpg t[_ opbQgp ^bmg t mp-mmhmjmbp hnntfbm^mQ dnqnipqp pQqhmQnip ^mtfgp, gmQqp «opbQgp" dnqnipqp hpmtfmQQ ni ^mpqmqpnipjniQQ t»:

Gum hnntfbm^mQ ppm^m^mQ qn^mppQmjp opbQgp m^mhn^nitf t ppm^niQgp npn2m^pnipjniQp b pmgmnnitf t ^mtfmjm^mQnipjniQp gmqmgmgpQb-pp ni ^mnm^mpnqQbpp ^nqtfpg: OpbQgp (lex) npbt gmqmgm^mQ m^mp hmQqpum^np hmummmni^Q tp, pQmpnipjniQQbpp ^mump mpdmQmqpnitfQ tp, ^mmippm^nipjmQ ^mtf qm2mnQmmmp mQdp ilpm-qnpnipjniQQbpp hm^mummqpnitfQ tp: OpbQgp" hm-tfpQqhmQnipp, hmQpmjpQ qnp&bpp pQmqm^mnnitf imqmi hmpmpbpnipjniQQbpp ppm^m^mQ ^mQn-Qm^mpqnitfQ t: OpbQgp" ppm^m^mQ Q2mQm^ni-pjniQ niQbgnq hmpmpbpnipjniQQbpp ^mpqm^np-tfmQ pQqhmQnip ^mQnQQbp bQ, npnQgni ^bmg t qb-^m^mp^bQ mQdpQg: OpbQgp" npn2m^p ppm^mpm-Qm^mQ qnp&nqnipjniQQbp ^mmmpbini ^mjtfmQQb-pp ^mQnQm^mpqnitfQ t: ibpgm^bu, pum hnn-tfbm^mQ ppm^m^mQ qn^mppQmjp" opbQgp nidp ^mjmQnitf tp Qpm Qnptfmmpi-ppm^m^mQ pn^mQ-qm^nipjmQ tfbg, npQ mpmmhmjminitf tp mpm^mq-pbini (^mpqmqpbini), mpqbibini, pnijimmpbini b ^mmdbini dbn^: | OpbQgp ^bmg t pn^mQqm^bp mQhpmdb2m j| mmppbp" QbpminipjniQ, qpu^nqpgpm (ragatio) b umQ^gpm (sanctio):

| "bbpm&nipjniQnitf 2mpmqpini^ tpQ opbQgQ pQ-

^

^ qniQbini hmQqmtfmQgQbpp (?mpdmnppQbpp), roga-

s

| tio-Q opbQgp ^mpqmqpmqpbpp pnimQqm^nipjniQQ ■S, tp, npnQg ^m^m^mQ qb^gnitf ipm t hmuQnitf | umQ^gpmQ (sanctio): OpbQgQbpp qmum^mpqtfmQ ^ ^Qqpnitf ifinm^mQ Q2mQm^nipjniQp mmipu tpQ umQ^gpmjpQ: km^^mfr umQ^gpmjp pn^mQqm^ni-

pjniQpg b pQnijppg' mmppbpnitf tpQ opbQgQbpp hbmbjmi mbum^Qbpp. Leges perfectae (^mmmpjmi opbQgQbp), npnQg bQpmqpnitf tpQ npbt mpmpgp mpqbig: bpb mjq^pup mpmpg ^mmmp^ni^ tp, mjQ hm^mp^ni^ tp mQ^m^bp b, hbmbmpmp, ¿tp mnmgmgQni^ npbt ppm^m^mQ hbmbmQgQbp (opp-Qm^" ^mm^p, ^mq^^mi n¿ oppQm^mQ ^mpqn^, mQ-im^bp tp):

Leges minus quam perfectae (n¿ ipnipQ ^mmmp-jmi opbQgQbp), npnQg bQpmqpni^ tpQ npbt mpmpgp mpqbig ^mtf ppm^m^mQ ^mpqmqpmqpbpp ^m^-mni^, um^mjQ qpm hbmbmQgni mjQ u^qpQm^bu ¿tpQ hm^mpni^ mQ^m^bp, mji Qm^mmbuni^ tpQ ^nQ^pbm ^mmpd m^^mi ppm^m^mQ Qnp^p ^m^-mbini hm^mp: Ujq^pupg tpQ gpbm^mQ opbQgQbpp tfbi ^mup, pQ¿^bu Qmb ^muQm^np ppm^niQgp hmpgbpp ibpmpbpjmi npn2 opbQgQbp (oppQm^, bpb dmnmQqnpqQ pum ^mm^p ummQnid tp m^bip 2mm pmdpQ, gmQ Qm^mmbu^mi tp opbQgni, qpm hbmbmQgni n¿ ^pmjQ ^m^mubg^ni^ tp Qpm pmd-Qb¿m^p, mji Qmb ^mpmm^np tp ^fimpbi mni-qmQg):

Leges imperfestae (n¿ ^mmmpjmi opbQgQbp), upmQg n¿ ^pmjQ mQ^m^bp ¿tpQ hmtfmpnitf Ijmmmp-imi mpmpgp, mjib ¿tpQ Qm^mmbuni^ npbt ^m-mmu^mQmminipjniQ Q^mQ mpmpgQbpp hm^mp: QpmQg qi^minpm^bu mjQ^pup opbQuqpm^mQ m^mbp tpQ, npnQg pn^mQqm^ni^ tpQ pQqhmQnip pQnijpp Qnptfmmpi ^mhmQ^Qbp (oppQm^, p2^m-QnipjmQ tfmptfpQQbpp b qm2mnQmmmp mQdmQg IpmqnpnipjniQQbpp tfmupQ opbQgQbpp b, pQqhmQ-pm^bu, pninp hmQpmjpQ - ppm^m^mQ m^mbpp):

OpbQgQbpQ odm^mi tpQ ^mpmmqpbipnipjmQ nidni, mjupQgQ" uni^bpbQ dnqn^pqp ^nq^pg pQ-qniQ^mi opbQgp hm^m^mpmmqpp tp Qpm jnipm-gmQ¿Jnlp mQqm^p, qbmm^mQ ^mp^pQQbpp b ^m2-mnQmmmp mQdmQg hm^mp: ^nntfbm^mQ ppm^m-^mQ qn^mppQmjp hm^mdmjQ. «UQoqnim t hpm-^mpm^bi opbQgQbp, bpb qpmQg ¿bQ bQpmp^^ni^»:

Hp^buqp Qnp opbQgp pQqniQtfmtfp JnlpmgmQ¿-jnip mQqmtf ¿^m^m^p qnp&nq ppm^m^mQ Qnp^b-pp nqg hm^m^mpqp, hnn^bm^mQ ppm^m^mQ qn^mppQmQ tp Qnp pQqniQimi opbQgQbpp

qnp&mqpbini npn2m^p u^qpniQgQbpp hm^m^mpq:

UnmgpQ. np^buqp opbQgp hm^m^mpmmqpp nid ummQmp, mjQ ^bmg t hpm^mpm^^bp p inip milbQgp, npp hiuiiiup huiuilpugipiui tpQ huiuinilj

13

U'iupi]iu2iuui mbqbp :

bp^pnpq. opbQgp nidp mmpm&initf tp, np^bu ^mQnQ, mqmqm dmtfmQm^p ipm, pu^ ¿pQ¿ mjq mnmgmgmi ppm^mpmQm^mQ ^mumbpp b hmpmpbpnipjniQQbpp bQpm^m tpQ ^mpqm^np^mQ' Qm^-^pQ ppm^m^mQ Qnp^bpn^: Gmgmnp^ qb^gbpni^

ur'wru'wsntmmt b

pnijimmpinitf tp opbQgQ qnpdnqnipjmQ hbmmqmpd nidp, hmm^mqbu bp^mpmmU ^pm^mhmpmpbpni-pjniQQbp^ Q^mmtfmtfp (op^Qm^, imqb^nipjmQ dm^^bmQbp^ hbm ^m^dmd U mj[Q): U"b^mQ^n-pbQ opbQgQ hbmmqmpd nidnd odm^md t^Q qmmm-dmpm^mQ pQnijp^ pninp Qnp^bpp: Immm^mfi pninp qnpdbpp U ibfibpp, mQ^m^ qpmQg imqrimQ dm-¿mQm^g, bQpm^m t^Q iniMmQ Qnp opbQuqpm^mQ m^mbp^ h^mQ dpm:

bppnpq. np^buq^ opbQgQ pQqniQ^bp hmum-pm^nipjmQ ^nqtf^g U hbq^Qm^nipjniQ niQbQmp, ^bmg t p^bp mjQ Qm^mdbnQnq^" op^Qm^mQnpbQ pQmpdmi ¿mq^umpmm^ ^pmdmunipjniQ^g: Hp-^bu ^mQnQ, hnn^bm^mQ opbQgQbpp ^n^ini^ t^Q ^pbQg Qm^mdbnQnq^ (^m^ Qm^mdbnQnqQbpft) mQniQni (op^Qm^" kmQnqb^ opbQgQbp, L^g^Q^nu^ U Ubgum^nu^ opbQgQbp, ^bmb^nu^ opbQg, Anp-mbQu^nu^ opbQg U mj[Q):

OpbQgQ pQqniQinitf tp ¿^mjQ m^pnqgnipjm^p ^m^ t[_ m^pnqgnipjm^p ¿bpd^n^ tp: OpbQgQ ¿mu-Qm^ ^n^n^nipjniQQbpp, npnQg mnmgmp^dmd ¿t-^Q op^Qmqd^ Qm^mdbnQnq^" ¿mq^umpmm^ ^nq-¿^g, hnn^bm^mQ ^pm^m^mQ qn^mp^QmQ U qpm^-rn^^mQ ¿tp pQqniQn^: 0bq hmjmQ^ hnn^bm^mQ 800 opbQgQbp^g mnm^bi Q2mQm^m^g bQ 12 mm^-mm^Qbp^ mqjnium^p (Leges duodecim tabularum):

SmuQbp^ni mm^mm^Qbp^ mqjnium^p h^g qpbg, mju^bu ^¿dmd, gd^mnpm^mQ (jus Quritium) ^mtf gmqmgmg^m^mQ ^pm^niQg^Q (jus civile): -Gd^mnpm^mQ ^pm^niQg^Q t^Q qmm^mQni^ pninp mjQ opbQgQbpp, npnQg pQqniQ^ni^ t^Q dnqndpqm-^mQ dnqn^Qbp^ ^nq^^g: SmuQbp^ni mm^mm^-QbpQ uipuiuihuijuinii) tJiQ hnnU'LiulpuG uiqquijJiG JipuidniQgp : SuiuCibplpu uiuiluunuljQbpiiiii |ipiui|iu-^mQ Qnp^bpp, np^bu ^mQnQ, ^pni^ t^Q ^ pb q^-im&mj^Q (^mqniumj^Q), mji pQqhmQpm^mQ pQnijp, mju^QgQ" qpmQg ^¿dmd t^Q ^mpqm^npb-ini m^mj^Q, hmdmQ^mQ hmpmpbpnipjniQQbpp:

im^mQm^^ pQpmggnitf dUm^np^bg^Q hnn^b-m^mQ opbQgQbpp bp^ni mbum^" lex-p, np^bu dn-qn^pqm^mQ dnqnd^ ^nq^^g pQqniQdmi npn2ni^, npQ niQbp pmpdpmqnijQ ^pm^mpmQm^mQ nid U, plebiscitum" hnn^bm^mQ hm^mjQg^ ^ibpbjm^mQ ¿mu^ hpm^mQmq^pp ^m^ ^mpqmqpnipjniQp: mmmnp pQmpdmi -Gd^Qmnu AnpmbQu^nu^ opbQ-gni (258p. ¿.p.m.) ^ibpu^ mp^pniumj^Q dnqn^Qbp^ pQqniQmi npn2ni^QbpQ opbQgQ nid t^Q ummQni^ U mjiUu UbQmm^ hmummmtfmQ ^mp^gp ¿^mp:

Ann^bm^mQ ^pm^m^mQ qn^mp^Qmj^ hm^m-dmjQ. «H^ opbQgQbpp, n^ ubQmmniu-^nQuniimQbpp ¿bQ ^mpnq qp^b^ mjQ^bu, np^buq^ pQqqp^b^Q pn-inp hQmpm^np qb^gbpp, mji (pn^mQqm^ni^ bQ) tf^-mjQ mnm^b^m^bu mbq^ niQbgnq qb^gbpp»: Uju

qn^mp^Qmi u^qpniQg^g p^ni^ tp opbQgQbpp ¿b^-QmpmQnipjmQ mQhpmdb2mnipjniQp ^nQ^pbm hmQ-qm¿mQgQbp^ ibpmpbpjm^: 4nn¿bm^mQ ^pm^m-pmQQbpp ¿2m^bg^Q opbQgQbpp ¿b^QmpmQ¿mQ (^mpqmpmQtfmQ) 620p^m ^mQnQQbp, np^ hbmUmQgni Q¿mQ ¿b^QmpmQnipjniQQbpp (^mp-qmpmQnl¿Qbpp) ^pm^m^^pmn ^pm^m^mjnitf qmnQnl¿ t^Q qmpmmq^p, ¿mQm^mQq, bpp ¿b^Q^-Qbpp hbq^Qm^m^np ^pm^mpmQQbp t^Q:

^nlJLmmpínl¿ U gmQ^m^^ tp opbQgQ ¿b^Qm-pmQnl¿Q pum Qpm nqni, mji n¿ pb mmn^, np^ h^¿-Qm^mQ Qqmmm^Q tp ^pm^m^^pmn qpm^m^^m-Jnl¿ unlpJb^m^í^q¿^ pmgmnnl¿p: Gum hn^bmg^ ^pm^mpmQQbp^, «scire leges non hoc est verba carum tenere, sed vim ac potestatem» («opbQgQbpp ^¿mgnipjniQp ¿^ Q2mQm^nl¿ ^mn¿bL QpmQg mmnb-p^g, mji (hmu^mQmi) Qpm nidQ ni Q2mQm^nipjni-Qp»):

Gum mJq¿ t^ hnn¿bm^mQ ^pm^m^mQ qn^m-p^QmQ ¿2m^bi t npn2m^^ u^qpniQgQbp, npnQg mQhpmdb2m t^Q ^mh^mQb^ opbQgQbpp ¿b^Qm-pmQ¿mQ (^mpqmpmQ¿mQ) pQpmдgnl¿: Ujq u^q-pniQgQbpQ bQ"

m) opbQgQbpp ^bmg t ¿b^QmpmQ^bQ n¿ pb mmnmg^npbQ, mji qpmQg pQqhmQnip ^¿mum^g U Q2mQm^nipjniQ^g b^Qb^nd, npnQg hQmpm^npni-pjniQ ^mmQ pmgmhmjmbi opbQuqp^ ^¿gp,

p) bpb QnijQ opbQgQ qpnijpQbpQ mmp^¿mum bQ ^m¿ QnijQ^u^ hm^mum^mQ, mQhpmdb2m t dbp-Lnidbi pninp ^pmd^fim^Qbpp U qpm h^¿mQ dpm ^m-mmpbi ^nQ^pbm bqpmhmQqnl¿Qbp,

q) opbQgQbpp ^bmg t ¿b^QmpmQ^bQ mjQ^bu, np^buq^ ¿^m^m^bQ ¿muQm^np mQdmQg U ^np-^npmg^mQbp^ ^pm^niQgQbpQ ni 2mhbpp:

OpbQgQ ¿b^QmpmQnl¿p (^mpqmpmQnl¿p), npQ niqb^gdn^ tp Q2dmi ¿m^mQ^2Qbpnd ^m¿ u^q-pniQgQbpnd, dbng tp pbpnl¿ ^mpmmq^p qnpdnqni-pjmQ nid: ^¿mQ ¿b^QmpmQnipjniQQbpp QmU h^¿g t^Q hmQq^umQnl¿ qnpdnq opbQgQbpp ^n^n^ni-pjmQ ^m¿ Qnp opbQgQ pQqnlQ¿mQ hm¿mp:

4nn¿bm^mQ opbQuqpnipjniQp, ^pm^niQg^ U opbQgQbpp mbum^mQ hmjbgm^mpqbpp hu^mjm-^mQ mqqbgnipjniQ niQbgmQ ^pm^niQg^ hbmmqm qmpqmд¿mQ, ¿mJpgm¿mgmJ^Q ^pm^m^mQ hm¿m- 1 ^mpq^ dUmínp¿mQ, ^pm^niQg^ ^Qum^mnimQbp^ U j| fijniqbp^ ^mq¿mínp¿mQ dpm: ^

Uju ^Qqpnl¿ tm^mQ Q2mQm^nipjniQ niQbgmd | hnn¿bm^mQ ^pm^niQg^ nbgb^g^mQ (^n^mnnl¿p, ^

pQqop^Qm^nl¿p): £j

.o

Sb'u, Графский В.Г.Всеобщая история права и государства. М., 2016, С. 43. 2 Sb'u, Чистое учение о праве Ганса Кельзена. Вып. 1, М., ИНИОН АН СССР, 1987, С. 21-22. I Jnijnpmpiu||iü |ipiuijшCip|i ü'iuuliü üuiüpuiüuiuü Sb'u, Коваловскпй M.M. Первобытное право. Вып. 1-2, M., 1886. Üuiüpuiüuiuü uiliu Ударцев С. Ф. История политических и правовых учений (Древний Восток). СПб., 2007, Томсинов В. А. Государство и право Древнего Ггипга. М., «Зерцало-М», 2011, UirnqjrnQ ß-nipbQ, ^rnj ррш^ш^шО ümpli quiüüuipuiü (ü.p.ui. IXq. -ü.p.ui. XlXq.): bpbuiü, 2001p.:

spbuilpuü lipuu|niOpli й'нифй üuiüpuiüuiuü uibu' Менахем Элон, Гврейское право. Санкт-Петербург, 2002; Примаков Д. Я. История еврейского и израильского права. М., 2015:

sniGuxtpuG |ipiui|niCip|i Ii (ipшl|ш|)шqш|)шl|ш0 niuüniüpübpli ü'iuuliü uibu' Uui.l|>uipjuiü Ч-., buuijuiü Ц., snnübuilpuü lipuu|niOp, bpbuiü, 2012p.:

Sb'u, Римское частное право. "Учебник, Под ред. проф. И. Б.Новицкого и проф. И.С.Перетерского. - М.: "Юристь", 1996, С. 3.

Sb'u, Римское частное право (конспект лекций). М.: Издательство "ПРИОР", 2000, С. 4: Sb'u, Омельченко O.A. Римское право. Учебник. М., 2000, С. 15.

10

Sb'u, Омельченко O.A. Римское право. Учебник. М., 2000, С. 9-10.

Sb'u, Омельченко O.A. Римское право. Издание второе, исправленное и дополненное. М., 2000. С. 15.

12

Sb'u, Дождев Д.В. Римское частное право. Учебник для вузов. Под ред. проф. В.С.Нерсесянца. М., 1996, С. 82-83. Üuiüpuiüuiuü uibu" Лафитский Владимир, Воскресение права. М., 2008: Sb'u, Скрипилев Б.АОсновы римского права. Конспект лекций. М., 2000:

а .о

Лилиг Мурадян

Соискатель отдела государственно-правовых исследований института философии, социологии и права Национальной Академии Наук Республики Армения

РЕЗЮМЕ

Исторический очерк мирового опыта в иормотворческой деятельности В статье автор тщательно проанализировал положительный опыт законодательной деятельности накопленной в ходе исторического развития, а также способы возможного использования достижений мировой практики законодательной деятельности в области национальной нормотворческой деятельности.

Ключевые слова: правовая деятельность, мировой опыт, источник права, право, законотворчество, правоохранительная деятельность, судебная практика.

Lilit Muradyan

Applicant to NationalAcademy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Institute Philosophy, Sociology and Law, Department of State and Legal Studies

SUMMARY

Historical Review of Global Experience in Regulatory Practice In the article, the author has undergone a thorough analysis of the positive experience gained during the historical development of lawmaking activities, as well as the ways in which the possible use of the achievements of the world practice of law making activities in the field of national law making activity.

Key words: legal activity, global experience, source oflaw, determination oflaw, legal practice, judicial prac-