CC BY
19
HISTORICAL PECULIARITIES OF FORMATION OF SMALL TOWN OF SHEBEKINO STRUCTURE
Margarita Perkova1, Anastasiia Zaikina2
12 Belgorod State Technological University named after V. G. Shukhov, Kostyukov str. 46, Belgorod, 308012, Russia,
1 perkova.margo@mail.ru, 2 anastasya_zaikina@hotmail.com
Abstract
Article is dedicated to study of historical peculiarities which influenced the social and economic development and formation of the functional and planning structure of the small town of Shebekino of the Belgorod Region. Time scheme of land owners based on historical documentary data and scheme of territorial development during period from the 19th till 21st centuries were developed. Development of the town-forming base under rule of the town of Shebekino by the Rehbenders is considered and logical interrelation of husbandries located within their possessions is made. Main historical and extant architectural monuments of that time, their placement in the town structure were analyzed to preserve historical and cultural development and steady continuity and harmony in development of the territories.
Keywords: Small town, historical peculiarities, territorial development, historical and cultural heritage.
Introduction
Each of the small towns existing today has its historical value and uniqueness. The process of development of territory of historical inhabited places has to possess steady continuity and harmony (Bondarenko, 2016). The necessity of preservation of historical heritage and value of building of cities is caused by creation of the identical environment. This research reveals factors, which had the greatest impact on development of the town-forming base and functional and planning structure of the town of Shebekino.
The year of 1713 is considered to be the date of appearance of Shebekino when it was marked on Russian maps for the first time. However, it is likely that there was some small settlement on this place earlier which arose in 17th century during colonization of these territories by Russians (Gorbacheva and Krivtsova, 2011). Moreover, the Belgorod defensive line passed just a short distance away from this place and one of its watchboxes was situated there. In 1654-1658, the third construction period of the Belgorod fencing line was completed and Nezhegolsk fortress was built, which territorially was placed in direct proximity to modern Shebekino (Figure 1) (Nikitin, 1955). However,
having lost its defensive value, the settlement did not gain further development, and at the beginning of 18th century a village with wooden and brick constructions, in which ara-
Figure 1. Belgorod fencing line within the territory of the Belgorod Region
ble farming and handicraft trade were being developed not far from the former fortress (Per'kova et al., 2015).
Inhabited area got its name by surname of the first landowner who, having settled his serfs here, founded the settlement. Lieutenant colonel Ivan Dmitriyevich Shibeko, one of the participants of the Battle of Poltava, bought 160 quarters of land from a nobleman N.R. Maslov. In 1785, village of Shebekino came into possession of Princess Yekaterina Petrovna Bariatinskaya. In 19th century, the village became a volost center of Belgorod uyezd of the Kursk province. The territory gained active social and economic development when in 1836 village of Shebekino was bought by the lieutenant general Aleksei Maksimovich Rehbinder (1795 -1869) (Ovchinnikova, 2007, Pozdnjakov, 1988).
Subject, tasks and methods
Subject of the research is historical peculiarities of development of the functional and planning structure of small town of Shebekino of the Belgorod Region situated in half-hour transport accessibility to the regional center of the Belgorod Region — city of Belgorod.
The following tasks were set in the research: to reveal the main factors influencing the territorial development of town of Shebekino; to retrace development of the town-forming base and functional and planning structure under rule by the Rehbenders; to analyze the main historical and cultural monuments of that time in order to preserve historical and cultural heritage.
The historical and genetic as well as analytical methods were used for the investigation.
Results and discussion
Shebekinsky district is located in the central part of the Russian Plain, on the southern slopes of the Central Russian Upland, in the basin of two large rivers, Dnieper and
Don, with the largest area of wooded lands in the region. Small town of Shebekino populated with about 43 thousand people is a large industrial center of Shebekinsky district according to regional measures for more than a century, which has concentrated chemical, machinery, construction and food production in its territory (Borodin, 1988, Shebekino Town Administration, 2008).
From the date of foundation in 1713 and before transfer of power to the Councils of working and peasant deputies (1917), a great number of famous historical figures were owners of the town: I.D. Shibeko, A.V. Makarov, Ye. P. Bariatinskaya, I.I. Bariatinsky, A.M. Rehbinder, A.A. Rehbinder, N.A. Rehbinder, A.A. Rehbinder (A.A. Rehbinder's son), M.A. Rehbinder as well as interim owners after A.V. Makarov's death (Figure 2) (Kosenko, 2011).
After passing into possession of the Rehbinders, active development of the town-forming base of inhabited area had begun in the village. In 1839, a primitive sugar plant was constructed on Nezhegol river bank, which was reconstructed and expanded in 1848. The beet sugar mill of the Rehbinders became one of the largest in the Kursk province by 1850. In 1888, it was reconstructed, the main and two side buildings were completed. Water-pump station was supplied for water delivery. In 1847, brickworks intended for providing the enterprise with construction materials was built.
Expansion of production required additional servicing enterprises and son of Aleksei Maksimovich, Aleksandr, built mechanical workshops for repair of agricultural implements in 1867. In 1875, he built a distillery and a two-storeyed mill with a butter churn. Due to a large production volume of sugar plants, in 1890 a decision about construction of a railway line from Belgorod to Kupiansk was made. Approach lines were laid from Nezhegol station to Botkino goods station in Novo-Tavolzhanka and to Rehbinderovo
Figure 2. Historical scheme of lands possession of Shebekinskaya volost from 1713 till 1917. Prepared by A.S. Zaikina according to (Kosenko, 2011)
goods station in village of Shebekino. Development of the space frame of the town was being proceeded.
In 1905, A. A. Rehbinder built at the sugar plant a power plant, which provided with electric power not only industrial enterprises but also dwelling houses. So, a comfortable environment of population activity was created. At the beginning of 20th century, Alekseevsky plant became the largest in Russia, and daily sugar production was amounted to 15 carloads by 900 poods in each that yielded revenue to 3 million roubles per year. Application of the up-to-date machinery at the sugar plant as well as use of new methods of field husbandry and agrotechnol-ogy during cultivation of sugar beet caused the need for educated and skilled workers. Farm workshops were organized. In this regard, Aleksandr Alekseevich together with his brother Nikolai founded an agricultural school for workers for 120 people in Shebekino in 1875. So, human potential in territory of Shebekino gained traction.
Construction production was presented by the chalk and brick works at that time. Rich deposits of minerals presented by high-quality chalk, a sedimentary layer - clays, marls and sandstones with silicon inclusions, fields of phosphorites
and quartz, located at a small depth, allowed to turn out construction materials for local needs providing the construction branch. At the beginning of 20th century (1914), A. Rehbinder built a tannery and a slaughterhouse at which 1385 laborers worked (Kohanovskaja, 2009, Krupenkova, 2000).
All possession of the Rehbenders represented 12 husbandries, each of which was a specialized farm and united with others into a single economic complex. By the early 19th century, sugar plant, distillery and brickworks as well as mechanical workshops and mill constructed by the founder had worked in the territory of Shebekino. All processes in husbandries were interconnected among themselves and presented a closed chain for processing of secondary and production of fresh raw materials (Figure 3), presenting practically closed production cycle.
Initially the settlement could be divided into right and left banks of Nezhegol River visually and functionally. Areas of industrial and agricultural purposes were situated on one bank, and the baron's estate, gardens, parks, school, college and other household buildings were placed on the second one. Only since the 20th century, territorial borders of the settlement extended due to accession of near-
Figure 3. Interconnection of husbandries in Shebekino. Prepared by A.S. Zaikina
Figure 4. Scheme of development of territory of Shebekino in historical dynamics. Prepared by A.S. Zaikina (using the materials (Shebekino Town Administration, 2008, Per'kova et al., 2015))
Figure 5. Scheme of functional zoning of Shebekino. Prepared by A.S. Zaikina according to (Shebekino Town Administration, 2008)
by villages - Titovka (1961), Ustinka and Logovoe (1971) (Figure 4) (Web page of Shebekino Town, 2016).
Historical spatial axes have preserved continuity, developing along the annexed territories. Historical center is situated in the northern part of the modern town today. Industrial areas are concentrated all over the town. Taking into account complex production processes and lack of minimally necessary sanitary protection zones, a complex environmental situation was expressed in neighborhood of industrial, storehouse, and public utilities areas with recreational, residential, social, and business territories of the town by the end of the previous century (Figure 5). However, at the beginning of the 21st century the production facilities were reduced greatly enough, partial production modernization was carried out. As a result, the industry-related load decreased, but degraded industrial
areas needing land recultivation and refunctionalization of the urban environment, arose in the town center (Per'kova and Zaikina, 2016a).
Monuments of historical and cultural heritage of that time are located in the territory of the historic development today. Social infrastructure facilities, recreational areas and sometimes residential areas of town of Shebekino are designed around historically significant places forming separate micro-districts with a unique (at the regional level) structure (Perkova and Zaikina, 2016b). Majority of the historical and architectural monuments remaining today were erected under the Rehbinders. They include office of the sugar plant (1839), outpatient department of the hospital (1902), house of merchant Zolotarev, non-classical secondary school (1913) and other (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Placement of remaining monuments of historical and cultural heritage in Shebekino. Prepared by A.S. Zaikina
Figure 7. Historical and architectural monuments in Shebekino (Shebekino, 2009, Shebekino, 1995): a - office of the sugar plant; b -Tikhvin Temple of Icon of the God's Mother; c - house of the merchant Zolotarev (historical photographs and the current state)
At the beginning of 20th century Shebekino center was a square, near which the Tikhvin Temple, office of sugar plant, house of merchant Zolotarev and village school were situated (Figure 7) (Pozdnjakov, 2001).
Considering these sights in more detail, it should be noted that each of them was partially or completely destroyed during the World War II. As a result, part of buildings and constructions were reconstructed and restored and some were constructed anew. The first Tikhvin Temple of Icon of the God's Mother in Shebekino was constructed in 1792 at the expense of donations and presented a single-storey wooden construction. In the late 18th century, new stone temple was erected near it with financial support of the Rehbinders. Today the temple-chapel is situated in Titovka micro-district. Office of the sugar plant was restored in post-war years and recognized as a historical and architectural monument protected by the state. Now the building is not operated because of the critical condition. House of merchant Zolotarev has been reconstructed and is used now as a dwelling house and a vending facility, it also has a status of the monument (Kohanovskaja, 2009, Krupenkova, 2000).
Conclusions
So, an integrated approach to social and economic development of the territory by the Rehbenders
was the main factor of the town development. The use of methods of production organization, which were progressive at that time, and timely modernization of technological processes, development of the space frame of the territory, human development by means of construction of educational institutions and introduction of advanced technologies in the housing stock have allowed to form rather qualitative environment of the population activity of the period under review.
Steady continuity in the spatial development of the town in 20th century, which preserved spatial axes and historical and cultural heritage of the Rehbinders contributed to harmony in development of the territories and creation of identical environment of the small town. The necessity of preservation of historical and architectural monuments of the past centuries is not only conditioned by their historical value, but also contributes to manifestation of social activity, act as material and spiritual values demonstrating results of activity of the past generations (Sementsov, 2007). Preservation, reconstruction, and restoration of monuments and historical and cultural heritage sites are an important task of the modern society, enabling to emphasize uniqueness of the territory and to render spirit of the past times.
References
Bondarenko, I.A. (2016). About rehabilitation of historical and cultural values in the territory of new buildings [O reabilitacii is-toriko-kul'turnyh cennostej na territorii novostroek]. Academia. Architecture and construction, 1 (4), pp. 87-93.
Borodin, A.S. (1988). Districts of the Belgorod Region [Rajony Belgorodskoj oblasti]. Belgorod, Russian Federation.
Gorbacheva, L.V. and Krivtsova, E. V. (2011). Administrative territorial division of the Belgorod Territory: end of the 16th - beginning of the 21st centuries [Administrativno-territorial'noe delenie Belgorodskogo kraja: konec XVI - nachalo XXI vv.]. Belgorod: Ellada (in Russian).
Kohanovskaja, N.S. (2009). Let's go for a walk around old Belgorod [Projdemsja po staromu Belgorodu]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).
Kosenko, Z.V. (2011). The Rehbinders: Russian emigration today. Regional local history conference: collection of materials, Belgorod, Russian Federation [Rebindery: russkaja jemigracija segodnja. Oblastnye kraevedcheskie chtenija: sbornik materialov, Belgorod, RF]. Available at: http://belstory.ru/goroda/belgorod/rebinder-russkaya-migratsiya-segodnya.html (accessed on 22 April 2016) (in Russian).
Krupenkova, A.N. (2000). Belgorod old times [Belgorodskaja starina]. Belgorod (in Russian).
Nikitin, A.V. (1955). Defence works of the fencing line of 16-17 centuries [Oboronitel'nye sooruzhenija zasechnoj cherty XVI-XVII vv.]. Materials and Investigations on Archeology of the USSR [Materialy i issledovanija po arheologii SSSR], 44, Moscow (in Russian).
Ovchinnikova, V.V. (2007). History of the Belgorod Krai [Istorija Belgorodskogo kraja]. Belgorod (in Russian).
Perkova, M.V. and Zaikina, A.S. (2016a). Solutions of problems of degrading territories in Shebekino [Puti reshenija problem degradirujushhih territorij v g. Shebekino]. Bulletin of the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov [Vestnik BGTU im. V.G. Shukhova], 6(12), pp. 58-64.
Perkova, M.V. and Zaikina, A.S. (2016b). Characteristic of open public spaces as structural elements of the urban environment [Harakteristika otkrytyh obshhestvennyh prostranstv kak strukturnyh jelementov gorodskoj sredy]. Bulletin of the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov [Vestnik BGTU im. V.G. Shukhova], 7(12), pp. 74-77.
Perkova, M.V., Tribunceva, K.M. and Kiselev, S.N. (2015). Historical aspect of formation of the functional and planning structure of small towns of the Belgorod Region [Istoricheskij aspekt formirovanija funkcional'no-planirovochnoj struktury malyh gorodov Belgorodskoj oblasti], Publishing house of Belgorod State Technological University, Electronic collection of reports of the Regional Research and Technical Conference. [online] Available at: http://conf.bstu.ru/shared/attachments/92166 (accessed on 22 April 2016) (in Russian).
Pozdnjakov, E.N. (1998). History of Shebekino 1713-1917 [Istorija Shebekina 1713-1917] (in Russian), Belgorod (in Russian).
Pozdnjakov, E.N. (2001), History of Shebekino: 20th century [Istorija Shebekina: 20 vek] (in Russian). Belgorod (in Russian).
Sementsov, S.V. (2007). Stages of spatial formation of St. Petersburg: crystallization of the town-planning genetic code, unity of development and preservation [Jetapy prostranstvennogo formirovanija Sankt-Peterburga: kristallizacija gradostroitel'nogo geneticheskogo koda, edinstva razvitija i sohranenija]. Industrial and civil engineering, 2(12), pp. 29-30 (in Russian).
Shebekino Town Administration (2008). Master plan of the urban settlement "Town of Shebekino" of the Belgorod Region [Gen-eral'nyi plan gorodskogo poseleniya «Gorod Shebekino» Belgorodskoi oblasti]. Available at: http://gorod.shebekino.ru/assets/ images/pics/architectura/Proekt_gen_plana.jpg (accessed on 20 July 2016) (in Russian).
Shebekino: town on Nezhegol: [photo album] (1995). Belgorod: Istoki (in Russian).
Shebekino: yesterday, today, tomorrow: [photo album] (2009). Shebekino: Znak kachestva (in Russian).
Web page of Shebekino Town (2016). History of town of Shebekino. Available at: http://www.shebekino.narod.ru/history.htm (accessed on 20 July 2016) (in Russian).
