CC BY
10
ISSN 2617-2909 (print) ISSN 2617-2119 (online)
Journ.Geol. Geograph.
Geology, 29(2), 351-363. doi: 10.15421/112031
Volodymyr V. Manyuk Joum. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 351-363.
Hercynian folded structures in the valley of the Mokra Volnovaha River as the basis of a Geological park at the border of the Donbas and the Ukrainian Shield
Volodymyr V. Manyuk
Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine, vgeoman@gmail.com
Received: 07.12.2019 Abstract. The basin of the Mokra Volnovaha River, from the Mykolaivka village to the
Received in revised form: 21.12.2019 place where it flows into the Kalmius River, exposes an extremely informative geological Accepted: 26.01.2020 cross-section of the conjunction of the Pryazov block of the Ukrainian Shield (US) with
the complexly located Donetsk Hercynian structure. The results of the survey of this area are presented and the perspectives for creation of the MafHaia Geological Park named after the important paleo-volcanic structure are substantiated. The most significant events related to the geological studies of the regions from the academic expeditions of Pierre Guillaume Frédéric Le Play, P. S. Pallas to nowadays are considered in historic sequence. The structural-tectonic position of the territories, mineral-petrographic peculiarities of the rocks of the prospective geopark were studied and great geodiversity important for the development of the geotourism as an important component of functioning of geopark was determined. We followed sequential change in the geological cross-section from the association of Maksymivski granodiorites of the Middle Archean East-Pryazovska Structural-Formation Zones of the Ukrainian Shield in Mykolaivka village, terrigenous and volcanic formations of the Devonian system which are embedded on them and belong to the Eifelian, Givetian, Frasnian and Famennian stages, to terrigenous carbon-bearing deposits of Carboniferous system which form large rock outcrops on the Left Bank of the Styla water reservoir and outcrops in the quarries for extraction of flux limes and dolomites. It is proposed to consider as highly relevant the principally new "Balanced structural-geologic map of the Southern Donbass" proposed by V. V. Yudin, based on fracture-block tectonics, thrust faults which caused pre-fault mélanges and duplexes. The most characteristic peculiarities of the geological structure of the Rozdolne Geological Reserve as the main location of the future geopark were determined. As the one of the main attractions of geotourism itineraries, we evaluated the unique Devonian flora of global significance in the Velyka Karakuba (Rozdolne) village, particularly Archaeopteris archaetypus Schm., Archaeopteris fissilis Schm., Lepidodendron karakubense Schm., Demeripteris fasciculate Schm. and others, first in history discovered in 1894 by I. O. Shmal'gauzen. An important peculiarity of the zone of the junction of the US and the folded Donbas is its attractiveness for collecting minerals, including crystals and druse amethyst, smoky quartz, druses of pyrite, pseudomorph on corals, chalcedony, pseudo stalactites with marcasite, small agates, pink quartz, sanjuanite, fulgurite and others.
Key words: geopark, Devonian system, geotourism, Archaeopteris, Mokra Volnovaha, paleovolcano, mélange, geodiversity
Герцинськ1 складчаст1 споруди долини р1чки Мокро!' Волновахи, як основа геолопчного парку на меж1 Донбасу i Украшського щита
В. В. Манюк
Днтровський нацюнальний yuieepcumem ÎMem Олеся Гончара, Дтпро, Украта, vgeoman@gmail.com
Анотащя. Басейн pÎ4KH MoKpoï Волновахи вщ села Миколаïвка до ïï впадшня в pi4Ky KanbMÎyc розкривае надзвичайно шформативний геолопчний розрiз зони зчленування Приазовського блоку Украшського щита (УЩ) i3 складно дислокованою Донецькою герцинською спорудою. Наведет результата дослщження ^eï територп та доведет перспективи створення геолопчного парку «Маф Хая» за назвою велшш пaлеовулкaнiчноï споруди. Розглядаються у гсторичнш послвдовносл найважливгш поди, пов'язаш з геолопчним дослвдженням району вщ чаав aкaдемiчних експедицш П'ера Гшома Фредержа Ле Пле та П.С. Палласа до наших часгв. Дослщжено структурно-тектошчне положення територп, мiнерaльно-петрогрaфiчнi особливоси порщ перспективного геопарку та встановлене велике георiзномaнiття, важливе для розвитку геотуризму, як необыдшл складовою функцюнування геопарку. Простежено послщовну змшу геолопчного розрiзу вщ асощацп максимгвських гранодюритш середнього архею Схщноприазовсьюм СФЗ УЩ в селi Mиколaïвкa, теригенних та вулканогенних утворень девонсьюл системи, яю на них залягають i належать ейфельському, живетському, франському i фаменському ярусам до теригенно-карбонатних вщкладгв кaм'яновугiльноï системи, яю утворюють великi скельнi виходи по лгвому берегу Стильського водосховища та вiдслонюються в кар'ерах з видобутку флюсових вaпнякiв та доломтв. Пропонуеться вважати
f rrioiv. — f ecgrachy ;
Journal of Qaology Geography and Geoecology
Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua
щлком актуальною принципово нову «Збалансовану структурно-геолопчну карту Швденного Донбасу», запропоновану В.В. Юдшим, в основi яко! не розломно-блокова тектонжа, а насувнi пошаровi зриви, дieю яких створенi прирозривнi меланжi i дуплекси. Визначенi найбiльш характерш особливостi геолопчно! будови Роздольненського геолопчного заказника, як головного осередка майбутнього геопарку. Оцшена як одна з головних атракцш геотуристичних маршрутш перша в гсторп людства знахщка у 1894 р. 1.О. Шмальгаузеном ушкально! девонсько! флори свiтового значення в с. Велика Каракуба (Роз-дольному), а саме Archaeopteris archaetypus Schm., ArchaeopterisFissilis Schm., Lepidodendron karakubense Schm., Demeripteris fasciculate Schm. та Важливою особливiстю зони зчленування УЩ iз складчастим Донбасом е !! привабливiсть для колекцiонування мiнералiв, серед яких кристали i друзи аметисту, димчастого кварцу, гiрського кришталю, щiтки пiриту, псевдоморфози по коралах, халцедон, псевдосталактити з марказитом, дрiбнi агати, рожевий кварц, санхуанiт, фульгурит та
Ключовi слова: геопарк, девон, геотуризм, Archaeopteris, Мокра Волноваха, палеовулкан, меланж, георiзноманiття
Introduction. The picturesque steppe river the Mokra Volnovaha, one of the right bank tributaries of the Kalmius River, cuts the area of conjunction of the Priazovia Block of the Ukrainian Shield (US) with the Donetsk Hercynian folded structure and exposes an extremely informative geological cross-section of these structures. Murray Gray, theorist of contemporary usage of the word "geodiversity", would commend the suitability of using this term regarding this territory. From the Eastern border of Mykolaivka and Novohnativka villages, between which the Mokra Volnovaha River flows, for a length of 45 km, there are fragmented outcrops of rocks of the Pre-Cambian granitoids to carbonate-terrigenous and volcanogenic formations of Devonian and thick carbonate layers of the Carboniferous system. Ukraine does not belong to the list of countries where geoparks have been created, but the problem of selection of promising objects for organizing future geoparks and evaluating their scientific and touristic attractiveness has been considered by the Ukrainian representatives practically since the moment of establishing the first 4 geoparks in Europe (Grytsenko, 2004; Kravchuk, Zinko, Homyn & Shevchuk, 2012; Manyuk V., 2006, 2007, 2008; Zinko, Shevchuk, 2011; Shevchuk, 2010). From the perspective of geological attractiveness, high level of geodiversity, the area of the conjunction of the US and the Donetsk folded structure obviously corresponds to the criteria of the selection of the objects of both the European and international geopark network. A Brief History of Geological Research. But first a little bit of history. Its description could be started from the far off year 1721, when Mykyta Vepreisky and Semen Chyrkov organized the extraction of coal in the Bakhmutsky Uyezd. However, we are more interested in the past of the territory, the geological content of which is attractive and scientifically valuable, and therefore entirely suitable for establishment one of the geoparks of Ukraine in the nearest future. First reports on geology of the area are related to visits of S. G. Gmelin (1768-1769), J. A. Guldenstadt (1791) and P. S. Pallas (1794) to the Donbas, while travelling across Russia (Trypilska, 1958) (Fig.1).
The earliest data on designation and stratification of the deposits of the Devonian and Carboniferous systems of the Donbas were given in the studies of the founder of coal petrography Ivanytskyi A. B. (Ivanytskyi, 1833). He wrote "For scientist and miner, this Land is especially interesting regarding diversity of minerals which form its soil" (Ivanytskyi, 1833). Another important study was the one by Pierre Guillaume Frédéric Le Play, famous co-author of the 4-volume study with tables, geological maps and illustrations, published to present the scientific results of the expedition of A. M. Demidov (Le-Play, 1842); Roderick Impey Murchison, another eminent scientist, whose study on the Donbas, according to the contemporaries, determined "the epoch in the manuscripts of geology" (Murchison, 1845); Klemm M. Y., who was first to conduct substantiated studies in the basin in the Mokra Volnovaha River (Klemm, 1874, 1877); Morozevich Y. A., who in his studies between Mykolaivka and Styla distinguished amphibole andesites, feldspar basalts near the Buzynova ravine and for the first time determined and distinguished 8 types of mariupolites of Pryazovia, and others. It is impossible not to recollect also Valerian Domger, who not only discovered the deposits of manganese ores in Nikopol Oblast, the unique location of the fossil fauna of the Upper Eocene in the layers which later received the name Mandrykovski, but also provided a systematic analysis of geological study of the Donbas and reports on the Pryazovia part of the Ukrainian Shield (Domger, 1881). In 1956, Ormont N. P. studied pyroxenes of basalt rocks of the basin of the Mokra Volnovaha River and for the first time offered their chemical analysis and identified them to titan-augite (Ormont, 1956). Information about the geology of the territory of the conjunction of the Ukrainian Shield and the Donetsk folded structure was given in the studies by Luchynsky V. I., Bernadska L. H., Usen-ko I. S., Meffert B. F., Rotai A. P., Trypilska M. I., Makukhina H. O., Lahutina P. K., Buturlinova N. V., Honshakova N. P., Alokhin V. I. and others. Geological setting. In the structural-tectonic aspect, the conditionally distinguished territory of the pro-
Fig.1 First editions of books by S. G. Gmelin ( 1774) and P. S.Pallas (1809)
spective geopark with the working name Maf-Haia is characterized first of all by the conjunction in the system of faults between the Ukrainian Shield and the folded Donbas. The main faults in this system are the Voikivsky and Vasylivsky (19, 20 in Fig. 1). Vasylivsky (Pivdennovolnovasky) fault which is the component of the South Donbas zone of faults has the strike close to sublatitudal, separates Hercynian rocks of the folded Donbas from the Pryazovia block of the US, according to the morphological features it is a dip-slip fault, fissure of which is inclined towards the Shield (in the southern rhumb lines) at the angle of 75-80°, vertical amplitude of shift of up to 6001,000 m.
The determining role in the folded geological structure of the region belongs to terrigenous-volca-nogenic complexes earlier known as components of Paleo basalt cover (Makukhina, 1961), including Hai-na-Chohrasky, Mokro-Volnovasky, Komyshuvatsky and Tsyhanka. In modern terminology, it is a volca-nogenic-sedimentary structural-formational complex of the folded Donbas, formed during the Bretonian phase of the Hercynian folding of the platform stage of the development of the East European Platform.
There are other views on the complex tectonic zone of the conjunction of the US and the folded Donbas. The noted proponent of ideas of neomobil-ism V. V. Yudin points out the significant controversy surrounding previous theories and ideas. He has created a principally new "Balanced structural-geologic
map of the Southern Donbas" based not on the fault-block tectonics, but the overthrust (flats and detachments), activity of which formed pre-fault mélanges and duplexes). He considers the Stylsky and Volno-vasky culminations of the Pre-Cambrian basement as analogues of the Yelanchytsky culmination of the Pre-Cambrian Donetsk ridge, whereas earlier they were considered grabens with downthrow blocks (Yudin, 2006). Detailed studies conducted by V. V. Yudin in the Southern Donbas allowed him to determine principally new structures, including the Donetsk collision structure, series of overlaps, nappes, decollements, and therefore substantiate the folded over-thrust, and then nappe structures of the region (Yudin, Artemenko, 1996; Yudin, 2004, 2006).
Practically all the mélanges were substantially designated by V. V. Yudin on the basis of a large amount of actual material and those which distinctively characterize the structure of the zone of the conjunction of the US and the Donetsk ridge, cross the valley of the Mokra Volnovaha and Kalmius rivers and should become the most important components of the geotouristic route, particularly Stylsky, Komyshu-vasky, South-Dokuchaievsky, Rodnykivsky, South-Stulsky and Dalni mélanges, fragments of which were exposed by erosional activity of the abovementioned rivers and the quarries for the extraction of flux limes and dolomites.
On the basis of the fact that the proposed itineraries follows the valley of the Mokra Volnovaha
and Kalmius, step-by-step exposing the peculiarities of geological structure of the territory in numerous outcrops and quarries, we shall try to gradually describe the geological attractions along this route which should convince those travelling there that it is worth it.
The itinerary begins from the east outskirts of Mykolaivka village, where in the pre-mouth part of the first small unnamed ravine from the village, on the left bank of the Mokra Volnovaha, there are outcrops of grey-pink biotite-amphibole granodiorites. They belong to the association of the Maksymivski granodiorites of the East Pryazovia Structural-Formation Zones (ySAR mks). The rocks are significantly weathered, in some places to grass, cataclized, contain xenoliths of darker colour, with features of chlo-ritization and epidotization on the surface (Fig. 2).
500 m east of the mouth of the Anton-Tarama ravine, the zone of distribution of volcanogenic formations begins. According to the recent stratigraphie scheme, they belong to the Antonivska suite of middle-upper Devonian period (D2-3an), represented there by the alternation of lava and pyroclastic formations. Earlier, this strip of volcanites' spreading was considered as "Paleo-basalt cover", including picrite basalts, basalts, andesite-basalts, andesites, spilites, keratophyres, which interlay with tuff-breccias and tuff (Makukhina, 1961; Geologichne dovyvchennja, 2007). Makuhina G. O. mentions that within the area of spreading of volcanic cover, according to the data of boring, up to 7 lava flows are present, divided by units of tuff-breccias, tuff conglomerates and tuff which interlay with normal sedimentary rocks of the Frasnian stage. Also, she reports spilite with charac-
Fig. 2 Outcrops of weathered and dislocated granodiorites in the zone of conjunction of the folded Donbas (a - general view; b - interveins and veins of aplitic granite)
In the system of randomly orientated fractures, are well developed light pink leucocratic aplitic granites of 2-5 cm thickness and only in the eastern part of the outcrops do they form a larger block, perhaps a fragment of the vein (Fig. 2).
Further, on the right bank of the Anton-Tarama ravine, in its pre-mouth part, there is a small outcrop of terrigenous Devonian formations. There is an outcrop of grayish-yellow quartz arkose sandstone, from average and large-grained to gravellite, thick, quartzlike, ferruginized, highly kaolinized due to weathering of feldspars, with notable thin horizontal lamination. According to the geological mapping, it belongs to the Lower subsuite of the Mykolaivska suite of the Eifelian Stage ("white Devonian") (D2mk). East of this outcrop are small outcrops of finer-grained pink sandstone with almost vertical dip of the layers, whereas the first outcrop had the dip angle of 10°, and dip azimuth of 70° (Fig.3).
teristic globular jointing in the mouth of the Vasyl-Tarama ravine (Makukhina, 1961). According to the modern views, the effusive rocks are represented by alkaline ultra-basic and subalkaline basic types. The first type has subordinate distribution and is represented by augites, limburgites and subalkaline pic-rites (Geologichne dovyvchennja, 2007; Radzyvyll, A., Radzyvyl V., Tokovenko, 1986). Sub-alkaline volcanic rocks are represented by trachybasalts and to a lower extent trachyandesibasalts. Volcanoclastic rocks are represented by clastic lavas, breccias lavas and pyroclastic rocks. By the size of fragments, in numerous outcrops, one can see tuff-breccias with lapilli and volcanic bombs, tuff gravellites, tuff aleurolites and tuff argillites (Fig. 4,5,6,7)
Among the lava facies, trachybasalts dominate, the outcrops of which are characterized by quite notable columnar jointing. Of course, it is not so classic as in the Ivano-Dolynske quarry of basalts, but it is a
Fig. 3. Outcrops of polymictic sandstones of the middle Devonian Mykolaivska suite on the left slope of the Mokra Volnovaha
river.
unique phenomenon for the folded Donbas. Massive kaline effusive rocks. Quite often, one can see globu-
cryptocrystalline and porphyritic types are common, lar jointing of basalts with the diameter of separate
rarer almond-shaped. Less distributed are augites and globes of up to 0.5 m (Fig. 6). The conditions of the
limburgites form lava flows of observable thickness embedding of the effusive rocks and peculiarities of
of 1-22 m, which interlay with the currents of subal- their relations with other rocks of the cross-section
of the subsuite indicate the simultaneity of their formation and horizon of tuff sedimentary (complex) breccia, limestones and their breccia, sandstones, argillites. Alternation of volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks in the cross section of volcanic rocks, their variability, domination of ferrous iron over ferric iron indicates the formation of volcanites of the subsuite in the underwater conditions. An important evidence of this is the development of ferrous-chlorite oolites with concentrated ash content in tuff or breccias of similar compound.
Besides the covering basalts in the basin of the Mokra Volnovaha, dyke basalts are distributed, which by the compound are close to the covering basalts, but differ by better level of crystallization (Alokhin, Korchemagin, 2008). They are represented by finegrained dolerites which earlier belonged to anames-ites. Shatalov M. M. identifies them to the Anton-Taramsky dyke belt (Shatalov, 2015).
The area of the distribution of the Antonivska suite (from the indicated border with the Mykolaivska suite to the western border of the Styla water reservoir, where it borders with the rocks of the Dovhints-ka suite of the Upper Devonian rocks) is considered by V. V. Yudin as the largest mélange in Donbas - the Rozdolensky mélange (Fig. 8). He thinks that by the content of the clastolites it is a magmatogenic mixtite related to the detachment (decollement of the layers on the surface of the sedimentary dome) of northern sloping dip. The mélange pattern of the chaotic complex is indicated by the tectonic pattern of its border and hydrothermal ore manifestations in the matrix (Yudin, 2006).
Downstream, according to the data of geological mapping, the valley of the Mokra Volnovaha crosses a narrow strip of the distribution of the Dovhunska suite of the Frasnian stage of the Upper Devonian
period (D3dw), but terrigenous deposits of the suite in this area of the valley are overlaid and have small outcrops only in the area of the Rozdolne village. Moreover, its cross section represented by alternation of alevrolites, argillites, conglomerates and gravelites is exposed and studied layer by layer in the Dalny quarry below the place where the Mokra Volnovaha flows into its right tributary the Komyshuvaha.
Near the place where the Mokra Volhovaha flows into the Havaleis-Tarama (Buzynova) ravine, on the left bank of the Styla water reservoir there is a low rocky hill Maf Haia (or Chorna mountain according to the more recent sources) of volcanic origin. Together with cross section of carbonate limestones located near, it is a geological relic of nature of national significance, taken under protection in 1975 (Alokhin, Volkova, 2011). On the slopes and in adjacent ravines, there are outcrops of terrigenous-effusive layer of the Rozdolnenska suite of the Famennian stage of the Upper Devonian period and terrigenous-carbonate formations of the Novotroitska suite of the Upper Devonian period. The Rozdolenska suite is represented by green and brown polymictic sandstones, which interlay with argillites and aleurolites and contain high amount of pyroclastic material. East of the Maf Haia hill in the Havaleis-Tarama gully, 2025 m below the top of the deposits of the Rozdolenska suite, there are outcrops of green jasper-like shists with numerous plant remains of Lepidodendropsis flora (Lepidodendropsishirmeri, L. cyclostigmatoides, L. vandergrachti). (Flora i fauna, 2020). (Fig. 9).
Higher in the ravine, arkosic sandstones with layers of argillites, aleurolites and low-lime sandstones are exposed. In the head of the gully and further along the Mokra Volnovaha River, there were found fine-grained light gray limestones of the upper part of the Novotroitska suite of the Up-
Fig. 8. Tectonic scheme of the Northern Donbas (Yudin, 2006).
Fig. 9. Green jasper-like shists of the Upper Devonian period with imprints of ancient flora and particularly Lepidodendropsis found near the MafHaia volcano (https://www.ammonit.ru/user/Ostrzew.htm)
per Devonian period with a layer containing numerous colonies of stromatopora Rosenellalis sitzini Vass. Above the light grey limestone, there is embedded a layer of yellow-grey semi down flowed limestone with numerous Camarotoechia kalmiussi Rot. and scattered Plicatiferaexgr.kalmiussiLis. ("plate with Camarotoechia"). Higher, a thin latered light-grey limestone of 6 m thickness is embedded, having an interlayer of brown ore in the foot, and being do-lomitized in the upper part of the layer. To the upper part of this layer, a layer with numerous Bisphaerasp. is confined, and the border between the Devonian and Carboniferous periods runs across the foot of this lay-
er (Flora i fauna, 2020;Ishhenko, 1961).
The best and the largest in size outcrop with notable signs of column jointing of basalts is located right after the mouth part of the Havaleis-Tarama ravine, on the left slope of the valley of the Mokra Volnovaha River (Fig. 10).
Deposits of the Carboniferous system are represented in a small outcrop of the left slope of the valley of the Mokra Volnovaha River, where the carbonate layer forms a promontory opposite the Havaleis-Tara-ma ravine. Here, in the form of rocky ridges, there is exposure of the complex of rocks with horizontal layering represented by composition of layers of lime-
Fig. 10 Columnar jointing of basalts in the valley of the Mokra Volnovaha River
stones, dolomitized limestones and dolomites (Fig. 10). They belong to the Volnovaska series on the divided Tournaisian and Visean stages. Often, remains of the fossil fauna are found, including Productus corrugatus M'Coy, Spirifermedius Leb., Ortotetesar-achoides Phill., Eomphalus pentangulatus Sow. and others (Geologicheskaja karta, 1961).
V. V. Yudin considers the strip of the distribution of the rocks of the Mokrovolhovaska series of the Tournaisian and Visean stages of carbon from the contact with Devonian rocks to Styla village as separate parts in the series of duplexes of Northern
manifestations of the pre-overthrust dislocations and clastoliths rocks in the mouth of the Havaleis-Tarama ravine (Fig. 12, 13).
Therefore, this allows the author to draw a conclusion that by geological-structural data, the normal cross section or large masses of undisturbed rocks of the Mokrovolnovaska series of the Lower Carbon were not observed there in any way (Yudin, 2006).
The next attractive and informative object of the geological heritage is the Styla quarry which has not operated for about 9 years and is accessible for visits (Fig. 14).
Fig. 11. Exposure of limestones and dolomites of the Volnovaska suite of the Devonian period (Tournaisian-Visean stages) on the left slope of the Styla reservoir.
Donbas (Fig. 7) and that it constitutes the continuation of the North-Dokuchaievsk mélange in the area of the Buzynova ravine and further to Styla village. The outcrops contain fractured and alkaline shists of the Visean stage with boulders- clastolith rocks below the limestones of the Visean stage and with fragments of the pre-overthrust folds. This is evidenced in the
During the revision monitoring of geological relics in 2003 it could not be visited, and therefore we present some its peculiarities from the study by Victor Yudin, which today is the most comprehensive. In the west wall of the quarry, one can see the tectonic type of the Styla mélange and its contact in the lower part of the wall with almost non-affected limestones of
Fig. 12. Pre-overthrust fault dislocations with signs of disintegration and ferruginization in the Havaleis-Tarama ravine (Yudin, 2006)
Fig. 13. Clastoliths of limestones of the Visean stage (^v) in the ferruginized matrix of the North-Dokuchaievsk mélange (mouth of the Havaleis-Tarama ravine) (Yudin, 2006).
the Lower Carboniferous. In the boulders among the schistosity matrix, limestones and dolomites of the Visean stage are present. A distinctive peculiarity of the quarry is the subvertical dyke of trachyandesites, in the contact zones of which increased amounts of pyrite, marcasite and chalcopyrite were determined, which made the quarry well known among collectors of minerals. Apart from druses of pyrites, in different years, druses of dolomite, minerals of sanjuanite, fulgurite, almandine, quartz, etc have been found in the quarry. Very interesting are small cavities in the Tournaisian limestones and dolomites, filled with entire incrusted formations and pseudo-stalactites of hydrothermal pyrite. The photos show findings in the rocks of the Styla quarry by Evhen Naumenko (Fig. 15).
Therefore, in the Styla quarry, one can not only enjoy the geological attraction, but, if lucky, add to one's collection. In carbonate layers, processes of the development of karst are seen and even quite large karst springs in one of the walls of the quarry (Yudin, 2006).
In the outcrops north of Styla village, a stratotype of the Stylska suite of the Lower Carbon period was determined. However, V. V. Yudin thinks that actually there is a lower, smaller part of the suite section. The rocks are disintegrated to jasper, highly ferruginized with formation of ferruginized boulders, with
interveins of chalcedony, small druses of quartz.
The area of the valley of the Mokra Volnovaha from the Styla village to the Rozdolne village remains so far unsurveyed by us due to lack of time during inventorisation of the geological heritage of Ukraine. Nonetheless, it is not less attractive or informative from the perspective of presence of natural and artificial outcrops on the route around the Kypucha, Krynytsia and Rodnykove villages and downstream. Below the place where the Komyshuvaha flows into the Mokra Volnovaha, on the right slope of the valley, the Dalny quarry is located, which was closed in 2014 and flooded. It is currently a great place for recreation and geological tourism (Fig. 16).
The real pearl of the geotouristic iteanary is the Rozdolensky Geological Reserve of National significance established in 1974 by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR , covering an area of 100 ha. The main object of the Reserve is the Devonian volcanic structure, which is an elongated hill above the right bank of the Mokra Volnovaha River near the place where it falls into the Kalmius River and near Rozdolne village (Fig. 17).
In the northern part of the hill, the tectonic contact of granites and migmatites of the Antonivska suite of the Devonian period was determined. The latter is an extremely complicated complex of the layers of pyroclastic rocks, volcanic (lava) and sedimentary
Fig. 14. The Styla quarry for extraction of flux limestones and dolomites
terrigenous rocks. Among them, one can find volca-nomictous gravellites, sandstones and aleurolites; pi-crite, basalt and andesibasalt porphyritic rocks, light-green albitophyre, almond rocky basalts; limestones, clayey densed shists, etc. Particularly in the latter rocks, in far off 1894 I. O. Shmal'gauzen for the first time determined the unique Devonian flora of global significance in Velyka Karakuba village (Rozdolne).
Greece in accordance with the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainaiji. The flora determined by I. O. Shmal'gauzen included Archaeopteris archaetypus Schm., Archaeopteris Fissilis Schm., Lepidodendron karakubense Schm., Demeripteris fasciculate Schm. Therefore, this discovery of trees from the most ancient times of the Earth could alone be sufficient reason for the recognition of the Rozdolensky Reserve as an ob-
The village was founded in 1779 by the settlers from ject of global significance. The famous discovery of
Fig. 15. Minerals of the Styla quarry from the collection of Naumenko Y. (https://webmineral.ru/deposits/item.php?id=274)
Fig. 16 Flooded Dalny quarry (https://webmineral.ru/deposits/item.php?id=2343
Fig. 17. Picturesque landscape near the place where the Mokra Volnovaha falls into the Kalmius River
the Earth's oldest known forest in Cairo (New York, USA) is at least of the same age, or even younger. The absolute age of the Archaeopteris in Cairo, according to the data of the Current Biology Journal, 386 M years, is the Givetian stage, when the formation of the volcanic-sedimentary layer of the Rozdolensky volcano took place (Uchjonye nashli, 2020). Fragments of fossil trees which even today could be found on the slopes of the volcano are not that representative as in New York, but the fact of their discovery is extremely important (Trypilska, 1958).
Conclusions. The data about the geological component of the itinerary in the valley of the Mokra Volnovaha River are not determined entirely, insufficient, and also obviously require further studies. Furthermore, the significance of this territory of distribution of Devonian and Carboniferous deposits in the basin of the Volnovaha and Kalmius is increased because of the numerous rare and collactable minerals, fossil fauna and flora. Selection of samples must obviously be regulated, limited, and for some of them completely restricted, as in any protected territories. In different years, in the outcrops and quarries of this territory, findings have included crystals and druses of amethyst, smoky quartz, quartz, druses of pyrite, pseudomorphoses on corals, chalcedony, pseudo-stalactites with marcasite, small agates, pink quartz, sanjuanite, fulgurite and others. Regarding the perspective of creating a geopark, the considerable geodiversity of the territory could be well supported by the large biodiversity. In the valleys of the rivers and adjoining slopes of the Volnovaha, Kalmius and their tributaries, there are well preserved picturesque
steppe landscapes with large number of rare and endangered species of plants and animals. The territory adjacent to the future geopark has possibilities for the development of the cultural-educational, religious and pilgrimage tourisms. For example, in Nikolske village, the Ukraine's largest monastery with a large temple complex is located.
References
Alokhin, V.I., Korchemagin, VA.,2008. Polja naprjazhenij I deformacij subvulkanicheskih tel I daek perm'-triasovogo vozrasta Priazovskogo bloka UShh i ego sochlenenija s Donbassom. [Fields of stresses and deformations of subvolcanic bodies and dikes of thePermian-Triassic age of the Priazovsky block of the Ukrainian Shield and its articulation with the Donbass]. Tectonophysics and topical issues of Earth sciences. On the 40th anniversary of the creation of M.V. Gzovskyi laboratory ofTec-tonophysics in the IPE RAS, V.1, Moskow, 197-199(In Russian).
Alokhin, V.I., Volkova, T.P., 2011. Znachenie, sostojanie I perspektivy razvitija geologicheskih pamjatnikov Doneckoj oblasti.[Importance, condition and development prospects of geological monuments of Donetsk region]. Geological monuments - vivid evidence of the Evolution of the Earth.Collection of materials II science-practical conference. Kiev, Logos, 10-12(In Russian).
Domger, V A., 1881. Kratkij ocherk istorii geologii Do-neckogo kamennougol'nogo bassejna. [A brief outline of the history of geology of the Donetsk
coal basin]. Kharkov: type. K.P. Schasni, 142 p., Addendum to the journal. "South.Russian. Mountain Leaf."(In Russian).
Flora i fauna famenskogo jarusa v s. Styla. Donpaleo. Devonskij paleovulkan. Pogranichnye otlozhenija devona i karbona. 2020. [Flora and fauna of the Famennian stag ein Styla village. Donpaleo. Devonian paleovolcano. Boundary deposits of the Devonian and Carboniferous.Retrieved from:http://www.donpaleo.ru/D/styla/(In Russian).
Geologicheskaja karta SSSR masshtaba 1:200000. Serija Donbasskaja, list L-37-II. 1961. [Geological map of the USSR on a scale of 1: 200000. Series Donbass, sheet L-37-II]. Explanatory note. Gosnauktekhizdat, Moscow, 15-25(InRussian).
Geologichne dovivchennja ploshh masshtabu 1:200 000 pivdennihpolovinarkushiv L-37-II (Donec'k), L-37-III (Ilovajs'k) v mezhah Ukrai'ni ta arkushiv L-37-VIII (Mariupol') i L-37-IX (Taganrog) v mezhah Ukrai'ni za vinjatkom akvatorii' Azovs'kogo moija (Shidnopriazovs'kaploshha). 2007. [Geologica lsurvey of areas of scale 1: 200 000 southern parts of sheets L-37-II (Donetsk), L-37-III (Ilovaysk) within Ukraine and sheets L-37-VIII (Mariupol) and L-37-IX (Taganrog) within Ukraine except the water area of the Azov Sea (EastPriazovskaya Square)]. 2007. Volnovaha, 334 p (In Ukrainian).
Gmelin, S. G., 1768. Reise von St. Petersburg bißnachTscherkask, der Haupstadt der Donisch-enKosacken in den jahren 1768 und 1769.182 p., 34 gef.Bl., Ill, 334 p.
Grytsenko, V.V., 2004. Geoparky novyj naprjamok zapovidnoi' spravy v Ukrai'ni. [Geoparks a new direction of nature conservation in Ukraine.] Nature diversity of Khmelnytsky region. Collection of articles on materials of the All-Ukrainian scientific-practical conference "Landscape and biological diversity of Khmelnytsky region: research, conservation and reproduction"; Kamianets-Podilskyi, December 17-18, 2003. Kamianets-Podilskyi: Nova ABC, 151-158 (In Ukrainian).
Guldenstadt, J. A., 1791. Reise durch Russland und im Gaucasischen Gebirge, auf Befehl der Kuss. Kays. Ak. d. Wissensch, 511 p.
Heolohyia SSSR. Donetskyibassein. 1944. [Geology of the USSR. Donetsk basin]. V.VII, M.-L., 21-29 (In Russian).
Ishhenko, T.A., 1961. Lepiodendropsisovaja florana juzhnoj okraine Donbassa. [Lepidodendropsis flora on the southern outskirts of Donbass]. Paleontol. Journal., 3(In Russian).
Ivanytskyi, A.B., 1833. Geognosticheskoe opisanie Mariupol'skogo okruga. [Geognostic description of Mariupol district]. Mountain Journal, 10, 49-90(In Russian).
Kravchuk, Ja., Zin'ko, Ju., Homyn, A., Shevchuk, O.,
2012. Proektovanyj geopark "Vulkanichni Kar-paty" [Geopark "Volcanic Carpathians" designed Visnyk of Lviv University.] Geography Series. Issue 40, Part 2. 30-43 (In Ukrainian).
Judin, V.V., 2006. Tektonika Juzhnogo Donbassa I rudo-genez.Monograph. [Tectonics of the South Donbass and ore genesis]. Kiev, UkrGRI, 108 p. (In Russian).
Klemm, M., 1874. Otchet o geologicheskih issledovani-jah na ploshhadi mezhdu Samaroju, Dneprom, Konkoju, Kal'miusom I Torcom. [Report on geological research on the area between Samara, Dnieper, Konka, Kalmius and Toretst].Proceed-ings Kharkiv Society of Naturalists, vol. VIII (In Russian).
Klemm, M., 1877. Issledovanija nad kristallicheskimi porodami mezhdu rr. Dneprom I Kal'miusom. [Studies on crystalline rocks between Dnieper and Kalmius rivers]. Proceedings Kharkiv Society of Naturalists, vol. X, 22. (In Russian).
Le-Play, F., 1842. Exploration des terrains carboniferes du Donetzexecutee de 1837 a 1839 sous la direction de M. A. Demidoff. Voyage dans la Russiemeri-dionaleet la Crimee sous la direction de M. Anatole de Demidoff. Paris. V. IV.
Machulina, S. O., Kvasnytsia, I. V., Halaburda, Yu. A., 2006. Novi dani pro krystalomorfolohiiu pirytu iz karbonatnykh pored Stylskoho kareru pivdenno-zakhidnoi chastyny Donbasu. [New data on crystalline morphology of pyrite from the carbonate rocks of the Stilsky Quarry in the southwestern part of the Donbass]. Reports of Nat. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 10, 128-131 (In Ukrainian).
Machulina, S., Shemiakina, T., Kvasnytsia, V, 2007. Ksenokrystaly khromshpinelidu y almandyn-piropu iz daiky trakhi-andezytovoho porfirytu v Stylskomu karieri (Prazovia). [Xenocrystals of chrompinelide-andalmandine-pyrope from the trachyte and andesitic porphyrite dike in the Styrian Quarry]. Geologist of Ukraine. 3, 28-34 (In Ukrainian).
Machulyna, S., 2007. Nakhodka redkykh stalaktytovykh y stalahmytovykh form pyryta v Donbasse. [Finding of rare stalactite and stalagmite pyrite forms in the Donbass]. Geologist of Ukraine.1, 86-87 (In Russian).
Makukhina, H.O., 1961. Petrohrafiia daikovo-efuzyvnoho kompleksu pivdenno-zakhidnoho Donbasu. [Petrography of the dyke-effusive complex of southwest Donbass]. USSR Academy of Sciences, 213-214 (In Ukrainian).
Manyuk, V., 2006. Potential objects for creation of a network national geopakrs in Ukraine. Volume of abstracts: ProGEO Symposium "Safeguarding our Geological Heritage". Kyiv, Kamianets-Podil'sky, 2006, 30-32.
Manyuk, V., 2007. The problem of creation of Network National Geoparks in Ukraine. Dnipropetrovsk, DNU Bulletin, 63-67.
Manyuk, V., 2008a. The problem of creation of a Network National Geoparks in Ukraine. Proceeding 33 th International Geological Congress, Norway, Oslo, 6-14 August, 2008.
Morozevich, Ju.A., 1898. Geologicheskie issledovanija, proizvedennye v Mariupol'skom uezde letom 1898. [Geological studies carried out in the Mariupol district in the summer of 1898]. Proceedings of the Geological Committee. St. Petersburg. V. XVII, 6, 287-295 (In Russian).
Murray, Gray, 2013. Geodiversity: Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature.2nd Edition.Willay-Blackwell, 508 p.
Murchison, Pr. I., 1845. The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural mountains. V.1, Geology, 700 p.
Ormont, N.P., 1956. Pirokseny bazal'tovyh porod bassejna r. Mokraja Volnovaha i raspredelenie zheleza v jetih porodah. [Pyroxenes of basalt rocks of the river basin Mokra Volnovakha and the distribution of iron in these rocks].Bulletin of Moskow University, 1, 42-65(In Russian).
Pallas, P.S., 1773. Reisedurchver-schiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs.Th. 1—3, 371 p.
Radzyvyll, A.Ya., Radzyvyl, V.Ya., Tokovenko, B.C., 1986. Tektono-mahmatycheskye struktury neoheia: Rehyonalnaia tektonyka Ukrainy. [Tectonic-magmatic structures of the Neogei: Regional tectonics of Ukraine]. Kiev, 39-40 (In Russian).
Rotai, A.P., 1934. Geologicheskie raboty v Doneckom bassejne letom 1928—29. [Geological work in the Donetsk basin in the summer of 192829]. Proceedings of the All-Union Geological Exploration Association, V. 356 (In Russian).
Shatalov, N.N., 1986. Daiky Pryazovia. [Dikes of the Pri-azovia]. Kiev, Naukova Dumka. 192 p.(In Russian).
Shevchuk, O., 2010. Jevropejs'ki geoparky: zberezhennja geospadshhyny i rozvytok geoturyzmu. [European geoparks: conservation of the geo-heritage and the development of geotourism.] Scientific notes of Ternopil National Pedagogical University. Series: Geography. Spec. Issue: Sustainable
Environmental Management: Approaches, Issues, Prospects. - Ternopil, 1 (Issue 27), 369-378. (In Ukrainian).
Shmal'gauzen, I. F., 1894. O devonskih rastenijah Do-neckogo kamennougol'nogo bassejna. [On the Devonian plants of the Donetsk coal basin]. Proceedings of Geol. com., vol. VIII, 3, 43 - 52.(In Russian).
Stylskyikarer, Stylaposiolok, Yuzhnyi Donbass, Donetskaia oblast, Ukraina. 2020. [Stylskyi quarry, Stylasettlement, SouthDonbass, Donetsk region, Ukraine].Retrieved from: https://webmineral.ru/ deposits/item.php?id=274 (In Russian).
Trypilska, M.I., 1958. Heolohichna budova zony zchlenuvannia Donetskoho kriazhu z Pryazovskym krystalichnym masyvom. [The geological structure of the articulation zone of the Donetsk Ridgewith the AzovCrystal Massif]. ASUkr. SSR, Kiev, 12-15. (In Ukrainian).
Uchjonye nashli drevnejshij iskopaemyj les na planete. 2020. [Scientists have found the oldest fossil forest on the planet]. Retrieved from: https://no-vostipmr.com/ru/news/19-12-23/uchenye-nash-li-drevneyshiy-iskopaemyy-les-na-planete (In Russian).
Yudin, V.V., Artemenko, V.M., 1996. Nova zbalansovana model SkladchastohoDonbasu. Suchasnyi metalohenichnyi prohnoz. [New balanced model of the Folded Donbass. Modern metallogenic forecast]. Mineral resources of Ukraine. 2, 14-16. (In Ukrainian).
Yudin, V.V., 2004. Shariazhnoe stroenye Yuzhnoho Don-bassa. [The overthrusted structure of the South Donbass]. Collection of scientific works of UkrS-GPI, scientific journal.2,108-115.(In Russian).
Yudin, V.V., 2006. TektonykaYuzhnoho Donbasa y rudo-henez. [Tectonics of the South Donbas and ore genesis]. Monograph. UkrSGPI, 108p.
Zinko, Ju. V., Shevchuk, O.M. 2011. Proektovani geoparky Zahidnoi' Ukrai'ny. [Projected geoparks of Western Ukraine]. Physical geography and geomorphology. Kyiv, VGL "Obrii", Issue. 3 (64), 41-55.
