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Original article
Hemodynamic Changes Caused by Exposure of Animals with Acute Immobilization Stress to Continuous Terahertz Radiation with Frequencies equal to Absorption and Emission Frequencies of Nitrogen Oxide and Atmospheric Oxygen
Vyacheslav F. Kirichuk, Vitaly V. Velikanov, Tatyana S. Velikanova, Olga N. Antipova, Evgeny V. Andronov, Alexey N. Ivanov, Svetlana S. Parshina, Natalia E. Babichenko, Tatyana S. Kiriyazi, Elena V. Ponukalina,
Irina V. Smyshlyaeva, Liliana K. Tokaeva, Alexander A. Tsymbal
Department of Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia
Received 10 September 2012, Accepted 12 October 2012.
© 2012, Kirichuk V.F., Velikanov V.V., Velikanova T.S., Antipova O.N., Andronov E.V., Ivanov A.N., Parshina S.S., Babichenko N.E., Kiriyazi T.S., Ponukalina E.V., Smyshlyaeva I.V., Tokaeva L.K., Tsymbal A.A.
© 2012, Russian Open Medical Journal
Abstract: The aim was to study the effects of exposure of albino rats to continuous terahertz radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) during their immobilization stress on their blood flow rate. Methods - The group of 120 male non-pedigree albino rats with average weight of 180-220 g was chosen as a test subject. Simulation of hemodynamic disorders was achieved by incurring active immobilization stress. All rats were exposed to electromagnetic terahertz radiation equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) for 5, 15 and 30 minutes. Results - Experimental simulation of hemodynamic disorders during acute immobilization stress has shown that exposure to continuous terahertz radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) for 5, 15 and 30 minutes allows to revert post-stress hemodynamic changes in great vessels. Conclusion - This allows using terahertz electromagnetic radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) to treat hemodynamic disorders accompanying some of pathologic diseases.
Keywords: hemodynamics, linear blood flow rate, terahertz waves, nitrogen oxide, atmospheric oxygen.
Cite as Kirichuk VF, Velikanov VV, Velikanova TS, Antipova ON, Andronov EV, Ivanov AN, Parshina SS, Babichenko NE, Kiriyazi TS, Ponukalina EV, Smyshlyaeva IV, Tokaeva LK, Tsymbal AA. Hemodynamic Changes Caused by Exposure of Animals with Acute Immobilization Stress to Continuous Terahertz Radiation with Frequencies equal to Absorption and Emission Frequencies of Nitrogen Oxide and Atmospheric Oxygen. Russian Open Medical Journal 2012; 1: 0303.
Correspondence to Prof. Vyacheslav F. Kirichuk. Address: Department of Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, 112, Bolshaya Kazachiya str., Saratov, 410012, Russia. E-mail: [email protected].
Introduction
Hemodynamic disorders can be treated by a wide range of vasodilating agents. However, the optimal results are rather hard to achieve: there is always a risk of undesirable adverse effects and counter indications limiting application of these agents.
That's why, nowadays, development of new drug-free methods of hemodynamic disorder treatment is a subject of intense study. One of such methods is application of low-intensive millimeter and submillimeter radiation [1-4].
In recent years, a new branch of information therapy has emerged - terahertz therapy [5]. Terahertz frequency band makes for an interesting research subject because molecular absorption and emission spectra (MAES) of various cell metabolites (NO, CO, active forms of oxygen etc.) belong to this band [6].
Of the above mentioned test subjects for electromagnetic radiation effect study, the most interesting are frequencies of absorption and emission spectra of nitrogen oxide (150.176-
150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) as there is evidence of positive effect of the said frequencies energy deposition on rheological properties of blood and platelet functional activity [7, 8], blood clotting and fibrinolytic activity [8], blood gas and electrolyte concentration [10], lipid peroxidation and antioxidative activity [11, 12], functional status of thyroid body [13], primary indices of metabolic status [14], concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone in blood [15], receptor system of formed blood elements [16], state of vascular endothelium [17] and microcirculation [18].
The lack of data on physiological effects of exposure of albino rats to electromagnetic terahertz radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0±0.75 GHz) during their immobilization stress leading to disrupted blood flow velocity served as a primary reason for studying various modes of terahertz radiation with the said frequencies.
Table 1. . Hemodynamic parameters of abdominal aorta blood flow in control group's rats, rats with acute immobilization stress, and rats exposed to terahertz 150.176-150.664 GHz radiation under immobilization stress
Parameters Control group Immobilization stress Time of radiation exposition under stress
5 minutes 15 minutes 30 minutes
Vam, cm/s 15.2 (14.04-15.8) 17.7 (17.17-20.6) p1=0.000015 16.19 (15.37-17.64) Pl=0.110288 P2=0.003943 15.09 (14.25-15.86) Pl=0.950390 P2=0.000005 14.77 (14.16-15.74) Pl=0.693551 P2=0.000003
Vas, cm/s 34.5 (32.93-37.64) 40.56 (35.28-43.91) p1=0.007941 34.45 (30.58- 38.12) Pl=0.917411 p1=0.021334 34.60 (31.36-36.07) Pl=0.533833 p2=0.005114 34.34 (31.36-38.42) Pl=0.633364 p2=0.003454
Vad, cm/s 3.13 (0.78-4.7) 3.92 (3.13-6.27) p1=0.038089 2.45 (0.78- 3.92) Pl=0.708923 P2=0.010122 1.46 (0.00-3.13) Pl=0.105740 P2=0.000724 2.50 (1.56-3.92) Pl=0.724416 P2=0.012093
PG, mmHg 0.46 (0.4-0.54) 0.64 (0.49-0.73) p1=0.008443 0.46 (0.36- 0.57) Pl=0.900972 P2=0.018067 0.45 (0.38-0.49) Pl=0.383733 P2=0.042101 0.48 (0.38-0.57) Pl=0.708923 P2=0.006190
The data present as median and intercvartiles range - Me (Qi-Qj). pi is p-level of difference from control group. p2 is p-level of difference from group with acute immobilization stress.
Table 2. Hemodynamic parameters of femoral artery blood flow in control group's rats, rats with acute immobilization stress, and rats exposed to terahertz 150.176-150.664 GHz radiation under immobilization stress
Parameters Control group Immobilization stress Time of radiation exposition under stress
5 minutes 15 minutes 30 minutes
Vam, cm/s 9.67 (8.48-10.39) 13.13 (12.01-13.91) p1=0.000008 9.21 (8.18-10.24) Pl=0.633364 P2=0.000031 10.08 (8.61-11.96) Pl=0.575511 P2=0.000457 9.83 (8.87-11.07) Pl=0.533830 P2=0.000015
Vas, cm/s 21.17 (19.6-22.74) 24.30 (23.52-28.23) p1=0.000115 21.80 (18.82-25.09) p1=0.933886 P2=0.023788 22.10 (21.17-23.52) p1=0.077932 P2=0.003230 21.85 (20.38-22.74) p1=0.383733 P2=0.002637
Vad, cm/s -1.57 (-2.36-0.78) 1.56 (0.78-3.92) p1=0.000262 -0.63 (-3.14-1.56) Pl=0.724416 P2=0.003691 -0.63 (-2.36-2.35) Pl=0.648204 P2=0.014397 -1.62 (-3.14-0.1) Pl=0.418618 P2=0.000075
PG, mmHg 0.17 (0.14-0.19) 0.23 (0.21-0.33) p1=0.000148 0.18 (0.12-0.25) Pl=0.950390 p2=0.017080 0.18 (0.17-0.21) Pl=0.110288 p2=0.003230 0.18 (0.16-0.19) Pl=0.493731 p2=0.001866
Thus, the aim of this work is to study the effects of exposure of albino rats to continuous terahertz radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0±0.75 GHz) during their immobilization stress on their blood flow rate.
Material and methods
In order to a find a solution to the aforementioned problem, a group of 120 male non-pedigree albino rats with average weight of 180-220 g was chosen as a test subject. Simulation of hemodynamic disorders was achieved by incurring active immobilization stress.
The animals were exposed to electromagnetic terahertz radiation equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0±0.75 GHz). The exposure was done using Orbita, an extremely-high frequency (EHF) therapy apparatus [19, 20]. The animals with acute immobilization stress received a single dose of radiation for 5, 15 and 30 minutes.
Blood flow analysis within abdominal aorta and femoral artery was performed using MM-D-F portable microprocessor-based Doppler ultrasonograph ("Minimax", Russia) [21] and Doppler ultrasonic transducer with 10 MHz working frequency used for ultrasound probing. During the analysis, the following parameters were registered: average linear blood flow velocity (Vam), average linear systolic blood flow velocity (Vas), average linear diastolic blood flow velocity (Vad) and pressure differential (PG).
The studied animals was divided into 5 groups of 15 rats each: 1st group - control group (noninvolved animals), 2nd group -
comparison group (animals with acute immobilization stress), 3rd, 4th and 5th groups were comprised of animals exposed to terahertz radiation equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) for 5, 15 and 30 minutes (respectively) while 6th, 7th and 8th were comprised of animals exposed to terahertz radiation equal to absorption and emission frequencies of atmospheric oxygen (129.0±0.75 GHz) for 5, 15 and 30 minutes (respectively).
The obtained data were processed with generally accepted parametric and nonparametric methods of statistical analysis using Statistica for Windows v.6.0 software. As Gaussian law was found to be not applicable to majority of obtained data, Mann-Whitney U test was used for value comparison instead and Fischer's z test and certainty factor p were calculated on the basis of Mann-Whitney U test value.
Results
According to test results, acute immobilization stress leads to statistically-valid (in comparison to control group) changes of hemodynamic parameters including increase of average linear, average linear systolic and average linear diastolic blood flow velocities as well as pressure differential. I.e., in abdominal aorta linear blood flow velocity increased by 26%, systolic blood flow velocity - by 15%, diastolic blood flow velocity - by 75% and pressure gradient - by 34%, while in femoral artery, linear blood flow velocity increased by 50%, systolic blood flow velocity - by 23%, diastolic blood flow velocity - by 25% and pressure gradient - by 67%.
Table 3. Hemodynamic parameters of abdominal aorta blood flow in control group's rats, rats with acute immobilization stress, and rats exposed to terahertz 129.0±0.75 GHz radiation under immobilization stress
Parameters Control group Immobilization stress Time of radiation exposition under stress
5 minutes 15 minutes 30 minutes
Vam, cm/s 15.2 (14.04-15.8) 17.7 (17.17-20.6) P1=0.000015 15.07 (12.93-15.29) Pl=0.87708 P2=0.000001 15.53 (13.93-15.98) Pl=0.070646 P2=0.000003 15.57 (14.39-15.86) Pl=0.080857 P2=0.000049
Vas, cm/s 34.5 (32.93-35.64) 40.56 (35.28-43.91) P1=0.007941 32.72 (31.36-37.52) Pl=0.173479 p2=0.000446 35.51 (32.15-36.85) Pl=0.503580 p2=0.001875 34.9 (31.36-37.64) Pl=0.071416 p2=0.000246
Vad, cm/s 3.13 (0.78-4.7) 3.92 (3.13-6.27) P1=9.038089 2.35 (0.79-3.13) Pl=0.118245 P2=0.000182 2.31 (0.79-2.35) Pl=0.95675 P2=0.037626 2.35 (0.78-3.92) Pl=0.526844 P2=0.011364
PG, mmHg 0.46 (0.4-0.54) 0.64 (0.57-0.73) P1=0.008443 0.52 (0.38-0.6) Pl=0.292906 P2=0.001227 0.48 (0.38-0.6) Pl=0.704222 p2=0.00303 0.4 (0.36-0.54) Pl=0.079535 P2=0.000443
Table 4. Hemodynamic parameters of femoral artery blood flow in control group's rats, rats with acute immobilization stress, and rats exposed to terahertz 129.0±0.75 GHz radiation under immobilization stress
Paramenetrs Control group Immobilization stress Time of radiation exposition under stress
5 minutes 15 minutes 30 minutes
Vam, cm/s 9.67 (8.48-10.39) 13.13 (12.01-13.91) p1=0.000008 9.32 (9.08-9.76) p1=0.265280 P2=0.001328 9.36 (9.08-9.84) p1=0.213375 P2=0.000533 9.5 (9.12-9.84) p1=0.309529 P2=0.010745
Vas, cm/s 21.17 (19.6-22.74) 24.30 (23.52-28.23) P1=0.000115 22.06 (21.17-22.74) p1=0.299050 P2=0.000726 22.82 (21.17-23.52) p1=0.101343 P2=0.071186 22.34 (21.17-23.52) p1=0.340087 P2=0.014397
Vad, cm/s -1.57 (-2.36-0.78) 1.56 (0.78-3.92) P1=0.000262 -1.7 (-2.36-0.79) Pl=0.650439 p2=0.000832 -1.56 (-2.36-0.79) Pl=0.633364 p2=0.01359 -1.79 (-2.75-0.79) Pl=0.101343 p2=0.01708
PG, mmHg 0.17 (0.14-0.19) 0.23 (0.21-0.33) P1=0.000148 0.18 (0.17-0.19) Pl=0.354869 P2=0.000677 0.19 (0.17-0.21) Pl=0.105740 P2=0.067997 0.18 (0.17-0.21) Pl=0.406787 P2=0.010122
Maximal efficiency of continuous exposure of male rats with acute immobilization stress to terahertz radiation equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-
150.664 GHz) was found to be achieved after 5 minutes exposure to terahertz waves. In this case, exposure of male rats with acute immobilization stress to terahertz radiation led to complete recovery from any systematic hemodynamic disorders of abdominal aorta and femoral artery which was evidenced by absence of statistically-valid differences in such hemodynamic parameters as average linear, average linear systolic and average linear diastolic blood flow velocities as well as pressure differential of animals from the studied group in comparison to animals from control group. Continuous exposure of male rats with acute immobilization stress to terahertz radiation for 15 and 30 minutes also led to complete recovery from any systematic hemodynamic disorders in both of the abovementioned great vessels (Tables 1 and 2).
Continuous exposure of male rats with acute immobilization stress to terahertz radiation equal to absorption and emission frequencies of atmospheric oxygen (129.0±0.75 GHz) for 5 minutes leads to normalization of all studied hemodynamic parameters of abdominal aorta and femoral artery. Further increase of time of exposure to electromagnetic terahertz radiation equal to absorption and emission frequencies of atmospheric oxygen to 15 and 30 minutes does not appear to increase biological effect of terahertz radiation to hemodynamic parameters (Tables 3 and 4).
Discussion
Active forms of oxygen acts as intermediate agents for positive effect of electromagnetic terahertz radiation equal to absorption
and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide and atmospheric oxygen in cells and body fluids [22]. The said active forms are generated as a result of enzyme-caused changes in hydration of protein molecules and increase of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxydase, cyclooxygenase and xanthine oxydase activity while concentration of the said enzymes is kept on stationary level. In their turn, active forms of oxygen together with Ca2+ stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase, accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in endothelial vessel cells and increase of NO-synthase activity which leads to increase of NO generation. This may be one of possible mechanisms of both antistress and vasodilating effect of terahertz radiation equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide and atmospheric oxygen. Synthesized nitrogen oxide has the ability to form complex compound which can act as a sort of repository in vessel endothelium which is capable of releasing NO, if necessary [23, 24].
Nitrogen oxide is a natural regulator of vascular tone, thus causing vasodilating effect [25]. Activation of NO-ergic system also restricts excessive secretion of pituitary-hypothalamic stress hormones (adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone releasing hormone etc.), blocks secretion of catecholamines by adrenal glands and nerve terminals [26]. Nitrogen oxide also supports stress limiting effect of GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid)-ergic and opioidergic systems [27] by decreasing concentration of stress-inducing hormones (including adrenaline and adrenocorticotropic hormone), which leads to recovery of platelet aggregation ability disrupted by acute immobilization stress.
Mechanism of terahertz waves' activity always includes NOsynthase [28, 29]. NO-synthase can influence formation of active forms of oxygen in endothelial cells by activating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxydase, thus causing vascular relaxation. I.e. hydrogen peroxide causes endothelium-dependent vessel vasodilation which is mediated by prostaglandins E2 and I2 [30].
It is known that electromagnetic terahertz radiation equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide and atmospheric oxygen can replenish decreased nitrite concentration in blood plasma during stress [31, 32] which can serve as a indirect indication of normalization of nitrogen oxide generation process and provides an opportunity to normalize endothelial functions.
Conclusion
The results of this study has shown that according to experimental simulation of hemodynamic disorders during acute immobilization stress, exposure to continuous terahertz radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) for 5, 15 and 30 minutes allows to revert poststress hemodynamic changes in great vessels. This allows using terahertz electromagnetic radiation with frequencies equal to absorption and emission frequencies of nitrogen oxide (150.176-
150.664 GHz) and atmospheric oxygen (129.0 ± 0.75 GHz) to treat hemodynamic disorders accompanying some of pathologic diseases.
Conflict of interest: none declared.
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Authors:
Vyacheslav F. Kirichuk - MD, D.Sc., Professor, Honored Scientist of Russia, Head of Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Vitaly V. Velikanov - MD, Postgraduate, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Tatyana S. Velikanova - MD, PhD, Assistant, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Olga N. Antipova - MD, D.Sc., Associate Professor, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Evgeny V. Andronov - MD, D.Sc., Professor, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Alexey N. Ivanov - MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Svetlana S. Parshina - MD, D.Sc., Professor, Department of Therapy, Faculty training and retraining of specialits, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Natalia E. Babichenko - MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Tatyana S. Kiriyazi - PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Elena V. Ponukalina - MD, D.Sc., Professor, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Irina V. Smyshlyaeva - MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Liliana K. Tokaeva - MD, D.Sc., Professor, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia;
Alexander A. Tsymbal - MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Normal Physiology n.a. I.A. Chuevsky, Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia.
