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21
Jan Marczuk, Krzysztof Lutnicki, Maciej Gajçcki* ©
Department of Internal Medicine of Farm Animals and Horses Chair and Clinic of Internal Medicine University of Life Sciences in Lublin ul. Glçboka 30 20 - 612 Lublin, Poland *Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia andMazury in Olsztyn, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN DAIRY COWS
AFFECTED BY SUBCLINICAL MYCOTOXYCOSES - TWO CLINICAL
CASES
Abstract.
Mycotoxicoses ist the important problem in pig and poultry husbandry. In bovine clinical practice are observed the fungal toxins intoxications very often. Diagnosis of the subclinical forms of mycotoxycoses found on the estimation of toxins amount in the blood. In this paper the morphological and biochemical changes in blood obtained from dairy cows suffering by subclinical mycotoxicose are discussed.
Key words: mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, dairy cows, hematological and biochemical changes
In last years there were the great amount of cattle fodder contamination with fungal toxins, which make a great life hazard for dairy cows. It comes to contamination during the plant vegetation as well as during fodder storage. The great influence on fodder contamination have the meteorological circumstances, using the herbicides and the simplification of plant cultivation.
Fungal mycotoxins exhibits fatal biological influence on the organism. The resistance of ruminants depended of the elimination ability in rumen, before the mycotoxins are absorbed into animals organism. The clinical signs accompanying the intoxication status are nonspecific . There are the consequences of metabolic and hormonal imbalance , the inflammation processes and immunological response of the organism. The thru diagnosis is very difficult because of pathogens plurality, clinical signs variety, and very expensive laboratory test, which must be used. In clinical practice there are mostly the chronic forms of this intoxication, the acute forms are observed very rare. Some mycotoxins are able to accumulation in adipose tissues. In terms of strong lipolisis after parturition it comes to simultaneous excesses mycotoxins liberation into blood and toxic effect. Mycotoxins intoxication may be suspected in each case, with atypical course of illness, and where the classical therapy is ineffective.
© Jan Marczuk, Krzysztof Lutnicki, Maciej Gajçcki, 2011
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Tab. 1.
Distribution of mycotoxins in Central Europe ( Slovakia, Czech, Poland, Ukraine,
Germany) (accoor ing Rodrigues, Nahrer )
Afla ZEA DON FUM OTA
Number of tests 29 643 972 41 46
Percent positive [%] 14 26 60 32 28
Average [^g/kg] 0 30 967 608 8
Maximum [^g/kg] 2 1 045 49 000 6 770 331
Material and methods.
The blood samples were obtained from 20 cows with no clinical signs of the disease. Two different herds were examined (BU and GL).
The material for hematological and biochemical analysis were blood serum. Mycotoxins were estimated as follow: ZEA determinations were made with HPLC-FLD method (Zearala TestWB, Instruction Manual, VICAM) and DON with HPLC-UV method (DonTestWB, Instruction Manual, VICAM) respectively.
In the blood samples were estimated the basic hematological (WBC, RBC, Hb, Ht, neutrophils, eozynophils, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet count) and biochemical parameters (total protein TP, albumins, globulins, AST, Na, K, urea, total Ca, Ca++, P, Mg) using the kinetic method with EPOLL-20 analyzer and Mindray chemistry analyzer BS -130.
Results.
In cows with subclinical forms of intoxication the leukocytosis with right shift of Schilling, low Hb concentration, decreased amount of erythrocytes and Ht value. The strong eosinophilia was detected in all cases.
Tab. 2.
Mycotoxins concentration in anemic dairy cows (Herd BU)
No. of cow Nivalenol (NIV) concentration in serum ng/ml Deoksyniwalenol (DON) concentration in serum ng/ml
1 BU 86,01 -
4 BU 87,06 12,18
6 BU 75,11 -
9 BU 34,96 3,76
11 BU 51,74 -
12 BU 72,68 4,91
Tab. 3.
Hematological parameters in anemic cows . (Herd BU)
Reference values 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
WBC [109/l)] 4 - 10 5,4 5,2 4,7 7,4 4,5 4,3 5,5 5,8 7,5
RBC [1012/l] 5 - 8 7,61 4,96 4,7 5,59 6,3 5,01 6,74 5,62 5,56
Hemoglobin [g/l] 80 - 140 111 70 80 96 88 86 109 85 88
Hematocrit [%] 27 - 48 30,9 17,6 21,5 26,3 22,4 23,3 31,0 22,7 23,3
Neutrophil band. [%] (/x 109/l) < 2 < 0,12 1 1 1 3 2 1
Neutrophil segm. [%] (/x 109/l) 15 - 45 (0,60 - 4,00) 36 30 31 34 30 47 27 21 25
Eosinphiles [%] (/x 109/l) 2 - 20 (< 0,40) 12 0,65 1 14 0,66 5 0,37 9 0,41 1 4 9 0,52 -
Basophiles [%] (/x 109/l) < 2 (< 0,20) 3 - 1 - 2 1 1 1 1
Lymphocytes [%] (/x 109/l) 45 - 72 (2,50 -7,50) 46 2,48 67 3,48 53 2,49 60 4,44 55 2,48 48 2,06 68 3,74 67 3,89 74 5,55
Monocytes [%] (/x 109/l) 2 - 7 (0,025 -0,84) 2 2 1 1 1
Neutrofil / Lymphocyte Ratio 0,84 - 0,94 1,18 0,49 0,89 0,67 0,83 1,09 0,47 0,49 0,35
MCV [fl] 40 - 60 40,6 35,5 45,7 47 35,5 46,5 45,9 40,4 41,9
MCH [pg] 11 - 17 14,5 14,1 17,0 17,1 14,0 17,2 16,2 15,1 15,9
MCHC [g/dl] 30 - 40 35,9 39,7 37,1 36,4 39,4 36,9 35,3 37,3 38,0
Trombocytes [109/l] 100 - 800 162 175 192 200 150 136 161 175 248
Tab.4.
Mycotoxins concentration in blood obtained from cows with strong eosinophilia. __(Herd GL) _
No. of cow Nivalenol (NIV) concentration in serum ng/ml Deoksyniwalenol (DON) concentration in serum ng/ml
1 GL 54,78
2 GL 47,21 7,87
3 GL 31,30 -
8 GL 75,65 3,02
9 GL 98,10 -
10 GL 87,68 2,43
Tab. 5.
Hematological parameters in cows with
Reference values 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WBC [109/l)] 4 - 10 10,9 11,2 19,1 17,6 10,2 8,95 19,0 12,0 11,9 14,9
RBC [1012/l] 5 - 8 7,45 8,65 6,98 8,40 8,74 11,9 8,96 9,07 10,4 8,15
Hemoglobin [g/l] 80 - 140 130 146 97 140 101 138 119 118 132 113
Hematocrit [%] 27 - 48 41,5 44,5 31,7 45,5 33,8 51,2 41,4 40,7 43,9 40,0
Neutrophil band. [%] (/x 109/l) do 2 < 0,12 1 3 3 0,57 6 1,06 1 1 2
Neutrophil segm. [%] (/x 109/l) 15 - 45 (0,60 - 4,00) 34 41 48 8 34 34 10 25 33 46
Eosinphiles [%] (/x 109/l) 2 - 20 (< 0,40) 11 1,20 13 1,49 6 1,15 1 0,18 15 1,53 7 0,63 4 0,76 31 3,73 11 1,31 19 2,83
Basophiles [%] (/x 109/l) do 2 (< 0,20) 3 1 2 1
Lymphocytes [%] (/x 109/l) 45 - 72 (2,50 - 7,50) 53 5,78 43 4,80 43 8,21 85 15,0 48 4,89 57 4,13 81 15,4 44 5,29 35 4,17 33 4,92
Monocytes [%] (/x 109/l) 2 - 7 (0,025 - 0,84) 1
Neutrofil / Lymphocyte Ratio 0,84 - 0,94 0,89 1,33 1,33 0,18 1,08 1,17 0,23 1,27 1,85 2,03
MCV [fl] 40 - 60 55,6 51,5 45,5 54,1 38,7 43,0 46,2 44,8 42,1 49,1
MCH [pg] 11 - 17 17,5 16,9 13,9 16,6 11,6 11,5 13,3 13,1 12,7 13,9
MCHC [g/dl] 30 - 40 31,4 32,8 30,6 30,7 30,0 26,9 28,8 29,1 30,1 28,2
Trombocytes [109/l] 100 - 800 51 562 1041 390 1102 536 723 763 646 459
In GL dairy cows herds (GL group) the examination of milk proofs exhibited: mean urea content 186 mg/l, milk fat 4,85%, protein 3,32%, fat/protein index 1,46. Biochemical parameters characterized low concentration of TP in 5 of 10 examined cows ( 61-70 g/l), whereas the high concentration of serum TP (100,5 g/l) was estimated in one cows in this herd. One cow exhibit normal concentration of serum albumins and simultaneously low concentration of globulins (23,3 g/l), in four of them the high concentrations of globulins were measured. The elevated values of GGT (32-50U/l) were measured in 5 cows and in 4 cows the increase of AST activity (101 - 111 U/l) was
noticed. Almost all of the cows in this herd were hypocalcemic (9,24 - 8,94 mg/dl) and one of them show hypophosphatemy.
In the other herd (BU) the examination of milk proofs exhibited: milk fat 4,23%, protein 2,56%, fat/protein index 1,63, somatic cels 265 000 /1ml. All cows exhibited the elevated concentration of TP (78,5 - 83,9 g/l) and high urea concentration (27,5 - 43,1 mg/dl). In 7 of 10 examined cows elevated activity of GGT and in one case AST were noticed, One half of the herd was hypocalcemic, and two of them has low concentration of blood iron Fe.
Discussion.
Examined cows did not exhibitet no clinical signs of illness. Urine examination indicate the subclinical ketosis in BU herd. There were no parasitic infestation in herds.. The fodder examination confirmed the mycotoxins contamination in both herds. In GL herd the source of mytotoxins were humid beet pulp, whereas in BU herd it was the grain. The screening examinations of blood samples exhibitet the elevated mycotoxins concentration (Tab.2 and Tab. 4).
Hematological examinations show anemia in BU herd (low Ht, Hb concentration and erytrocyte ), 4 of 9 cows exhibited eosinophilia. In GL herd eosinophilic were 9 of 10 examined cows. It confirms the suggestion, that mycotoxicosis was only one cause of eosinophilia - as the systemic allergic reaction on mycotoxins. The anemy with only two patients exhibited low iron concentrations do suggest, that mytotoxins in fodder were the cause of disturbances in erytropoesis. In both herds the elevated activity of GGT indicate the liver injury. The elevated GGT activity values and normal AST values can sugest the problems with bile circulation ( hepatic cholestasis).
Conclusions.
1. Subclinical mycotoxicosis in dairy cows evoked many hematological and biochemical changes in blood.
2. Hematological examinations show leucocytosis, anemia, and eosinophilia.
3. Biochemical examinations indicate the high activity of GGT and hypocalcemy.
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