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Seyed Mohammad HOSSEINI1 - University of Mazandaran; Seyed Waglhallah Mousavi MIRKALAEI2 - General office of Natural Resources
HELICOPTER LOGGING SYSTEM IN THE NATURAL BROADLEAF FORESTS OF IRAN
The Natural Broadleaf Forests (i.e. the Hyrcanian Forests) of Iran are located in the north of Iran near the Caspian Sea, which is the commercial forest in Iran. For many reasons the main harvesting system in these forests is the skidding system and the helicopter logging system is used in the small parts and special cases. This paper will discuses the helicopter logging system which was used in central of the Hyrcanian forests of Iran and compare with the old system.
Keywords: Helicopter logging, Hyrcanian Forests, Forest Harvesting, logs
Ceid Мохамед ХОСЕ1Н1 - Ун-т Масандарану; Ceid Вохала Масавi МЕРКЕЛЕЙ - Головний офк природних pecypcie, 1ран
Вертолггна система лiсозаготiвлi в природних широколистяних лках 1рану
Природш широколистяш люи (Гиркансью люи), яю е комерцшними, розташо-ваш на niBH04i 1рану бшя Каспшського моря. Головно, в цих люах застосовуеться наземне трелювання, але на невеликих площах, в окремих випадках, може викорис-товуватися для транспортування деревини вертолт Наведено порiвняльну ощнку вертол^но!' та традищйно!' наземно! систем люозаготсвель в центральнш частиш Гирканських лiсiв 1рану.
Ключов! слова: вертштна система люозагот1вл^ Гиркансью люи, колоди.
Introduction
Natural broadleaf forests of Iran (i.e. the Hyrcanian Forests) are the only commercial forests in Iran, which cover about 1.8 million hectares in land area of Iran. Most of these forests are located in the steep terrain with high slopes on the Alborz Mountains overlooking the Caspian Sea. The length of these forests strip is about 1000 km with width of about 30 km.
Chainsaws are used for cutting the trees. Because the logs diameters of trees, chainsaw operations use long bars. In general, one chainsaw is run by two people. After
1 P.O. Box: 416, BaboJsar, Iran, Fax: +98 1252 33 702. E-mail: S_hoseini99@ hotmail.com
2 Edare Kolle Manabe Tabiei Nowshahr, Nowshar, Iran. Fax: +98 191 322 6 J 65. E-mail: [email protected]
1. Техшка та технологи лкового господарства
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felling, delimmbing and crosscutting are carried out using the chainsaw. The branches less than 7 cm in diameter are left in the forest, while straight branches over 30 cm in diameter are considered logs. Logs are 2.8 m in length or a multiple of this. For many reasons, the main extraction system in the Hyrcanian Forests of Iran is skidding system. Harvesters and forwarders machines are not used in these forests.
The helicopter logging system is used in small especial parts. The Forest and Range Management Organization (The Iranian Forestry Board) organized this system with supporting of a forestry private company about 5 years ago. This paper will discuss about this system and compare with the old system according the harvesting costs.
Site Location
The site location was in the Sad Abroad Forestry Planning near the Nowshahr town in the north of Iran (Figure 1). The compartments of 204 and 205 of this forestry planning were selected for this study. The total surface cover was 103 hectares which about 7 % of it is protected area. Average altitude is nearly 1500 m from the sea level and with slope of more than 30 % (Table 1).
Figure 1. Site location in North Forests of Iran
The standing timber volumes were more than 350 m per hectare and canopy cover was 6075 %. The vegetation association is Fagetum (Fagus orientalis) with managed using the schetlerwood system.
Tab1e 1. Average slope and land the fie1d study
Slope (%) 0-30 31-60 61-80 81-100
Land area (ha) 21 33 43 6
Road Construction
There are two forest main roads in top and bottom of field study (Figure 2). Average forest road density is 25 m per hectare. Minimum distance between two forest roads is 700 m and maximum is 950 m.
Helicopter system
The helicopter used was a Kamov 32 model with two propellers with 4500 horsepower engine. Average speed of this machine was 100-120 km/h (maximum 230 km/h). The chockers were connected to cable with 60 m in length (Figure 2).
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Figure 2. Helicopter logging system Methods
The timber volumes were measured in landing and weights of timber per loading were measured by the helicopter system. Logs were carried uphill to downhill. Average transport was 1-4 km from the forest stand to landing. The climate was sunny during the extraction operations and temperature was 12-30 °C (Table 2). So, without environmental and silvicalcheral viewpoints, helicopter extraction costs compared with the old system (animal system). Furthermore, according the Iranian market, the values of forest products were evaluated in each harvesting system.
Results
About 1800 m3 timber volumes were extracted by 365 flights in different temperature during 15 days (Table 2).
Table 2. Number of flights in different temperature
Temperature (°C)
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Total
Number of flights
47
55
75
34
23
16
83
32
365
3
As a result, harvesting costs of timber volume per m in the helicopter system was 4 % more than the old system. While the product value in the helicopter system were 25 % more than the old system. So, this paper showed that productivity costs in the helicopter system was 21.9 % more than the old system (Figure 3).
If old system have been used instead of the helicopter system, straight branches and stem over 30 cm in diameter were be cut as quadrilateral timber in the forest using chainsaws. All other parts are called residua! and are used for fuel, charcoal, fiber, pulp and paper industries. A study indicated that about 36 % of logs volume ends up as residual material (Sarikhani. 1994).
Conclusion
Based on topographic conditions, using skidding system was not possible and the quality of logs was so good. For these reasons, most of logs were not cut as quadrilateral products in the forest by chainsaws. In addition, by using the skidding tracks we may observe soil compaction and other skidding damages on forest remain stands and regeneration.
References
1. Anonymous. (1997). Evaluation of helicopter logging system in the Hyrcanian Forests of Iran. Forest and Range Management Organization. Volume. 2.
2. Sarikhani, N. (1994). Forest Utilization. Tehran University Publication.
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