CC BY
0HEAVY METAL IONS: NEW IDEOLOGIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANT FORMS L.I.Bronnikova
Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, 72 Gagarina Avenue, Dnipro, Ukraine, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 31/17 Vasylkivska
Str., Kyiv, Ukraine E - mail: Zlenkolora@gmail.com, Zlenko lora@ukr.net https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10936010 Under normal condition plant system supports cooperation among tissues and organs and actively uses trophic and energy resources. The determination of any external factor provoker a number changes within organism. Those changes are symptoms of stress setuation. Stress desturbes plant parameters up to their full destraction.
Among abiotic stresses the osmotic stress is the most dangerous one. It is explained by various stress - related genes and products expression. That is why the dynamics of tolerance mechanisms depens on coordinated expression of genes network. So abiotic stress tolerance is combined nature and thus comparatively difficult to obtaine tolerant varieties [1].
Several eflorts are being made to improve plant stress tolerance chrongh cell selection. Various plants forms with improved peculiar features were obtained via cell selection.
Abiotic stresses, anthropogenic pressure
Disorder of a specific metaboliclink
Heavy metal ions; selection; LD
Ba2+; Cd
2+
Resistant to HMI variants; Frequency of
excretion 10-6; Cultivation in initial couditious at least there passades; Duration of individual passades 30-35 days; change of cultivation conditiond
WÜ42";VO
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
In general HMI can product vast pathological alterations in diflerent tissues of plant organism. From the other hand, the tolerance to HMI and osmotic stress may by combined. It is
known, that the principal injury of salinity pressure is connected with irreversifle loss of internal K+ ions. From the other hand Ba2+ cations can destroy the transfer of K+ streams [2, 3].
Plant deprivation disturb plants protein compartments. Water plant status is connected with different tipes of proteins. The LEA (late embryogenesis abundant proteins) are among them. Some stress factors, espassially cadmium, Cd2+, inhibet synthesis and accumulation of LEA. So we use Cd2+ in cell selection for increase plant tolerance. There is a new trent of cell selection that provides the opportunity for obtaining variants with combinet tolerance [6, 8].
Selective systems with lethal for cell cultures of wild type dozes of Ba2+ and Cd2+ cations were elaborated. Tobacco cell suspension cultures were planted in Petri dishes between two layers of selective media. Lethal dozes of HMI resulted in elimination of wild type cells. Only single cell with genetic changes keep their viability. Ion - resistant cells grow on selective media and formed resistant cell lines. Ba - resistant lines were cultivated in presence of Ba2+ cations; Cd2+ - resdistant variantans were cultivated under Cd2+ stress pressure. After several passages (single passage continued 30 - 35 days) under such initial conditions experimental cell variants weretransfled to media with salinity or manitol. Salinity was simulated by addition of sea water salts. Manitol is organic compounds for simulating water deficit. Toxic agents were added at lethal dozes. Ba - resistant and Cd - resistanr cell lines maintained viability under osmotic stress pressure. So new cell cultures exhibited combined stress resistant [5, 7, 9].
From cell lines with combined stress resistant tobacco plants and progeny were obtained. In many cases regeneranrs from tolerant cell cultures had not high level of stress tolerance. But regenerants of tobacco, obtained in our experiments, demonstrated active viability under osmotic stress pressure in vitro. This events is the argument for genetic character of feature.
Plant growth and development under osmotic stress pressure depend on activation of cascades of biochemical osmotic/gene products. Free L - proline it synthesis/accumulation/degradation are good marker of organism viability both under normal or stress conditions. L - proline is a peculiar amino acid. Its synthesis/degradation is managed by ow enzyme systems [4].
Osmotic stresses cause a wide range of disorders. Therefore, osmotolerance is associated with changes in the complex maintenance of vital activity. Proline can play the role of a nonspecific stress protector, by virtue of its half - functionality.
So the L - proline fluctuation are the reflects of system viability.
L - proline levels were estimated in plants motivated under normal or stress conditions. There were established the increasing of free proline in stress plant, both wild type and experimental forms. But there was difference bitween imitial and resustaret forms. The level of amino acid demonstrated rapid changes coordinated with rapid changes of environment conditions.
Upon repopulation in resistant cell lines, proline promotes detoxification of Na+ and Cl"
ions.
1 2 1 Resistant cell line, on the Ba2+; 2. Contriol
The complexity and polygenyc nature of salt and drought tolerance are factors contributing to the difficulties in breeding of tolerant forms. The modern technological approaches are being elaborated to oblain variants, with higher tolerance.
1. Resistance cell line, on the Cd2+; 2. Conntrol
Under water stress, the action of proline is directed towards maintaining cellular water balance
The lack of knowledge of stress associated metabolismremains, a gap in underslanding; therefore efflors are currently in progress worldwide to estimate the genetic and molecular basis of complex trait. The implementation of Nicotiana investigations has been recognized in obtain forms with combined stress are already obtained. Further progress is anticipated by discovery more novel genes on a genome wide basis followed by determination of their physiological role in stress tolerance. The creation of advanced biological techies that can by used in significans nowadays.
A B
A. Control and regenerant cultured under salinisation in vitro
B. Regenerant cultured under water stress conditions in vitro
1 2 C D E
C. Regenerants under lethal water stress (1) and in n.y. (2), Control (D) and regenerant (E) after a 5-day drought
Cell breeding using HMI is a new creative approach in plant biotechnology as a new scientific direction for solving practical problems for specialists in the agricultural industry, as well as for a wide range of people.
REFERENCES
1. De Melo, B.P.; De Avelar Carpinetti, P.; Fraja, O.T.; Rodrigues - Silva, P.L.; Fioresi, V.S.; De Camargos, L.F.; Da Silva Ferreira, M.F. 2022. Abiotic stresses in plants and their marcers: a practice viev of plant stress responses and programmed cell death mechanisms; Plants, 11, 1100, pp.1 - 25. https://doi.org/plants11091100
2. Aziz, M.A.; Sabeem, M.; Mullath, S.K.; Brini, F.; Masmodi, K. 2021. Plant grop II LEA proteins: intrinsically disordered structure for multible function in response to environmental to stress. Biomolecules, 11, 1662, pp.1 - 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111662
3. Kim, H.; Know, D-H.; Kim, L.; Ouyang, B.; Yang, J.; Ceder, G. 2020. Na2+ redistribution by electrochemical Na+/K+ exchange in layered NaxNi2SbO6. ChemMater.; 32, 4312 - 4323. https://doi .org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.Qco1152
4. Raza, A.; Charang, S.; Abbas, S.; Hassan, S.; Saeed, F.; Haider, S.; Sharif, R.; Anand, A.; Corpas, F.J.; Jin, W. 2023. Assessment of proline function in higher plants under extreme temaeratures. Plant Biology; 25(3), 379 - 395. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13510
5. Kibria M.G., Hoque Md.A. 2019. A review on plant responses to soil salinity and amelioration srategies. Open Journal of soil science. 9(11), P.1 - 32. https://doi.org/10.4236/oiss.2019.911013
6. Carcia Grajeda B.A., Solo Acosta S.G., Guevara H.P., Diaz - Garcia M.E., Enriquez A.C., Campos - Gaxida J.J. 2017. Selective and colorimetric of Ba2+ ion aqueous solution using 11 - mercaptoundeling gold nanoparicles. RSC Advances. 7, 31611, P1 - 8. https://doi .org/10.1039/c7ra03861e
7. Wu L., Wang L., Hui W., Zhao F., Wang P., Su C., Gong W. Physiology of plant responses to water stress and related genes: a review. Journal Forests. 2022. 13(2), 324 https://doi.org/10.3390/f13020324
8. Haider F.U., Liqun C., Coulter J.A., Cheema S.A., Wu J., Farooq M. Cadmium toxicity in plants: impacts and remediation. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2021. 211(15), 111887. https://doi.org/10.1016/i.ecoenv.2020.111887
9. Angulo-Bezarano P.I., Puente - Rivera J., Cruz - Orteza R. Metal and metalloid toxity in plants: an pverriev on molecular aspects. Planta. 2021. 10(4):635 https://doi .org/10.3390/plants/0040635
