Хаос параметров сердечно-сосудистой системы школьников в условиях широтных перемещений Текст научной статьи по специальности «Медицинские технологии»

Таблица 1

Результаты парного сравнения выборок КИ 25-ти мальчиков и 30-ти девочек в 1-4 точках исследования с помощью критерия по Вилкоксону (критерий значимости р<0,05)

Группа мальчики (n=25) Группа девочки (n=30)

1 точка 2 точка 3 точка 4 точка 1 точка 2 точка 3 точка 4 точка

число совпадений k 24 21 20 30 30 22 21 19

Таблица 2

Сравнения выборок КИ школьников в 1-4 этапах исследования (попарное сравнение по Вилкоксону (критерий значимости р<0,05) совпадений (к)

Параметры каждого школьника со своим набором признаков задаются точкой в фазовом пространстве состояний (ФПС), а их группа образует некоторую «область» квазиаттрактор (КА). В наших исследованиях в качестве диагностических признаков были значения интегрально-временных параметров ССС. Группы в разных физиологических состояниях образовывали разные «области» в ФПС. Полученный КА можно ограничить неким многомерным параллелепипедом и измерить его координаты, установить координаты центра и величину его объема. Увеличение объема КА, подтверждает чрезмерное напряжение и последующую перестройку регулирующей системы. Результатом этой перестройки и является выраженная хаотическая динамика исследуемых параметров. Уменьшение объёма КА показывает снижение уровня разброса в ФПС координат ВСС и стабилизацию параметров ССС для всей группы (что количественно оценивает адаптацию).

Для обработки статистических данных использовалась запатентованная программа Identity 4. Программа по крайним точкам определяет объем параллелепипеда и автоматически определяет его геометрический центр, так называемый хаотический центр.

На рис. представлена динамика изменения объемов КА интегрально-временных параметров школьников в 4-х состояниях. После приезда в оздоровительный лагерь (2 точка) объем

КА у мальчиков уменьшился в 4,8 раза, а у девочек в 1,8 раза по сравнению с 1 точкой (до отъезда). После 2-х недельного отдыха объём КА школьников продолжает снижаться, что свидетельствует об активизации регуляторных механизмов ССС и хорошем оздоравливающем эффекте двухнедельного пребывания детей на Юге РФ. По прилёту в г. Сургут (4 точка) объём КА у девочек продолжает снижаться, а у мальчиков резко возрастает в 6 раз, то есть у девочек реакция ССС более выраженная и стойкая, чем у мальчиков, которые показали в 4-й точке частичный возврат в исходное состояние, то есть недостаточную сформированность адаптационных механизмов.

В целом, объем КА после приезда домой у мальчиков в 2,3 раза, а у девочек в 4,7 раза меньше наблюдаемого объёма КА в 1 точки исследования. Характерно, что девочки в 3-ей точке имеют повышенное значение Уо для КА, но они дают устойчивую картину снижения Уо в ходе отдыха и по возвращению в Югру. У мальчиков эта величина имеет вид параболы (с точкой минимума в конце отдыха (3 точка)). Однако, возвращение в Югру даёт возврат в исходное состояние параметров ССС (рис.).

0 -

1 точка 2 течка 3 тачка 4 точка

Рис. Динамика изменения объемов КА (у.е.) интегрально-временных параметров ССС школьников при широтных перемещениях

Устойчивое снижение объемов КА в группе девочек, сравнительно с мальчиками после оздоровления свидетельствует о снижении степени разброса в ФПС координат вектора состояния системы. Однако параметры ССС уже сигнализируют о неудовлетворительной адаптации, отклонении от нормы. Девочки это не показали, у них выраженная реакция (устойчивое снижение объемов КА) при проведении оздоровительных мероприятий. Это, возможно, объясняет большую продолжительность жизни женского населения Югры (у мужчин на 10 лет продолжительность ниже).

Группа мальчиков (n=25)

1 и 2 1 и 3 1 и 4 2 и 3 2 и 4 3 и 4

число совпадений к из общего числа пар сравнений N=625 50 49 52 42 57 49

Группа девочек (n=30)

1 и 2 1 и 3 1 и 4 2 и 3 2 и 4 3 и 4

число совпадений к из общего числа пар сравнений N=900 48 52 41 43 54 67

JOURNAL OF NEW MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES - 2018 - V. 25, № 1 - P. 133-142

Заключение. Новый подход и программные продукты рекомендуется использовать органам управления образованием для выработки профилактических мероприятий по охране здоровья детского населения Югры, а также объективной оценки качества проводимых мероприятий, особенно это актуально для маль-

чиков, которые требуют особого внимания. Нами установлено, что девочки демонстрируют более устойчивую динамику улучшения всех 6-ти параметров ССС (чем мальчики), и это характеризует их высокий адаптивный потенциал.

CHAOS ОF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PARAMETERS IN SCHOOLCHILDREN UNDER CONDITIONS

OF LATITUDINAL DISPLACEMENTS

L.A. DENISOVA*, SA. PROKHOROV**, L.S. SHAKIROVA***, D.YU. FILATOVA***

*Omsk State Technical University, Prospect Mira, 11, Omsk, 644050, Russia **Samara State Aerospace University, Moskovskoe shosse, 34, Samara, 443086, Russia ***Surgut state University, Lenin street, 1, Surgut, 628400, Russia, e-mail: firing.squad@mail.ru

Abstract. The authors analyzed parameters of the cardiovascular system of schoolchildren in Surgut under the influence of various climatic and geographic factors. The results of the study showed that the cardiorespiratory system of the two groups that were surveyed reacts differently to moving and recreation. Obviously, the prolongation of the recreational effect in girls (in the form of a steady decrease in the volumes of quasi-attractors even after returning from the health camp) may be the basis for their longer future life under the conditions of the North of Russia. Girls more consistently retain the positive effect of recreational activities, while in boys, the parameters of the cardiovascular system quickly return to their original state. These data were obtained on the basis of calculating the parameters of quasi-attractors for the cardiovascular system in the six-dimensional phase space of states. In this case, the quasi-attractors steadily decrease in girls (fall exponentially), while boys show a return to the initial (before the treatment) condition. All this testifies to the low adaptive capabilities of the male organism (even in adolescence), which happens with age (the life expectancy of men is 10-15 years lower than that of women). This difference is particularly obvious in the North of Russia, where the average life expectancy for men is under 60 years, which is close to the retirement age.

Keywords: cardiovascular system, adaptation, quasi-attractors, Eskov-Zinchenko effect.

Introduction. Living in the northern regions of the Russian Federation leaves a certain imprint on the work of the various functional systems of the human organism (FS). The combined effects of extreme environmental factors put body regulation mechanisms under pressure and lead to depletion of functional reserves of the human organism. Of particular interest is studying the reactions of stress-limiting systems of the child's organism, as the climatic conditions of each of the Russian northern regions are specific, and the reactions of various systems of the child's organism are particularly sensitive to their influence [5,6,9,12].

Currently, there is no comprehensive approach to the study of the adaptive reaction of the child's organism to the impact of the harsh climatic conditions of the North of Russia. Introduction of new methods will allow to develop new physiological techniques for screening and objective assessment of adaptational and functional reserves of the child's organism; this was studied on the

example of cardiovascular system (CVS) in schoolchildren, as an important human FS [1-4,7,8,10] .

The purpose of the study is establishing physiological patterns of CVS parameters in schoolchildren of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra under conditions of latitudinal displacements (from the North to the South of the Russian Federation and back) and influence of various climatic factors.

Objects and methods of research. Taking into account the need to introduce new methods, we used the results of a monitoring survey of the autonomic status of55 schoolchildren from the city of Surgut, aged 7 to 11. Our analysis concentrated on the changes in the activity indicators of the autonomic regulation of the CVS in schoolchildren under conditions of latitudinal displacements and in the course of recreational activities in the South of Russia. The studies were conducted in March, the air temperature in Surgut was (-8°C to - 16°), while the temperature in Tuapse was

(+8°C to +22°C). Inclusion criteria: absence of health complaints during the period of surveys. The schoolchildren were divided by gender into two study groups. In each group, tests were carried out at 4 different time intervals: stage 1 - before children left for the Yunyi Neftyanik (YN) summer camp; stage 2 - on arrival at YN; stage 3 - at the end of vacation, before departing from YN; stage 4 - immediately upon arrival in Surgut.

Information about the status of the heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in the schoolchildren was received noninvasively by means of cardioin-tervalography, using a hardware and software system (ELOX-01 M pulse oximeter). The device uses a photo-optical sensor which records pulse wave from one of the testee's fingers in the sitting position during a 5-minute variation interval (according to the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology). Eg3-f.exe software product installed on the device automatically displays changes in heart regulation mechanisms in the form of a number of indicators, while constructing RR-interval (RRI) distribution histograms. Heart rate is the most easily registered physiological parameter of the status of autonomic nervous system (ANS); its dynamic characteristics allow one to assess the intensity of sympathetic and parasym-pathetic responses accompanying a change in the testee's condition [3-10,12,13,21].

The results obtained were initially processed by the methods of mathematical statistics using Statistica version 6.1 software product. Simultaneously, to account for elements of chaos in the dynamics of CVS parameters, we used new methods in the framework of the theory of chaos-self-organization (TCS). It should be noted that for all of the studied parameters the study revealed a pattern of mainly nonparametric distribution. Consequently, further studies of the dependencies were carried out using nonparametric statistical methods. The results of statistical processing of indicators of schoolchildren's CVS under conditions of latitudinal displacements are presented below.

Results and discussion. During the first stage of our work, the obtained RRIs were recorded as files and processed in the form of matrices of pairwise comparison of samples using the Wilcox-on test. It is noteworthy that all pairs were compared, i.e. for each series we built a matrix (25*25 for boys and 30*30 for girls at each point of the study), withdrew diagonal elements (complete coincidence of identical samples) from the matrix, and took half of the remaining elements, as the

resulting picture was symmetrical. We determined the number k of matched pairs that could be assigned to one general population.

The results of analyzing the pairwise comparison matrices for RRI samples at 4 points of the study are presented in table 1. The analysis showed that in the group of boys only 7 to 10% of the pairs show the possibility of referring the data of the two samples to one population. In the group of girls, such possibility was exhibited by less than 7%. If we carry out the same analysis for one testee, the possibility of assigning two data samples to one population is shown by less than 17% of couples. This demonstrates the Eskov-Filatova effect, when one person may show the same number of matched pairs of samples (we have 10% matrices for the group and for one person) as different testees in unchanged homeostasis.

RRI parameters show the instability of the distribution functions for different periods of measurement times [11,20,24-29]. Consequently, regulation of heart rate is characterized by chaotic dynamics. Any intervals of RRI samples received in the process of recording, will be unique, i.e. internal regulation will continuously change (even at rest). Therefore, the results obtained using stochastic analysis will have little informative value. These changes in the studied parameters and distribution functions f(x) will be characteristic only of the given period of time. We get statistical instability of RRI parameter samples, which is known in biomechanics as the Eskov-Zinchenko effect [14-20,22-29].

Table 1

Results of pairwise comparison of RRI samples of 25 boys and 30 girls at study points 1-4 using the Wilcoxon test (significance p<0.05)

Boys group (n=25) Girls group (n=30)

point 1 point 2 point 3 point 4 point 1 point 2 point 3 point 4

number k of coincidences 24 21 20 30 30 22 21 19

Under conditions of changing climatic factors, the number of matched pairs will continuously change (table 2). The comparison of RRI samples at the 4 points of the study yielded only 6.7-9.1% of matched pairs in the group of boys, and 4.57.4% in the group of girls.

Table 2

Comparisons of RRI samples of the schoolchildren at stages 1-4 of the study (pairwise comparison using Wilcoxon test (significance of coincidences (k) p<0.05)

Boys group (n=25)

1 and 2 1 and 3 1 and 4 2 and 3 2 and 4 3 and 4

number of coincidences k out of the total number of comparison pairs N=625 50 49 52 42 57 49

Girls group (n=30)

1 and 2 1 and 3 1 and 4 2 and 3 2 and 4 3 and 4

number of coincidences k out of the total number of comparison pairs N=900 48 52 41 43 54 б7

Parameters of each of the schoolchildren with a specific set of features are set by a point in the phase space of states (FSS), and a group thereof forms a certain "area" - quasi-attractor (OA). In our studies, we used integral-temporal CVS parameters as diagnostic features. The groups of testees in their different physiological states formed different "areas" in the FSS. It is possible to delimit the resulting OA with a kind of multidimensional parallelepiped and to measure its coordinates; to set the coordinates of the center and the value of its volume. An increase in the OA volume testifies to excessive stress and subsequent reorganization of the regulatory system. Such reorganization results in pronounced chaotic dynamics of the studied parameters. A decrease in the OA volume testifies to a decrease in the dispersion of the AVS coordinates in the FSS and to stabilization of the CVS parameters for the whole group (which quantifies the adaptation).

For processing statistical data, we used the patented Identity 4 software. The software determines the volume of the parallelepiped by its extreme points, and automatically determines its geometric center, the so-called chaotic center.

The Figure shows the volume dynamics of the OAs of integral-temporal parameters of schoolchildren in 4 states. After arrival at the health camp (point 2), the volume of OA decreased 4.8 times in boys and 1.8 times in girls as compared with point 1 (prior to departure). After a 2-week rest, the OA volume in schoolchildren continued to decline, indicating activation of regulatory mechanisms of the CVS and good revitalizing effect of the two-week stay of children in the South of Russia. Upon arrival in the city of Surgut (point 4), OA volume in girls continues to decline, while in boys it sharply increases 6 times, i.e. the

reaction of the girls' CVS is more pronounced and persistent than in boys, who, at point 4, showed partial return to the original state, that is, in-quate maturity of adaptation mechanisms.

In general, the volume of OA after arriving home is 2.3 times less in boys and 4.7 times less in girls than the OA volume observed at point 1 of the study. It is noteworthy that the girls have increased VG value for the OA at point 3, but they show a steady decline of Vg during the vacation and after return to Yugra. In boys, this value has the shape of a parabola (with the minimum point corresponding to the end of vacation (point 3)). However, return to Yugra results in a return to the initial CVS rameters (Fig.).

Fig. Dynamics of OA volumes (conventional units) of integral-temporal parameters of schoolchildren's CVS under conditions of latitudinal displacements

The steady decrease in the OA volume in the group of girls after recreation, as compared to the boys, indicates a decrease in the degree of dispersion of system state vector coordinates in the FSS. However, the parameters of the CVS themselves signal unsatisfactory adaptation, deviation from the norm. The girls did not show the same, they had pronounced reaction (steady decline in OA volumes) during recreational activities. This may explain the greater life expectancy of the female population of Yugra (men's life expectancy is 10 years less).

Conclusion. The new approach and the software are recommended to be used by education authorities for the development of preventive measures for protecting the health of Yugra children, as well as for objective assessment of the quality of the taken measures, which is especially true for boys, who need special attention. We have found that girls exhibit more stable dynamics of improvement of all six CVS parameters (as compared to boys), which characterizes them as having high adaptive potential.

JOURNAL OF NEW MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES - 2018 - V. 25, № 1 - P. 133-142

Литература

1.Башкатова Ю.В., Алиев Н.Ш., Тен Р.Б., Прохоров С.А. Оценка хаоса спектральных параметров сердечно-сосудистой системы // Сложность. Разум. Постнеклассика. 2017. № 4. С. 43-50.

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11. Zilov VG, Khadartsev AA, Es'kov VV, Es'kov VM. Eksperimental'nye issledovaniya statisticheskoy us-toychivosti vyborok kardiointervalov [Experimental studies of the statistical stability of samples of car-diointervals]. Byulleten' eksperimental'noy biologii i meditsiny. 2017;164(8):136-9. Russian.

12. Filatova OE, Gazya GV, Mezentseva LV, Sokolo-va AA. Otsenka bioelektricheskoy aktivnosti serdtsa u predstaviteley korennogo naseleniya khanty meto-dami teorii khaosa-samoorganizatsii [Evaluation of the bioelectrical activity of the heart in representatives of the indigenous population of the Khanty using methods of the theory of chaos-self-organization]. Slozhnost'. Razum. Postneklassika. 2017; 4:22-8. DOI: 10.12737/article_5a1c029cbef6d9. 89882621. Russian.

13. Филатова О.Е., Майстренко Е.В., Болтаев А.В., Газя Г.В. Влияние промышленных электромагнитных полей на динамику сердечно-сосудистых систем работниц нефтегазового комплекса // Экология и промышленность России. 2017. Т. 21, №7. С. 46-51.

14. Eskov V.V., Filatova O.E., Gavrilenko T.V., Gorbu-nov D.V. Chaotic dynamics of neuromuscular system parameters and the problems of the evolution of complexity // Biophysics. 2017. Vol. 62, No. 6. P. 961-966.

13. Filatova OE, Maystrenko EV, Boltaev AV, Gazya GV. Vliyanie promyshlennykh elektromagnit-nykh poley na dinamiku serdechno-sosudistykh sis-tem rabotnits neftegazovogo kompleksa [The influence of industrial electromagnetic fields on the dynamics of cardiovascular systems of workers in the oil and gas industry]. Ekologiya i promyshlennost' Rossii. 2017;21(7):46-51. Russian.

14. Eskov VV, Filatova OE, Gavrilenko TV, Gorbu-nov DV. Chaotic dynamics of neuromuscular system parameters and the problems of the evolution of complexity. Biophysics. 2017;62(6):961-6.

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15. Eskov V.M., Bazhenova A.E., Vochmina U.V., Filatov M.A., Ilyashenko L.K. N.A. Bernstein hypothesis in the Description of chaotic dynamics of involuntary movements of person // Russian Journal of Biomechanics. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 1. P. 14-23.

16. Eskov V.M., Eskov V.V., Gavrilenko T.V., Vochmina Yu.V. Formalization of the Effect of "Repetition without Repetition" Discovered by N.A. Bernshtein // Biophysics. 2017. Vol. 62, No. 1. P. 143-150.

17. Eskov V.M., Eskov V.V., Vochmina Y.V., Gorbu-nov D.V., Ilyashenko L.K. Shannon entropy in the research on stationary regimes and the evolution of complexity // Moscow University Physics Bulletin. 2017. Vol. 72, No. 3. P. 309-317.

18. Eskov V.M., Filatova O.E., Eskov V.V., Gavrilenko T.V. The Evolution of the Idea of Homeostasis: Determinism, Stochasticsand Chaos-Self-Organization // Biophysics. 2017. Vol.62, No 5. P. 809-820.

19. Eskov V.M., Gudkov A.B., Bazhenova A.E., Kozu-pitsa G.S. The tremor parameters of female with different physical training in the Russian North // Human Ecology. 2017. No. 3. P. 38-42.

20. Eskov V.V., Gavrilenko T.V., Eskov V.M., Vochmina Yu.V. Phenomenon of statistical instability of the third type systems - complexity // Technical Physics. 2017. Vol. 62, No. 11. P. 1611-1616.

21. Filatova O.E., Eskov V.V., Filatov M.A., Ilyashenko L.K. Statistical instability phenomenon and evaluation of voluntary and involuntary movements // Russian Journal of Biomechanics. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 3. P. 224-232.

22. Filatova D.U., Veraksa A.N., Berestin D.K., Streltsova T.V. Stochastic and chaotic assessment of human's neuromuscular system in conditions of cold exposure. Human Ecology. 2017. No. 8. P. 15-20.

23. Mezentseva L.V. Computer modeling of ventricular fibrillation // Biophysics. 2012. Vol. 5, № 2. P. 247-252.

24. Mezentseva L.V. Mathematical modeling of atrial fibrillation // Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2012. Vol. 153, № 5. P. 800-804.

25. Mezentseva L.V., Pertsov S.S. Computer modeling- based analysis of the persistence of different modes of heart- rate dynamics // Biophysics. 2015. Vol. 60, № 5. P. 823-826.

15. Eskov VM, Bazhenova AE, Vochmina UV, Filatov MA, Ilyashenko LK. N.A. Bernstein hypothesis in the Description of chaotic dynamics of involuntary movements of person. Russian Journal of Biomechanics. 2017;21(1):14-23. Russian.

16. Eskov VM, Eskov VV, Gavrilenko TV, Vochmi-na YuV. Formalization of the Effect of "Repetition without Repetition" Discovered by N.A. Bernshtein. Biophysics. 2017;62(1):143-50.

17. Eskov VM, Eskov VV, Vochmina YV, Gorbu-nov DV, Ilyashenko LK. Shannon entropy in the research on stationary regimes and the evolution of complexity. Moscow University Physics Bulletin. 2017;72(3):309-17.

18. Eskov VM, Filatova OE, Eskov VV, Gavrilenko TV. The Evolution of the Idea of Homeostasis: Determinism, Stochasticsand Chaos-Self-Organization. Biophysics. 2017;62(5):809-20.

19. Eskov VM, Gudkov AB, Bazhenova AE, Kozupit-sa GS. The tremor parameters of female with different physical training in the Russian North. Human Ecology. 2017. No. 3. P. 38-42.

20. Eskov VV, Gavrilenko TV, Eskov VM, Vochmi-na YuV. Phenomenon of statistical instability of the third type systems - complexity. Technical Physics. 2017;62(11):1611-6.

21. Filatova OE, Eskov VV, Filatov MA, Ilyashen-ko LK. Statistical instability phenomenon and evaluation of voluntary and involuntary movements. Russian Journal of Biomechanics. 2017;21(3):224-32.

22. Filatova DU, Veraksa AN, Berestin DK, Streltsova TV. Stochastic and chaotic assessment of human's neuromuscular system in conditions of cold exposure. Human Ecology. 2017;8:15-20.

23. Mezentseva LV. Computer modeling of ventricular fibrillation. Biophysics. 2012;5(2):247-52.

24. Mezentseva LV. Mathematical modeling of atrial fibrillation. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2012;153(5):800-4.

25. Mezentseva LV, Pertsov SS. Computer modeling-based analysis of the persistence of different modes of heart- rate dynamics. Biophysics. 2015;60(5):823-6.

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26. Mezentseva L.V., Pertsov S.S., Kopilov F.Yu., Las-tovetsky A.G. Mathematical analysis of the stability of heart- rate dynamics in postinfarction patients // Biophysics. 2017. Vol. 62, № 3. P. 499-502.

26. Mezentseva LV, Pertsov SS, Kopilov FYu, Lasto-vetsky AG. Mathematical analysis of the stability of heart- rate dynamics in postinfarction patients. Biophysics. 2017;62(3):499-502.

27. Mikhailichenko L.A., Mezentseva L.V. Correlation and spectral analysis of vascular tone regulator mechanisms in paired formations during postnatal ontogenesis in rats // Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2015. Vol. 158, № 3. P. 308-312.

27. Mikhailichenko LA, Mezentseva LV. Correlation and spectral analysis of vascular tone regulator mechanisms in paired formations during postnatal ontogenesis in rats. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2015;158(3):308-12.

28. Zilov V.G., Khadartsev A.A., Eskov V.V., Eskov V.M. Experimental Study of Statistical Stability of Cardiointerval Samples // Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2017. Vol. 164, No 2. P. 115117.

28. Zilov VG, Khadartsev AA, Eskov VV, Eskov VM. Experimental Study of Statistical Stability of Cardiointerval Samples. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2017;164(2):115-7.