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64PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
GUIDE TO PUNCTUATION IN MODERN ENGLISH
Asgarova G.
PhD candidate, Chief - Training and Methodical Laboratory Foreign Languages Department Lecturer -English Language Department Baku Engineering University (BEU)
Abstract
In the article, the author discusses the essence and functions of the punctuation system in modern English. The article shows that the development of many punctuation marks in English is characterized by peculiarities. The development of punctuation in English is freer and more liberal than in Azerbaijani. Punctuation plays an important role in sentence organization in English texts. The article notes that the development of punctuation in English at many points is of a formal nature, based on traditional rules. The research shows that the main principle in the use of punctuation in English is intonation. At the same time, syntactic principles have a leading position in determining the criteria for the development of punctuation in English. The article analyzes the works of various linguists on the punctuation system of the English language, and expresses a subjective attitude to their opinions. The author draws a typological comparison of punctuation in English and Azerbaijani and concludes that the punctuation system in both languages is both analogous and different. These differences are due to both intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic, is extra linguistic factors.
Keywords: English, punctuation, punctuation, Azerbaijani, sentences
There are both similarities and differences between the punctuation system used in modern Azerbaijani, which is a multi-system language, and the punctuation used in modern English. Thus, there are no uniform rules and regulations on punctuation in modern English, and the development of punctuation is not fully regulated. However, in the Azerbaijani language, each punctuation mark has its own specific purpose, development function. The development of punctuation in the modern Azerbaijani language is based on established rules and regulations, spelling norms.
The punctuation system of modern English, as in other languages, is based primarily on syntactic principles. According to the structure of the English sentence, the rules of use of almost all punctuation marks are defined. Despite the many mandatory rules for punctuation in English, this punctuation is a great convenience: in English, there are various punctuation marks that are developed not only in terms of meaning (semantics), but also in relation to the stylistic features of the text.
So far, a lot of research has been done on the theoretical aspects of the English punctuation system. One of them is Bernard Jones's 1996 Theory of Punctuation. In this monograph, Bernard Jones also spoke about the history of punctuation. He explained the main aspects of the theory of punctuation in English (13).
Punctuation in English is expressed by the term quotation marks. G.V.Gary, H.W.Howler, J.C.Nes-field, R.Quirk and others have put forward various provisions on the theory of punctuation in English. If we approach the concept of punctuation in terms of position, punctuation marks are used in different positions, at the beginning, middle and end of a sentence or text. From the point of view of the position of writing in different system languages, there are punctuation marks
applied in horizontal and vertical, i.e. horizontal and vertical positions.
The expressive potential of the punctuation system in modern English is very strong. In English linguistics, the works of R. Skelton, G. Fowler, Collins, Shatt, Kreising provide information about the rules of punctuation in English.
In English, as in Azerbaijani, a full stop, question mark, and exclamation mark are placed at the end of a sentence, and dashes and three dots can be placed both inside and at the end of a sentence. For comparison, most of the punctuation in modern English has the same function as in Azerbaijani. The semicolon in English is more pragmatic.
There are both similarities and differences between the development of punctuation in Azerbaijani and the development of punctuation in modern English. Thus, in modern English, as in modern Azerbaijani, commas are used in simple sentences between homosexuals, between specialized members, and between simple sentences that form subordinate compound sentences after the custom of affirmation and denial to distinguish between address and middle words. At the same time, the full stop is used at the end of narrative and command sentences to indicate the end of the sentence, the exclamation mark is used at the end of exclamation sentences, the exclamation mark is used at the end of sentences aimed at getting an answer with question intonation. In English, as in Azerbaijani, the hyphen is used between compound words, when the word is divided into syllables. In both Azerbaijani and English, punctuation marks used at the end of a sentence to indicate the end of a sentence are dots, questions, and exclamation marks. Commas and semicolons can be
placed between the components of complex sentences in both languages.
In modern English, the semicolon usually means the end of the idea, so it is often placed at the end of ordinary, figurative sentences:
It was going to be a lovely, lovely day (16, s. 11); Amabella snafed. Her nose was running into her mouth in that heedless, disguisting way of five -year - olds (16 , p.303).
But the full stop is multifunctional in English. Thus, in English, abbreviations, especially abbreviations, abbreviations, punctuation is used.
There are also differences in the development of punctuation in modern English compared to Azerbaijani. For example, in modern English, unfinished ideas are usually expressed by two hyphens: "I should think
so, " said James, "I should--(1, p.298). In English,
both the usual dash and the long dash are used. This fact is one of the differences between Azerbaijani and English. The long dash (- the two em dash) is often used in English for clarification.
In some cases, in English, as in Azerbaijani, many points indicate that the idea is not over:
'You are quite right,' Rawdon began, in a vagua and neutral tone... " (14, p.132).
In modern English, the hyphen is used to indicate a long pause in speech, to indicate that the speaker is hesitant in speech, and also between homogeneous members (1, p. 298). The use of the hyphen in English between homogeneous members is one of the differences in the application of the hyphen in the Azerbaijani language. When direct speech in the Azerbaijani language is in the form of dialogue, a hyphen is placed before direct speech. For example:
- He said:
- I'm coming.
In English, no hyphens are used:
'Very pleased... ' said the old official.
'I have the honour of knowing your brother, Sergius Ivanich,' said Grinevich, holding out his narrow hand with the long finger-nails (22, p.17).
There was a faint insolence in his humility.'Speak !' she said.
'Lady, the man is there, he still sleeps. Lady, may I speak?'
'Speak!' she said, repelled by the fellow' (14, p.196).
As can be seen from the facts, in contrast to the Azerbaijani language, direct speech in modern English is given in writing, mainly with a quotation mark. In other words, unlike Azerbaijani, English uses both double quotation marks and single quotation marks. In English, a single quotation mark is called a single quotation mark or single quotes, and a double quotation mark is called a double quotation mark or inverted commas or double quotes. Note that in Turkish, as in English, a single quotation mark is used.
Unlike Azerbaijani, English apostrophes and hyphens are also included in the punctuation system.
There are differences between punctuation marks in direct speech in Azerbaijani and punctuation marks in direct speech in modern English. For example, the Azerbaijani direct speech in the model according to the
formula scheme, when the direct speech comes after the author's word, when it is used in the middle, a hyphen is placed on both sides. However, in English, after a direct speech, only a comma is used. For example:
"You should," said my doctor, "begin feeling better immediately." If in the Azerbaijani language there is a hyphen in the formula of direct speech, in modern English there is no hyphen in this case: 'Mama?
She 's up,' said the girl (22, p. 8); 'To go, or not to go?' he asked himself (22, p.9).
As can be seen, the punctuation system of the English language is slightly different from the punctuation system of the Azerbaijani language. Thus, the rules of punctuation in English are many times more than the rules in Azerbaijani, on the other hand, there are many exceptions in English punctuation. In English, a compound sentence does not have a comma between the main and branch sentences. However, in the Azerbaijani language, a comma is placed between the main and branch sentences that form subordinate compound sentences.
For example, if you come to us, I will be glad; Where there is respect for the elder, there is blessing.
The use of commas in English is somewhat free.
Although the apostrophe is removed from modern Azerbaijani writing, the apostrophe serves several functions in modern English writing.
1. In English, the apostrophe (') means, first of all, the abbreviation of letters in words and numbers:
2. I've, I'm, you'll, it's, hasn't, don't, won't, the
70's.
3. In English, the apostrophe sign indicates possessives:
4. my friend's home, father's pet.
5. In English, an apostrophe means a plural in letters, abbreviations (abbreviations):
In English, the slash (/) is mainly used for the purpose of separation.
Colon is often used in English as well as in Azerbaijani for clarification purposes. In official correspondence in English, a colon is often used to refer to:
Dear Jon:; Dear Abraam:. At the same time, as in the Azerbaijani language, the colon is used in English in dialogues:
"Jackie: Hopefully the kids can be left alone now to learn to read and write.
Mrs. Lipmann: I think perhaps we've all learned to be a little kinder to each other. And to document everything. Everything" (16, p.457).
Interestingly, there are differences in the use of punctuation between British English and American English. For example, in American English, a colon is used to indicate time. For example, 8:30A.M., In British English, a dot is used at these points: 8.30A.M., 9.40 P.M.
One of the points of development of the dash in English, which differs from the Azerbaijani language, is that the dash means that the idea in the sentence is not over. In English, a long dash (i.e. the two em dash) is often used at these points:
"James was just saying what a busy time of year — " (2, p.78).
In modern Russian, a comma is placed before the connector, which acts as a connector: In English, the non-development of the comma after the conjunction that (that) is based on the historical-traditional principle, is of a formal nature. Because at this point, as in the Azerbaijani language, in English, there is a pause between the two sentences, which is quite noticeable during the intonation.
The comma in English, as well as in English, connects complex sentences in the first place.
The exclamation mark is used in English as well as in Azerbaijani to express various emotional situations and feelings:
'Nothing!' said Jane furiously, and her guilt over her desire to shake Amabella only made her angrier still' (16, s.303); I think Fm getting a message. He put a finger to his temple. Yes! Yes! Fm. Ifs from Victor! (16, p.454).
In English, as in Azerbaijani, the hyphen is usually placed between compound words:
If the names of newspapers and magazines in Azerbaijani are written in quotation marks, in English they are written without quotation marks and in italics:
The Wall Street Journal, The Daily News Newspaper and so on.
The dot in American English is called a period, and in British English it is called a full stop.
So far, various punctuation sections have been included in various English grammar books. For comparison, punctuation in modern English has more functions than in modern Azerbaijani, i.e. the multi functionality of punctuation in English is stronger than in Azerbaijani. In modern English, intonation plays a greater role in the definition of punctuation, that is, in the use of punctuation. It can be said that the application of English punctuation refers to three basic principles, the first is intonation, the second is syntactic rules, and the third is tradition. The principle of tradition is based on formal rules, i.e. it does not take into account the intonation of the sentence. For example, in English, the non-comma between head and branch sentences is based on the traditional principle:
He has seens been considered almost a miracle that my aunt did^nt shake him, and shake what he had to say out of him (2, p. 9).
Question marks in English are placed at several points. First, this punctuation mark is used in the text to express the question sentences used to get an answer in English as well as in Azerbaijani:
Did you understand me?
Do you know him?
When he come?
Where do you live?
When did you arrive?
How was this concert?
What do you like?
Why did you refuse this agreement?
It is known that in the Azerbaijani language, sometimes at the end of both questions and sentences expressing special feelings, question and exclamation marks are often put together. For example: Who can predict the future of the world?!.
In modern English, at these points, that is, when the question sentence expresses high emotion, surprise, a question is sometimes put, and sometimes an exclamation mark:
How dare you say such things? (2, p. 18).
The exclamation mark, as in the Azerbaijani language, is usually placed at the end of exclamation sentences:
How beautiful it was!
What a nice book it was!
Unlike the Azerbaijani language, many signs in English: / slash and // double slash are also included in the system of punctuation marks.
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CLASSICAL AZERBAIJANI POETRY IN ENGLISH SCIENTIFIC-LITERARY SOURCES
Adilov N.
PhD, Associate Professor of Translation and English Language Department,
Baku Engineering University, Baku
Abstract
This article is about the interest English orientalists and scholars showed in classical Azerbaijani poetry. Since the 18th century, orientalists have translated poems of Azerbaijani poets into English and have written many books on these poems and translated versions. Nizami Ganjavi, Muhammed Fuzuli, Khagani, Imadeddin Nesimi were some of the poets whose works were translated and interpreted by prominent English scholars.
Keywords: classical Azerbaijani poetry, poems, poet, orientalists, literature, scholar
The analysis of the books and research materials on classical Azerbaijani poetry written by English authors and orientalists is essential from different perspectives, including the quality of the translation of classical Azerbaijani poetry into English, the equivalence of these translations, and the critique of English academicians and orientalists on this topic. This process also throws light on the literary links between Azerbaijan and the UK. Linguistic interpretation and discourse analysis of the classical Azerbaijani poetry in English, studying academic sources in this area written by British scholars is also essential for understanding the perception of literature from diverse cultural views.
It has not been possible to determine the exact time when the works by Azerbaijani poets were translated into European languages for the first time. Although Nicholas Nichole, who traveled to Istanbul as an ambassador, mentioned Nesimi (1369-1417), the 14th-century Azerbaijani poet, while analyzing religious sects in Turkey in 1551, the comprehensive translation of the works of Azerbaijani poets dates to the 17th and 18th centuries [1, p.4]. Since that time, the poems of worldly-known Azerbaijani poets Nizami Ganjavi, Shah Ismail Khatai, Imadeddin Nesimi, Falaki Shir-vani, Khagani Shirvani, Gazi Burhaneddin, and Mu-hammed Fuzili have been translated into several languages, including English.
Classical Azerbaijani poems were either in Persian or Arabic because of the political-social issues of that time. However, the introduction of these works as samples of Persian literature is the falsification of realities. Scholar-researcher Leyli Aliyeva mentions that Western orientalists became interested in Azerbaijani literature in the 16th century, but the works by Azerbaijani authors were translated in the 18th century for the first time. The description of the manuscripts of Muhammed Fuzili (1494-1556) in the catalogue compiled by English orientalist Charles Rieu (1820-1902 and the translation of Muhammed Fuzili's Leyli and Majnun poem by Sofi Huri into English are the proofs that Western
orientalists were interested in learning Azerbaijani literature.
Charles Rieu, Elias John Wilkinson Gibb, Edward Browne, Hadi Hasan, Vladimir Minorsky, Thomas Moore, and other well-known orientalists and scholars conducted researches on Azerbaijani literature and wrote valuable books on the theme. History of Ottoman Poetry (6 volumes), Literary History of Persia (4 volumes), The Poetry of Shah Ismail I, Biographical Notes of Persian Poets, Cassel's Encyclopedia of Literature, Falaki Shirvani: His Times, Life, and Works are some of the important materials to be used as references [2, p.156].
It is worth mentioning that Nizami Ganj avi (11411209) was one of the poets whose works were translated and learned by Western orientalists more than those of other authors. William Jones (1746-1794), who is considered the father of English orientalists, learned Nizami Ganjavi's works attentively and translated The Treasury of Secrets, the first poem of the author, into prose in 1786. The translated version of the poem was published in 1804 in London after his death [2, p.21]. English orientalist James Atkinson (17801852) translated Leyli and Majnun into English in 1836 [3, p.4], and this poem was translated into English four times at different times [4, p.7]. It must be mentioned that James Atkinson's translation was criticized by E.Berthels. He wrote, "The translation is not equivalent, and there are many rough mistakes. This translation is only of historical importance." [2, p.56].
Biographical Notes of Persian Poets that well-known English G.Ouselly published in London (1846) attracts attention from different perspectives. Among the biographical notes about thirty-one poets from the Middle and Near East, the author included information about some prominent Azerbaijani poets in his book. The main thing worth mentioning is the attitude of G.Ouselly to classical Azerbaijani poetry and the representatives of this poetry, such as Nizami Ganjavi, Khagani, Shah Gasim Anvar, Maghribi, Katibi, Shahi,
