CC BY
28МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ ПОЧВ
УДК 631.8
Ali Mahboub Khomami1; Goshgar M. Mammadov2
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EISENIA FOETIDA IN COW MANURE, SUGARCAN BAGASSE AND SAWDUST WASTE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CO EVOLUTION
'Ornamental Plants and Flowers Research Station of Lahijan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization of Lahijan, Iran. PO Box:44'6996559 Iran
2Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, AZ'073 Baku, MammadRahim st. 5, Azerbaijan mahboub48@yahoo.com; goshgarmm@rambler.ru
Abstract. Sawdust and Sugarcane bagasse waste are causing severe environmental problems. Growth and reproductive performance of Eisenia foetida in cow manure (CM), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sawdust (S) waste and its effects on CO evolution was studied under determined laboratory conditions. The results showed that the biomass gain for Eisenia foetida in CM+SB and CM waste were greater than the CM+S waste. Cocoons produced were in the order: CM+SB > CM+S >CM. After adding worms to CM, CM+SB, CM+S, the highest CO emissions related to the fifteenth day. Statistical analysis showed that vermicompost produced after 90 days in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and pH had no significant difference with compost. Our trials showed that vermicomposting as an alternate technology for the recycling of S and SB with CM wastes using by Eisenia foetida.
Keywords: Earthworms, Cocoon, physicochemical characteristics vermicompost.
INTRODUCTION Over the last few years, that regulation of held application and disposal of animal manure has become more rigorous, interest in using earthworms as an ecologically conservative system for manure management has increased tremendously. Various researchers have examined the potential utilization of earthworm processed wastes, commonly referred to as vermicompost, in the horticultural and agricultural industries [1-3]. Vermicompost as an excellent product is considered; because was homogeneity, reduces pollution, and over a long period tend to keep more nutrients, without influence on the environment. The potential of Perionyx excavates to vermicomposting of different wastes such as sheep dung, cow dung, biogas sludge and poultry manure was reported with Kale et al., [4]. Loh et al., were reported more cocoon production and biomass gain by Eisenia foetida in cattle waste than the goat waste [5]. Gunadi and Edwards were studied growth, fecundity and mortality of Eisenia foetida for more than one year on cattle manure solids, pig manure solids and supermarket waste [6]. Worms could not
survive in fresh cattle solids, pig solids, fruit wastes and vegetable wastes. The growth of Eisenia foetida in pig wastes was faster than in cattle solids. The several additions of substrates prolonged the fecundity of worms, but there was a tendency of decreasing of the weight by worms after 60 weeks of the experiment. Organic matter, microorganisms and plants are some components of the environment that continually influence agricultural systems [7]. During vermicomposting earthworm eat, grind and some anaerobic micro flora, convening it increasing the surface area for microbial colonization of the substrate and enzymatic action through commuting the organic residues [8]. Eisenia foetida is an epi-gamic earthworm spice which lives in organic wastes, and it requires high moisture content, adequate amounts of suitable organic material and dark conditions, for proper growth and development [6, 9]. Earthworms play a major part in determining the greenhouse gas balance of soils throughout the world and their influence is expected in the coming decades has to grow [10]. The respiratory CO2 involved (a measure of metabolic activities) and the enzymes in-
volved in various chemical transformations are commonly used as indices for the some laboratory studies, in which manure was amended with earthworm and incubated for several weeks. It has revealed that earthworm severely reduces soil respiration and enzyme activities [11].
OBJECTS AND METHODS Three treatment groups with three reproduces were investigated that consisted of Cow manure (CM) alone, Cow manure (CM) + Sugarcane bagasse (SB) and Cow manure (CM) + Sawdust (S) apiece in a ratio of 4: 1 (V/V) mixtures. Growth, sexual development and cocoon production. Nine 1 liter plastic containers (diameter 12 cm, depth 10 cm) were filled with 150 g (Air-dried) of CM + EW (earthworms), CM+ SB + EW and CM + S + EW. Waste turned over by hand every day for 15 days to eliminate the volatile toxic gases. After fifteen days, seven non-clitlellated hatchling of Eisenia foetida, weighing 200250 mg (live weight) were entered into a container. During the study period the wastes moisture by spraying adequate quantities of distilled water was adjusted in 70-80 %. All containers were kept in a dark growth chamber at 25±1o C temperature. Biomass gain, clitellum development and cocoon production were recorded weekly for twelve weeks. The feed was removed from container and earthworms and cocoons were separated from feed by hand sorting. After that they were counted, examined for clitellum development and weight after washing with water and drying them by tissue. The worms were weighed without removing their gut contents. For any obtained data in this study correction for gut contents were not used. Then, all earthworms feed (but no cocoons) was returned to the respective container. No more feed was added at any stage during the study period. Cocoon viability was determined weekly for 12 weeks by cocoon harvesting from each plastic container and placing them in a Petri dish filled with distilled water. All petri dishes were kept in dark with temperature 25±1o C. To prevent bacterial growth
and avoid negative impact on the results, water of these dishes was replaced daily. Cocoons and hatchings for each cocoon were recorded over a period of 12 weeks.
Co2 evolution, eighteen l litr plastic containers (diameter l2 cm, depth 10 cm) were filled with 150 g (Air- dried) of CM, CM+ SB, CM + S, CM + EW (earthworms), CM+ SB + EW and CM+ S + EW. The moisture content of Wastes was adjusted to 70-80 % during the study period by spraying adequate quantities of distilled water. All containers were kept in dark at temperature 25 C. Wastes were turned over manually every day for l5 days in order to eliminate volatile toxic gases. After 15 days, in treatment with earthworms, 7 non- clitlellated hatchling of E, foetida, weighing 200-250 mg (live weight) were introduced into a container. Samples were drawn at 0, 15, 30, 45, 75, 90 days. The 0 days refer to the time of initial mixing of the waste before preliminary decomposition. The earthworms were removed by hand sorting and treatments were analyzed for CO2 evolution. The alkali trap method was used to quantify the released CO, A 500 ml conical respiration flasks contained treatments and assimilation vials containing l0 ml of 0.3 M NaOH [12]. Flasks containing the alkali traps alone served as controls. The alkali traps were replaced at each sampling data and titrated with 0.1 M HCl [12]. The evolved CO was derived from titration data, corrected for the control. All experiments were performed in triplicate and the results were averaged.
Physicochemical analysis, the pH was determined in a double distilled water suspension of each mixture with ratio of 1:5 (W/V) that had been shake mechanically for 30 min and filtered through whatman N° 1. The same solution was used for measuring the electrical conductivity by a conductivity meter [13]. Total nitrogen was determined by Bremner and Mulvaney procedure after digesting the sample with concentrated H2SO4 and HClO4 (9:1, V/V) [14]. For determination of other nutrient each sample (2 g) was ashed in a muffle furnace at 550 C, then white ash dissolved in 2 N HCl and
reached to 100 ml volume with distilled water [15]. Total P was determined by Murphy and Riley procedure by using the colorimetric method, with molybdenum in sulfuric acid by spectrophotometer [16]. Total K was measured by flame photometer with using Houba, et al., method, after digesting the sample in the diacid mixture (concentrated HNO3: HClO4 4:1, V/V) [17]. Nelson and Sommer method was used to measure total organic carbon [18].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth of Eisenia foetida in the wastes, no mortality was observed in any waste during the study period. In our experiments, all wastes every day for 15 days was stirred by hand, which all toxic gases produced probably stopped. Eisenia foetida died after two weeks in fresh manure was reported by Gunadi and Edwards (2003), while other factors such as pH, electrical conductivity, ratio of C:N, content of NH4+ and NO was suitable for the growth of earthworms [6]. They believed that the deaths of earthworms due to the anaerobic conditions which were created after two weeks in fresh cow dung. It is established that pre-composting is essential to avoid the mortality of worms. The growth curves of Eisenia foetida in studying wastes during the observation period are given in Figure 1.
Maximum worm biomass was gained in CM+SB waste (621±119 mg/earthworm) and minimum in CM+S (513±166 mg/earthworm). The maximum weight of earthworms was gained of the 7th week in CM wastes, whereas it took 9 and 12 weeks in CM+SB and CM+S waste respectively. At first worms gained biomass, but later after a few weeks, weight loss by earthworms was observed in all the tested animal wastes. The loss in worm biomass can be attributed to exhausting food. The biomass gain for Eisenia foetida for each g dry weight of feed (DW) was highest in CM+SB waste (39±0.66 mg/g) and smallest in CM+S waste (34±1.05mg/g). Edwards et al., (1998) have reported a biomass gain of 292 mg/g cattle waste by P. excavatus at 25 °C [17]. But in our experiments, the biomass gain was only 37±0.66 mg/g by Eisenia foetida species in CM at 25 °C. This difference could be due to difference in species morphology and first characteristics of the feed waste. Neuhauser, et al., (1980) reported that rate of biomass gain by Eisenia foetida was dependent on people density and food type [1 8]. Net biomass gain/earthworm per unit feed material in different feeds followed the order: CM+SB > CM > CM+S. Net biomass gain by earthworms in CM+SB waste was 1.1 times higher than in CM+S waste (Figure 1).
0,80 0,70 0,60
-•-CM+SB+E —-CM+E —CMiS+E
f 0.40 fr^
1 w J
I 0,20 ¥
0,10
t 1 2 J 4 5 6 7 8 » 10 11 12 13 lint (weeks)
Figure 1 - The Eisenia foetida growth on different wastes. Abbreviations:CM, cow manure; SB, sugarcane bagasse; S, sawdust; E, earthworms
According to Edwards, et al. (1998), growth rate (mg weight gained/ day/ earthworm) is a good indicator for comparing the growth of earthworms in different wastes [19]. The supported the least growth of Eisenia foetida; CM+S and CM waste was marginally better than CM+SB (61±1.96 mg/ day/ earthworm).
Table 1 summarizes the sexual development and cocoon production by Eisenia foetida
Table 1 - Cocoon production by Eisenia fetida i
in different feeds. After the start of the experiment, all individuals in all feeds developed cli-tellum before day 28. Cocoon production of earthworms was started with 35 days in all wastes. Table 1 shows the cumulative cocoon production by earthworm in different feeds. After 12 weeks maximum cocoons (215±30) were counted in CM+SB waste and minimum (191±20) in CM waste.
CM, SB and S waste
Treatments Clitellum development started in Cocoon production started in Total no. of cocoons produced after 12 weeks No. of cocoons produced/ worm No. of cocoons produced/ worm /day Cocoon production stopped after
CM 3 th week 5th week 191±20 30.2±1.70 0.36±0.02 12th week
CM+S 4th week 5th week 209±46 30.8±4.26 0.37±0.05 12th week
CM+SB 4th week 5th week 215±30 31.5±6.61 0.38±0.08 12th week
CM, cow manure; SB, sugarcane bagasse; S, sawdust; All values was introduced as the mean ± SD (standard deviation)
Cocoons produced for each earthworm per day in different wastes was in the order: CM+SB > CM+S > CM. The difference between rates of cocoon production could be about the biochemical quality of the feeds, which is an important factor in determining the time taken to reach sexual maturity and onset of reproduction [8, 19]. Feeds which provide earthworms with enough and easily metaboliz-able organic matter and non-assimilated carbohydrates, favor growth and reproduction of earthworms [8]. We suggest that CM+S and CM+SB wastes are a good biomass supporting medium and good for repro duction.
Table 2 showed that changes in CO evaluation of SB and S wastes mixed with CM in absent and present of earthworms during 90 days.
Respiration rate rapidly decreased after 15 days in introducing waste, Satchell (1967) showed the effect of earthworms in the readily degradable organic matter, which already contains a high population of microorganisms, which is likely to be less significant than in soil [20]. Earthworm activity in soil usually enhances microbial numbers and biomass Edwards and Bohlen, (1996) [21]. Bautista, et al., (2011) suggested that more than 70 % of the total CO2 evolution occurred during the first week in the composting process [22]. Zhang, et al, (2000) reported that earthworms are used micro-organisms as a secondary food source; transit time of the earthworm gut reduced total soil microbial biomass and increases the active components of microbial biomass [23].
Table 2 - Change in CO2 evolution (^g CO2 g-1 h-1) during composting of organic wastes
Moisture Content (%) PH (1:5) EC (dS/m) OC (%) N (%) C: N ratio K (%) P (%) Waste
14.40 8.15 2.06 47.30 1.24 38.12 0.62 0.29 CM
14.85 7.37 0.46 57.18 0.31 181.81 0.61 0.34 S
15.05 7.79 3.19 50.23 0.45 111.75 0.40 0.04 SB
Abbreviations: CM, cow manure; SB, sugarcane bagasse; S, sawdust.
The results of these experiments are conforming to Grappelli et al. (1983), who suggested that earthworms selectively support the microorganisms which are responsible for the transformation of organic substances in soils [24]. Physicochemical properties results in Table 3 indicated that the pH of waste containing earthworms was decreased, which may be due to the effect of earthworms on the accumu-
lation of organic acids derived from microbial metabolism or produced during the decomposition ofhumic acids and folic [25, 26]. Similar results on vermicomposting of cow manure, fruit and vegetable wastes have been reported by Azizi et al., 2008; Gunadi and Edwards (2003) and Mitchell (1997) [3, 6, 27]. There wasn't more N, P and K in worm-inoculated compost than in the compost without earthworms (Table 3).
Table 3 - Physicochemical properties of treatments after 90 days of composting
PH Total K Total P Total N Treatments
(1:5) (%) (%) (%)
8.11 ab 1.01 ac 0.48 ab 1.75 a CM
8.00 b 1.13 ab 0.50 a 1.81 a CM+ E
7.30 c 0.88 bd 0.38 bc 1.44 ab CM+S
7.20 c 1.15 a 0.39 b 1.47 ab CM+S+ E
8.46 a 0.74 df 0.46 ab 1.53 a M+SB
8.18 ab 0.82 ce 0.46 ab 1.67 a CM+SB+ E
Abbreviations:CM, cow manure; SB, sugarcane bagasse; S, sawdust; E, earthworms. Means
followed by the same letters do not signi?cantly differ (p = 0.05)
CONCLUSIONS The biomass gain for Eisenia foetida (live weight) per g dry weight of the feed source (DW) was in CM+SB (39±0.66mg/g) and CM waste (37±0.36 mg/g) greater than the CM+S waste (34±1.05mg/g). Cocoons produced per earthworm in each day in treatments were in the order: CM+SB > CM+S > CM wastes supported the growth and reproducing E. foetida, so could be used as feed materials in large scale vermicomposting facilities. Further studies are required to explore potential use S and SB wastes in mixture with other dung materials. Another parameter that demonstrates rapid stabilization of manure with earthworms is the res-
piration rate (i.e. CO production) [28]. In this experiment, earthworms and the microbial activity within the first four weeks of processing promoted, it seems rapidly destroy most of the easily biodegradable substances, as indicated by the rapid reduction in the amounts of CO evolving from the CM, CM +S and CM+SB. CO evolution decreased rapidly two weeks after earthworm introduction and continued in lower rate throughout the 12 weeks indicating increasing stability of the organic matter. Our trials showed vermicomposting as an alternate technology for the recycling of S and SB with CM wastes by using an earthworm Eisenia
foetida.
REFERENCES
1 Atiyeh R.M., Yardim Y., Edwards C. A., Metzeger J. D. Influence of earthworm processed pig manure on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers // Bioresource Technology. - 2004. -№ 93. - P. 139-144.
2 Arancon, N.Q., Edwards C.A., Bierman P., Melzger A.D., Lee S., Welch C. Effect of vermicompost on growth and marketable fruits of field-grown tomato, peppers and strawberries // Bioresource Technology. - 2005.- № 47. - P. 731-735.
3 Azizi P., Khomami A.M., Mirsoheil M. Influence of cow manure vermicompost on growth ofDieffenbachia // Ecology Environment and Conservation. - 2008. - № 14 (1). - P. 1- 4.
4 Kale R.D., Bano K., Krishnamoorthy R.V. Potential of Perionyx excavates for utilization of organic wastes // Pedobiologia. - 1982. - № 23. - P. 419-425.
5 Loh T.C., Lee Y.C., Liang J.B., Tan D. Vermicomposting of cattle and goat manures by
Eisenia foetida and their growth and reproduction performance // Bioresource Technology. -2004. - №№ 96. - P. 11-114.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Али Махбуб Хомами1, Гошгар М. Мамедов2
РОСТ И РЕПРОДУКТИВНОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ EISENIA FOETIDA В КОРОВЬЕМ НАВОЗЕ, ОТХОДАХ САХАРНОГО ТРОСТНИКА И ДРЕВЕСНЫХ ОПИЛКАХ И ИХ
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ НА ЭМИССИЮ CO2
'Научно-исследовательская станция Декоративных растений и Цветов, Лахджан, при Организации по Сельскохозяйственному Исследованию и Образованию, ИРИ. PO Box:
4416996559, Iran
2Институт Почвоведения и Агрохимии Национальной Академии Наук Азербайджана,
AZ'073 Баку, ул. Мамед Рагима 5, Азербайджан Email: mahboub48@yahoo.com ;
goshgarmm@rambler. ru
Древесные опилки и отходы сахарного тростника вызывают серьезные проблемы для охраны окружающей среды. В лабораторных условиях было изучено влияние коровьего навоза, отходов сахарного тростника, древесных опилок на рост и репродуктивное развитие Eisenia foetida, а также их эффективность на выход Co2.
Результаты показали, что выход биомассы для Eisenia foetida в коровьем навозе +отходы сахарного тростника и отдельно коровьем навозе был больше, чем там, где применялся коровий навоз + древесные опилки.
Количество коконов червей было в следующем порядке: коровий навоз + отходы сахарного тростника > коровий навоз + древесные опилки > коровий навоз.
После добавления червей к коровьему навозу, коровий навоз + отходы сахарного тростника, коровий навоз + древесные опилки наибольшая эмиссия углекислого газа пришлась на 15 день. Статистический анализ показал, что вермикомпост через 90 дней по содержанию в нем азота, фосфора, калия и pH не имел сильных отличий в зависимости от используемых отходов.
Наши исследования показали, что вермикомпостирование является альтернативной технологией для переработки отходов сахарного тростника и древесных опилок с помощью Eisenia foetida.
ТYЙIН
Али Махбуб Хомами1, Гошгар М. Мамедов2
СИЫР КИЫНДА, КАНТ К^РАГЫНЫЦ КАЛДЫКТАРЫ ЖЭНЕ АГАШ YПНДЕЛЕРШДЕП EISENIA FOETIDA 0СУ1 ЖЭНЕ РЕПРОДУКТИВТ1К ДАМУЫ ЖЭНЕ ОЛАРДЫЦ CO ЭМИССИЯСЫНА ТИ1МД1Л1Г1
1ИРИ, Ауыл шаруашылыгы Зерттеулерi жэне Бшм жвнiндегi ¥йымы жанындагы, Лахджан, Гу.лдер жэне Сэндж в^мдттер гылыми-зерттеу станциясы
PO Box: 4416996559, Iran 2 Эзербайжанныц ¥лттъщ Академиясы, Топырацтану жэне Агрохимия Институты, AZ'073 Баку, Мамед Рагим к-Ы 5, Эзербайжан, mahboub48@yahoo.com; goshgarmm@rambler.ru
Агаш унтактары жэне кант курагыныщ калдыктары коршаган ортаны коргау Ymrn елеут проблемалар тударады. Зертханалык жагдайларда сиыр кещнщ, кант курагыныщ калдыгыныц, агаш угшдшершщ Eisenia foetida есуше жэне репродуктивтш дамуына, сондай-ак олардыц С02.шыгу ттмдтп зерттелдь
Зерттеулер Eisenia foetida ушш биомассаныц шыгымы сиыр кещ+агаш Yгiндiлерi пайдаланылгандарга караганда, сиыр кещ+кант курагыныщ калдыктары жэне жеке сиыр киында кеп болды.
Курттардыи коконыныц мелшерi мынадай ретпен болды: сиыр кещ+кант курагыныи калдыктары > сиыр кещ+агаш Yгiндiлерi > сиыр кещ
Курттарды сиыр кещне, сиыр кещ+кант курагыныц калдыктарына, сиыр кещ+агаш Yгiндiлерiне косканнан кейш кемiр кышкыл газыныц ей улкен эмиссиясы 15-шi KYнi болды. Статистикалык талдау вермикомпост 90 ^ннен кейiн оный курамындагы азот, фосфор, калий жэне pH мелшерi бойынша пайдаланылатын калдыктардан елеулi езгешелiгi болмайтынын керсеттi.
Бiздiи зерттеулерiмiз Eisenia foetida кемепмен кант курагы мен агаш Yгiндiлерiн кайта еидеу Yшiн вермикомпосттау балама технология болып табылатындыгын керсетл.
