CC BY
24
(жестко), böse (зло), bösartig (зло, зловеще), erbost (озлобленно), zornig (гневно, разъяренно), eisig (ледяным голосом), ärgerlich (сердито, раздраженно), empört (возмущенно), hasserfüllt (с ненавистью в голосе), hysterisch (истерично).
В мужских текстах одной из множеств реакций на гнев считается способ описания улыбки и смеха — lächeln (улыбаться), grinsen (ухмыляться), lachen (смеяться) — со следующими наречиями: wütend (яростно, свирепо), zornig (гневно), hässlich (ужасно), böse (зло).
Подводя итог, отметим, что в текстах тривиальной литературы наиболее частотны дескрипции реакции страха и гнева. Как в русских, так и немецких текстах у авторов-мужчин и авторов-женщин страх описы-
вается слишком натуралистично. В русских текстах у авторов-мужчин и авторов-женщин женщины ведут себя, как маленькое слабое существо. Реакция мужчин чаще имплицитна, хотя есть исключения.
В описаниях психосоматических реакций гнева у немцев в отличие от русских не обладают четкой гендерной отнесенностью, которая проявляется в преобладании глаголов речи у русских авторов-женщин. Авторы-мужчины в качестве реакции на гнев используют описание смеха.
Мужчины в русских и немецких текстах эксплицируют гнев, женщины стараются его подавить. В текстах тривиальной литературы гендерный стереотип коммуникативного поведения часто разрушается.
1.
2.
3.
Список литературы:
Витлицкая Е. В. Лингвистическая репрезентация гендерных стереотипов в рекламе (на мат. английских и русских текстов)/Е. В. Витлицкая. Дисс... канд. филол. наук. - Тамбов, - 2005. - 147 с. Крейдлин Г. Е. Мужчины и женщины в невербальной коммуникации: культурно-универсальные и культурно-специфичные особенности невербального коммуникативного поведения/Г. Е. Крейдлин//Гендер: Язык, Культура, Коммуникация. Материалы Третьей Международной Конференции - 27-28 ноября - 2003. - М., Московский государственный лингвистический университет, - 2003. - С. 67-68.
Шаховский В. И. Категоризация эмоций в лексико-семантической системе языка: монография /В. И. Шаховский. - Воронеж, - 1987. - 192 с. Издательство Воронежского университета.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLL-17-1-40-46
Frantzi Katerina T., University of the Aegean, Mediterranean Studies Department, Associate Professor, E-mail: [email protected]
GreTerrOr: The Greek Terrorist Organizations' Corpus
Abstract: This study presents the GreTerrOr Corpus, a Corpus of Greek Terrorist Organizations' Proclamations that has been developed at the Informatics Laboratory of the Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean. The corpus has been developed for applications not only by linguists interested in the language used by terrorists when communicating their actions to the public, but also by forensic scientists as well.
Keywords: corpus development, terrorist organizations' proclamations.
Introduction plete processing ofreal language data [1; 9; 10; 11; 12; 14].
Forensic linguistics is a very interesting area, where Blackwell [2] argues that the use of corpora is necessary linguistics is applied to evidence in court, courtroom dis- when dealing with forensic linguistics issues while Cot-course and interpreting, authorship, plagiarism and in fact terill [10] suggests a way of incorporating corpus-based any aspect concerning both language and law [3; 6; 7; 13; methods for forensic linguistics purposes. 15; 16]. Corpus linguistics, on the other hand, is rapidly in- There is worldwide interest in the language used by
creasing the scientific fields that take advantage of its meth- terrorists and the interest seems to be increasing due to odology and techniques for the processing of language the current world situation. Cohen [4], for example, promaterial, with the great benefit of fast, accurate and com- poses a corpus-based methodology for the study of in-
dividual suicide bombers acting in Israel or Palestine, analyzing personal farewells written by suicide bombers to their families for the years 2000-2006. Cirilo, Mar-chi and Venuti [8] describe the CorDis corpus, a corpus of texts that concern the Iraq war. It is an interesting work that consists of language material from the British House of Commons and the US House of Representatives, White House Press Briefings, television news and newspapers and the Hutton Inquiry. CorDis is organized into subcorpora so that different material can be used for the investigation of various research questions.
Greek terrorist organizations, primarily consisting of far-left members, have been very active in Greece for over the last decades. The term "terrorist" has been given to these organizations by the state and the media. These organizations differ in the type of their attacks, the number of their attacks and on whether their members are still free or in custody. However, all the organizations need to communicate the reasons for the attacks to the public and therefore a proclamation is almost always sent by them to the media after an attack.
This study presents GreTerrOr, a corpus of Greek terrorist organizations' proclamations, developed at the Informatics Laboratory of the Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean. The corpus is dynamic and is periodically updated with new language material. The corpus can be used for both linguistic and forensic research purposes.
The structure and the material of the GreTerrOr Corpus
The corpus consists of language material from the active and non-active Greek terrorist organizations. The language material mainly consists of proclamations while there is some material produced by former members after they had been arrested. For these organizations metadata concerning their characteristics are kept as meta-data. Besides its organization's characteristics, for each proclamation in the corpus, meta-data includes the name of the organization it belongs to, the date the text was publicized, the title of the text, the size of the text in terms of number of words, the electronic address of its retrieval, the name of the file it is kept under and any notes that seem appropriate. The corpus can be used as a whole but is organized in sub-corpora, one for each organization so that users can use the part of the corpus that corresponds to the organization(s) they are interested in. There is also a sub-corpus for the language material by members in custody. Part of the corpus is manually annotated with part-of-speech information, so the corpus is also divided in two sub-corpora, the unannotated and
the annotated. The unannotated sub-corpus consists of 304,819 words while the part-of-speech sub-corpus consists of 327,083 words. The sub-corpus by members in custody consists of 19,861 words. The language material is kept both in.doc and.txt formats.
There have been seven main organizations in Greece, the first six of which are banned:
- Revolutionary Organization 17 November, "Ep-anastatiki Organosi 17 Noemvri", "17N";
- Revolutionary Struggle, "Epanastatikos Agonas";
- Cores of Fire Conspiracy, "Synomosia Pyrinon Tis Fotias";
- Revolutionary People's Struggle, "Epanastatikos Laikos Agonas";
- Sect of Revolutionaries, "Sekhta Epanastaton";o Warriors of Revolutionary Conscience, Polemistes Epanastatikis Sinidisis";
- Revolutionary Nuclei, "Epanastatiki Pirines".
Some of the above mentioned organizations have
not taken any action for the last years and as such they are characterized as inactive. These are the Revolutionary Organization 17 November, active for the period 19742002 when members of the organization were arrested, the Revolutionary People's Struggle, active for the period 1975-1995 and the Revolutionary Nuclei, active from 1996 to 2000. The remaining four organizations are considered active, that is the Revolutionary Struggle, active from 2003, the Sect of Revolutionaries, active from 2009, the Cores of Fire Conspiracy, active from 2008 and the Warriors of Revolutionary Conscience, active from 2011.
Revolutionary Organization 17 November, "Epanastatiki Organosi 17 Noemvri", "17N"
Revolutionary Organization 17 November, 17N, is the most well-known Greek urban guerrilla organization, with the largest number of attacks, one hundred and three, against Greek, Turkish, British and U. S.A. targets and the largest number of victims, twenty-three of which were killed. It was designated as a terrorist organization by the Greek Government, the United Kingdom and the U. S.A. 17N was formed in 1975 as an anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist, anti-U. S.A. group that took its name after 17th November 1973, the day when a popular uprising was bloodily suppressed by the military junta [17]. Since 2002, when its members were arrested, 17N has been inactive.
In the 17N sub-corpus, there two types of language material.
1. Proclamations.
2. Texts by members of the organization.
Regarding the language material of the proclamations, we have two sub-corpora. The first sub-corpus
consists of "clean" language material which consists of the real language material of the proclamations without any interference or any annotation, and the sub-corpus of the annotated language material of the proclamations. The annotated material is manually tagged with part-of-speech information.
For each of the 84 proclamations, there are two files, the "clean", i. e. the unannotated file, and the annotated file. Each of the proclamation texts has been manually tagged with part-of-speech information. The total size of the sub-corpus of proclamations is 230,219 words of the unannotated material and the same amount of annotated material. The shortest proclamation is the 39th, consisting of 44 words, while the longest is the 6th, consisting of 14,140 words. A sample of the unannotated 18th proclamation text file of 2,172 words follows: nPOKHPYSH 18n
[Em0EXH KATA IATPOY Z. KAYAAAKH] 4 OEBPOYAPIOY 1987
BpeB^Ke orov totco Tn? eniBeon? (PiZapeiou Kai Xpuaooro^ou Xppvn?).
01 MErAAOriATPOI MAZI ME TO KPATOE-AnATEONA EINAI YnEY0YNOI riA TIE YnO-BA0MIEMENEE YrEIONOMIKEE YnHPEEIEE KAI TH ETYrNH EKMETAAAEYEH TOY EAAHNA AE&AAIEMENOY KAI APPOETOY
Zrqv reXevraia ya; npoKtfpvfy onov efyjovaaye jiari ^rvntfaaye ye fioyfie; ri; Xaoyiarre; Eyopie;, vnoarrpi%aye ori arr X&pa ya; atfyepa to KaniraXiariKo Kpdro;-anaretiva;, evti eianpdrrei vn:o%pemiKovc, fiapei; fopov; Kai Kdde rvnov Kpartfaei; an' rov; epja^oyevov;, Sev npoayipei ri; aroi^ei^-Sei; vjeiovoyiKi; vnrpeaie; npoXrfr;, nepidaXfr;, depaneia;, jia ri; onoie; vnoriderai ori eianpdrrei. Me anoriXeaya va Xeirovpjovv atfyepa, 6%i iva avarrya vjeia; ye iae;
The following text if from same proclamation annotated with part-of-speech information:
nPOKHPYEH/OY_0_E118r/AAn_EE [EnI0EEH/OY_0_E1 KATA/n IATPOY/OY_A_ E2 Z/EE. KATAAAKH/OYKY]
4/AAn &EBPOYAPIOY/OYKY_A_E21987/AAn BpidrKe/Pn_O_A_E3 arov/AE_A_
E3 rono/OY_A_E3 rr;/AO_0_E2 enidear;/OY_0_E2 (Pi%apeiov/OYKY Kai/E Xpvaoaroyov/OYKY Eyvp-vr;/OYKY_0_E2).
OI/AO_A_Eni MErAAOrIATPOI/OY_A_ ni MAZI/EP0_TP ME/n TO/AO_O_E1 KPA-TOE/ — AnATEONA/ OY_A_E3 EINAI/ PE_O_E_E3 YnEY0YNOI/E0_A_n1 rIA/n TIE/ AO_0_n3 YnOBA0MIEMENEE/MTX_n_0_ n3 YrEIONOMIKEE/E0_0_n3 YnHPEEIEE/
OY_0_n3 KAI/E TH/AO_0_E3 ETYTNH/E0_0_ E3 EKMETAAAEYEH/OY_0_E3 TOY/AO_A_ E2 EAAHNA/OYKY_A_E2 AE&AAIEMENOY/ MTX_n_A_E2 KAI/E APPOETOY/E0_A_E2
Regarding the texts authored by members of the organizations, there are five files by Alexandras Gioto-poulos, Dimitris Koufontinas, Savvas Xiros and Christo-doulos Xiros with a total of 19,861 words. The shortest text consists of205 words while the longest 7,062 words, both by Koufontinas. The following sample is from a text file of 2,258 words from Koufontinas' blogspot, entitled "Reply to Filia".
1989-05-17/Andvrrar arov QlXia Eyei; rtavru; an' oaa Kara Kaipov; ¿%ei SrXtiaei o na-navSpiov avyfwovye ye iva. Tr vv%ra rrn eKXoj^v, ae arijytf aSvvayia;, ynpoara ara anpoayeva ji' avrov ano-reXiayara, ayrae va rov %eyvjei: «Av Sev avranoKpidovye ari; npoaSoKie; avrov rov vnipo^ov Xaov da diXaye oXoi Kpiyaaya».
Revolutionary Struggle, "Epanastatikos Agonas"
Ideologically related to the Revolutionary People's Struggle organization and Revolutionary 17 November organization, the Revolutionary Struggle organization first appeared in 2003 with the bombing of a courthouse and the injury of one police officer. It is suspected that some of its members had ties to the above mentioned organizations. Among the organization's attacks was the assassination attempt on Greece's culture Minister in 2006 and the firing of a rocket at the U. S. embassy in Athens in 2007. Six of its members were arrested in 2010. For its twenty-one attacks, it was designated as a terrorist organization by the Greek Government, the European Union and the U. S.A. [18].
There are currently twelve files of "clean" language material from proclamations of a total size of 37,229 words in GreTerrOr. The shortest proclamation is of 339 words while the longest of 6,410 words. The average size of the proclamations is 3,102.4 words. There are also fifteen proclamations that have been manually part-of-speech tagged for a total size of 50,625 words. The shortest annotated proclamation is of 403 words while the longest of6,956 words. The average size of annotated proclamations is 3,616.07 words. A sample from the unannotated proclamation of the 6th ofJune 2006 follows.
EnavaarariKo; Aytiva; «npoKrpv%ei; EnavaarariKov Ajtiva: vo.4: 08/06/2006»
Me rrv eniaKefr arrv Adtfva rr; vnovpjov EfyrepiKtiv ruv HU.A, KovroXi^a Pai;, r vnovpjo; EfyrepiKtiv, Nropa MnaKojiavvr, vnoa^idrKe rrv SirtXvyariKtf Kai noXiriKtf avvSpoytf rr; EfodSa; aro diya rov Ipav Kai da fryiaei vnip
rq; eniKeiyevq; enifioltf; Kvptiaewv. Zro nlaiaio rwv arpari-wriKtiv SievKolvvaewv jia rqv npoanofaaiayivq arpariuri-ktf enideaq evavriov rov Ipav, o vio; vnovpjo; Edv. Ayvvq;, MeiyapaKq;, fiiaarqKe va SievKpiviaei ¿ri oi HnA ynopovv ev levKti
The sample that follows is from the same proclamation annotated with part-of-speech information.
EnavaarariKo; Ajtiva; «npoKqpv^ei; EnavaarariKov Ajtiva: vo.4: 08/06/2006»
Iaopponia/0Y_0_Ei rov / AA Kadeartiro; / 0Y_0_E2 rq; / AA avrmpoaumevriKtf; / EQ_Q_ E2 SqyoKparia;/0Y_Q_E2 Kai/Z Kar'/Z eniKra-aq/0Y_Q_E3 rwv/AA npovoyiwv/0Y_0_n2 nov/A_ AN anolayfiavovv/PE_0_E_n3 ano/n rq/AA avyyeroxtf/0Y_Q_E3 rov;/AA ae/n avrtfv/A_AN enixeipqaav/PE_0_A_n3 va napovaiaaovv/PE_Y_E_ n3 u;/n << nepidupiaKa/E0_0_ni Kai/Z yeyovoyi-va/EQ_0_ni nepiarariKd/0Y_0_ni >> ra/AA jejo-vora/0Y_0_ni.
Cores of Fire Conspiracy, "Synomosia Pyrinon Tis Fotias"
Designated as a terrorist group by the U. S. State Department in October 2011, Cores of Fire Conspiracy is an anarchist organization which took its first action in 2008 with eleven bomb attacks against banks in Athens and Thessaloniki, and luxury car dealerships. Their proclamations concerned the freedom of the anarchists in custody in Greece. In 2009 and 2010 there were six arrests [19].
There are currently twenty proclamation files of "clean" language material of a total of 18,778 words. The shortest proclamation is of 123 words while the longest is of 2,815 words. The average size of the proclamations is 938.9 words. There are also twenty-five proclamations that have been manually part-of-speech tagged, of a total size of 32,159 words. The shortest annotated proclamation is of 139 words while the longest is of 3,281 words. The average size of annotated proclamations is 1,286.36 words. The following sample is from the unannotated proclamation of the 1st ofJuly 2008.
nvptfve; rq; Qwria; «E^aSa: Enideaq ae ¿xq-ya rov avvoSov rov npoiSpov rq; SqyoKparia; (Adtfva, 01/07/2008) »
Enili^aye va xrvnqaovye ro npoawniKo ¿xqya rq; avvoSov rov npoeSpov rq; SqyoKparia; Kapolov nanovXia xdi; ra %qyeptiyara arqv nepioxtf rov najKpariov.Afieptivovye ro xrvnqya arov; avapxiKov; Mapio Taovpana Kai Xpvao-aroyo KovropefivQ&Kq nov ari; enavaarariKi; eniloji; rov; eiyaare
A sample of the same proclamation annotated with part-of-speech information follows.
nvptfve; rq; Qmia; «E^aSa: Enideaq ae ¿xq-ya rov avvoSov rov npoiSpov rq; SqyoKparia; (Adtfva, 01/07/2008) »
Emli%aye/PE_0_A_ni va/M xrvntfaov-ye/PE_Y_A_ni ro/A0 npoawniKo/EQ_0_Ei ¿xq-ya/0Y_0_Ei rq;/A0 avvoSov/0Y_0_E2 rov/A0 npoeSpov/ 0Y_A_E2rq;/A0SqyoKparia;/ 0Y_Q_E2Kapo-lov/0YKY_A_E2 UanovXia/0YKY_A_E2 xdi;/EP0_ XP ra/A0 %qyeptiyara/0Y_0_ni arqv/AE nepio-xtf/0Y_0_E3 rov/A0 najKpariov/0YKY_0_E2. Afieptivovye/PE_0_E_ni ro/A0 xrvnqya/0Y_0_ Ei arov;/AE avapxiKov;/0Y_A_n3 Mapio/0YKY_A_ E3 Taovpana/0YKY_A_E3 Kai/Z Xpvaoaroyo/0Y-KY_A_E3
Revolutionary People's Struggle, "Epanastatikos La'ikos Agonas"
The Greek urban guerrilla Revolutionary People's Struggle was a far-left, anti-U. S.A., anti-NATO organization which first appeared in 1975 to oppose the Greek military junta of 1967-1974. It has been inactive since 1995. As an anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist organization, its bomb attacks were against political and economic targets. Four members of the organization were arrested and convicted for taking part in forty-two bomb attacks [20].
There are currently three proclamation files of "clean" language material of a total size of 6,652 words. The shortest proclamation is of 1,248 words while the longest is of 3,194 words. The average size if the proclamations is 2,217.3 words. The three proclamations have been manually part-of-speech tagged, so there are also three same-sized annotated proclamation text files. A sample of the unannotated proclamation of the 20th of November 1993 follows.
ANAK0INQ.ZH rov EnavaarariKov AaiKov Ajtiva — EAA -20N0EMBPH i993
Zri; i0 0Krtifipq i993 oi KadearwriKi;eKloji;ifepav Kai naXi ro nAZ0K arqv Kvfiipvqaq, SqlaStf arq diaq rov KevrpiKov noliriKov Siaxeipiartf rov Kaniraliayov arq xtipa ya;.
H noliriKtf ya; diaq Kai araaq axeriKa ye ro nAZ0K eivai jvwartf, %eKadapq Kai x^pi; nalivwSie;, tfSq ano npiv rov 0Krtifipq rov i98i nov avro ijive Kvfiipvqaq jianptirq fopa. Avro ro Koyya yafy ye rq «Nia AqyoKparia» anore-lovv rov; Svo Kvpiov; eraipov; rq; KYBEPN0ANTin0-AITEYZHZ. nAZ0K Kai N. A. avalayfiavovv SiaSoxiKa, avaXoja Kai ye rqv e%iXi%q rwv KoivwviKtiv avjKpovaewv Kai rq; rafyrf; avjKvpia;, rqv Siaxeipqaq rov eKyera^ev-tikov Kadeartiro;, ae fiapo; rwv avjxpovwv npolerapiuv, ara nlaiaia rov najKoayiov Kaniraliayov-iynepialiayov.
The following sample is from the same proclamation tagged with parts of speech.
ANAKOINOEH/OY_0_E1 rov/AO Enavaarari-Kov/E0_A_E2 AaiKov/E0_A_E2 Aytiva/OY_A_E2 — EAA/EE -
20/ATK NOEMBPH/OY_A_E21993/ATK Eri;/AE 10/AAn OKrtifipr/OY 1993/AAn oi/AO KadearwriKi;/E0_0_n1 eKXoji;/OY_0_n1 iye-pav/PE_O_A_n3 Kai/E ndXi/EP0_TP ro/AO nA-EOK/EE arrv/AE Kvfiipvrar/OY_0_E3, SrXaStf/E arr/AE diar/OY_0_E3 rov/AO KevrpiKov/E0_A_E3 no-XiriKov/E0_A_E3 Siaxeipiartf/OY_A_E3 rov/AO KaniraXi-ayov/OY_A_E3 arr/AE xtipa/OY_0_E3 ya;/A_KI.
H/AO noXiriKtf/OY_0_E1 ya;/A_KA_A_ n1 diar/OY_0_E1 Kai/E ardar/OY_0_E1 axeri-Kd/EP0_TP ye/M ro/AO nAEOK/EE eivai/PE_O_E_ E3 jvwartf/E0_0_E1,
Sect of Revolutionaries, "Sekhta Epanastaton" The Sect of Revolutionaries is an active far-left organization. In 2009 it committed three attacks, the first against a police-station in Athens, while the second was against the headquarters of Alter TV. During the third attack, an antiterrorist police officer was killed. In 2010, Socratis Giolias, a Greek journalist and broadcaster, was assassinated in the fourth attack. The group claimed responsibility, stating they would target more policemen, journalists and prison staff in roger to crush the "system's democracy" [21].
There is currently one proclamation file of "clean" language material of 3,568 words and three proclamations that have been manually part-of-speech tagged, of a total size of 7,428 words. The shortest annotated proclamation is of 1,246 words while the longest is of 4,058 words. The average size of annotated proclamations is 2,476 words. A sample from an unannotated Sect of Revolutionaries proclamation follows.
Eixra Enavaarartiv «AvaKoivwar No. 4: H Eixra Ena-vaarartiv onXiZerai %ava» AvaKoivwar v 4
H Eixra Enavaarartiv onXiZerai %ava Ero aryepivo Koayo ro nio fiiaio npajya eivai va yivei; anadtf;. 'OXr ya; r Zwtf KaraKXvZerai ano rr fiia. Kai orav Sev eivai r fiia rwv ynarawv, rwv Kparrrrpiwv, rwv yvXaKtiv, rore ra npajyara eivai aKoya nio vnovXa. MiXaye yia yia fiia Xwpi; aiya. Yia rrv fiia rr; eiKova;, rwv Siayryiaewv, rr; Ka-ravaXwriKtf; yaarovpa;, rwv fvxoaSii%oSwv, rr; yova%id;. Zovye ae adXie; noXei;, rptiye nXaariKo yajrro,
The same Sect of Revolutionaries proclamation, annotated with part-of-speech information, follows.
Se^Ta EnavaoTaTwv tag «AvaKoivwar No. 4: H Eixra Enavaarartiv onXiZerai %ava»
AvaKoivwar/OY_0_E1 v/XX 4AAU H/AO Eixra/OYKY Enavaarartiv/OT_A_n2 onXi-Zerai/Pn_O_E3 %avd/EP0_XP. Ero/AE aryepi-vo/E0_A_E3 Koayo/OY_A_E3 ro/AO nio/EP0_UO fiiaio/E0_O_E3 npajya/OY_O_E3 eivai/PA_O_E_ E3 va/M yivei;/PE_Y_E_E2 anadtf;/E0_A_E3. OXr/E0_0_E1 ya;/A_nA_A_n3 r/AO Zwtf/OY_0_ E1 KaraKXvZerai/Pn_O_E_E3ano/nrr/AOfiia/OY_0_ E3. Kai/E orav/E Sev/M eivai/PA_O_E_E3 r/AO fiia/OY_0_E1 rwv/AO ynarawv/OY_A_m, rwv/AO Kpirrpiwv/OY_O_n2, rwv/AO yvXaKtiv/OY_0_n2,
Warriors of Revolutionary Conscience, "Polemistes Epanastatikis Sinidisis"
This rather new, active organization appeared in January 2011 with a bomb attack against a construction company in Athens and a bomb attack against a car dealer company in December 2010 [22]. The corpus contains two proclamations of the Warriors of Revolutionary Conscience, the first of 755 words, the second of 5,624 words, with an average size of 3,189.5 words and a total size of 6,379 words. The following sample is from the Warriors of Revolutionary Conscience proclamation of the 17th January 2011.
noXeyiari; EnavaarariKtf; EvveiSrar; «E^a-Sa: EynprariKtf enidear evavriov rr; KaraaKevaari-Ktf; VASARTIS aro XaXavSpi (Adtfva, 17/01/2011)»
AvaXrfr Evdvvr; (noXeyiari; EnavaarariKtf; EvveiSrar;)
O noXeyo; yaiverai. Zovye Kai yejaXtivovye yiaa ae iva exdpiKo avarrya axiaewv nov ya; Sivei SiapKti; evroXi;. Ero aXoXeio, arov; xtipov; epjaaia; ae Kade nrvxtf rr; KoivwviKtf; Zwtf; eniKparovv a%ie; nov avanapajovv yovriXa avynepiyo-ptiv ra onoia Kai areXextivovv ro KaniraXiariKo avarrya. To Xptfya, r So%a, ro aroyiKo avyyipov, r KoivwviKtf Kara%iwar, eivai yepiKi; yovo ano avri;. Aura ra yovriXa avynepiyoptiv e%eXiaaovrai SiapKti; ye anoriXeaya Kai rrv SiapKtf e%iXi%r Kai avaSiayopywar rov KoivwviKov iarov.
Revolutionary Nuclei, "Epanastatiki Pirines" Revolutionary Nuclei, an organization which has carried out fifteen bomb attacks, is one of the organizations considered inactive since 2000. It started its actions in 1996 as an anti-European Union, anti-U. S. A and anti-NATO, far-left organization. According to its four proclamations, the attacks were their response to the "imperialist domination, exploitation, and oppression" of Greece. Its action started with two attacks that were acknowledged after the third bomb attack against Greek Coast Guard installations in 1997. On 27 April 1999 their bomb attack against the Intercontinental Hotel in Athens killed one person while in 1999 there was an
attack against Texaco and Citigroup offices and a Greek-American sculptor's studio in 2000 [23]. There is currently one proclamation from the Revolutionary Nuclei organization of 1994 words. The sample that follows is from the Revolutionary Nuclei proclamation regarding the Tarek Mousli case [24].
npoKtfpv^q rwv EnavaarariKtiv nvptfvwv axeriKa ye rqv vnodeaq T.Mousli.
0 T.Mousli tfrav jvwaro yiXo; rov avrovoyov xtipov rov Bepolivov Kara rqv SeKaeria rov '80 Kai apjorepa yiXo; rwv EnavaarariKtiv nvptfvwv (RZ/Rote Zora). To i999 avveltffdq Kai napovaiaarqKe ano rqv aarvvoyia aav q Kar'efyxtf qjeriKtf fvaiojvuyia rwv Enav. nvptfvwv rov Bepolivov. 0 iSio; avvepjaarqKe ye rov KpariKo yqxa-viayo Kai arq fiaaq rwv oyolojitiv rov KaraSiKaarqKav rpia aroya Kai ijivav aneipe; av^tffei;. Da rqv Karavoqaq rq; npoKtfpv^q; dewpti aqyavriKa ra napaKarw aqyeia: — 0i EnavaarariKoi Uvptfve; avyyerei'xav evepja arov avrovoyo apiarepo xtipo Kai ari; Spaarqpiorqri; rov yiaw rwv yeltiv rov;, napa^qla ye rqv vnoartfpi^q rq; ivonlq; Spaaq; Kai rq; avajKaariKtf; napavoyia; opiayivwv yeltiv.
Conclusion
The GreTerrOr Corpus is a dynamic corpus of Greek terrorist organizations' proclamations built for linguist and forensic research purposes. The corpus is dynamic and periodically updated with relevant language material. Besides the "raw", unannotated material, the corpus contains a significant portion of material annotated with parts of speech. The annotated language material makes possible the processing of proclamations for the extraction of morphological and syntactic information.
Regarding future work, the corpus will be enriched with proclamations of organizations already represented in the corpus as well as of any new organizations which appear. As a second future plan, annotation is to be done for the rest of the corpus. Lastly, the corpus, besides the proclamation material, will be updated with other, various language material produced by known organization members, such as letters sent by members in custody to the media, their apologies to the court and their published articles and books.
References:
1.
Adolphs S. & Lin P. Corpus linguistics. In J. Simpson (ed.), The Routledge handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford: Routledge. - 2010.
Blackwell, S. Why Forensic Linguistics needs Corpus Linguistics. In J. Banczerowski and A. Matulewska (eds.), Comparative Legilinguistics, International Journal for Legal Communication, - 2009. - Vol. 1, - 19-34. Broussalis G., Markopoulos G. & Mikros G. K. Stylometric profiling of the Greek Legal Corpus. In Z. Gavriili-dou, A. Efthymiou, E. Thomadaki & P. Kambakis-Vougiouklis (eds.), Selected Papers of the 10th International Conference of Greek Linguistics, - 2012. - 167-176. Komotini: Democritus University of Thrace. Cohen S. J. Mapping the Minds of Suicide Bombers using Linguistic Methods: The Corpus of Palestinian Suicide Bombers' Farewell Letters (CoPSBFL). Journal of Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, - 2016. - Vol. 39, - Issue 7-8: Measurement Issues in the Study of Terrorism, - 749-780.
Cotterill J. How to use Corpus Linguistics in Forensic Linguistics. In A. O'Keffee and M. McCarthy (eds.) The Roudledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics, - 2010. - 578-590. - New York: Routledge. Coulthard M. Powerful evidence for the defence: an exercise in forensic discourse analysis. In J. Gibbons (ed.), Language and the Law. London and New York: Longman. - 1994.
Coulthard, M. The official version: Audience manipulation in police records of interviews with suspects. In C. R. Caldas-Coulthard and M. Coulthard (eds.), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge. - 1996.
8. Cirilo L., Marchi A. & Venuti M. The Making of the CorDis Corpus: Compilation and Markup. In J. Morley and P. Bayley (eds.), Corpus-assists discourse studies on the Iraq-conflct - Wording the war, - 2009. - 13-34. - New York: Roudledge.
9. Goutsos D. & Fragaki G. Isagoyi sti Glossoloyia Somaton Kimenon. Athens: Ellinika Anadimaika Ilektronika Singramata kai Vithimata - www.kallipos.gr (in greek). - 2015.
10. Leech G. & Fligelstone S. Computers and corpus analysis. In C. S. Butler (ed.), Computers and written text, -115-40. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. - 1992.
11. Ludeling A. & Kyto M. (eds) Corpus Linguistics. An International Handbook (Volume 1 & 2). Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyer. - 2008.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
12. McEnery T. Corpora. In R. Mitkov (ed.), The Oxford handbook of computational linguistics, - 2003. - 448-63. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Ocawara M. H. A linguistic analysis of Some Japanese trademark cases. Ph. D. thesis. Sydney: University of Sydney. - 2006.
14. O'Keeffe A. & McCarthy M. (eds.) The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics. New York: Routledge. - 2010.
15. Shuy R. Creating Language Crimes: How Law Enforcement Uses (and Misuses) Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. - 2005.
16. Tiersma P. M. Legal language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. - 1999.
17. WikipediA The Free Encyclopedia (retrieved: 13/09/2016) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution-ary_Organization_17_November
18. WikipediA The Free Encyclopedia (retrieved: 13/09/2016) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution-ary_Struggle
19. WikipediA The Free Encyclopedia (retrieved: 13/09/2016) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_ in_Greece#Conspiracy_of_Fire_Nuclei
20. COUNCIL on FOREIGN RELATIONS (retrieved: 13/09/2016) URL: http://www.cfr.org/greece/novem-ber-17-revolutionary-peoples-struggle-revolutionary-struggle-greece-leftists/p9275#p5
21. WikipediA The Free Encyclopedia (retrieved: 13/09/2016) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect_of_ Revolutionaries.
22. athens.indymedia.org (retrieved: 13/09/2016) URL: https://athens.indymedia.org/post/1250136/
23. WikipediA The Free Encyclopedia (retrieved: 13/09/2016) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_ in_Greece
24. DER TAGGESSPIEGEL (retrieved: 13/09/2016) URL: http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/revolutionaere-zellen-ein-ganz-sensibler-zeuge/149282.html (in german).
