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13Grapes (lat. Vitis)
Eliseeva Tatyana, editor-in-chief of the EdaPlus.info project Alena Tarantul, nutritionist
E-mail: eliseeva.t@edaplus.info, tarantul.a@edaplus.info
Abstract. The article discusses the main properties of grapes and its effect on the human body. A systematic review of modern specialized literature and relevant scientific data was carried out. The chemical composition and nutritional value of berries are indicated, the use in various types of medicine and the effectiveness of its use in various diseases are considered. The potentially adverse effects of grapes on the human body under certain medical conditions and diseases are analyzed separately. The scientific foundations of diets with its use are considered.
Keywords: grapes, benefits, harm, beneficial properties, contraindications Beneficial features
Table 1. Chemical composition of muscat grapes (according to Food+ ).
Main substances (g/100 g): Seed grapes [1] Seedless grapes (raisins) [2] Raisins [3]
Water 81.30 80.54 15.46
Carbohydrates 17.15 18.10 79.32
Sugar 16.25 15.48 65.18
Squirrels 0.63 0.72 3.3
Alimentary fiber 0.9 0.9 4.5
Fats 0.35 0.16 0.25
Calories (kcal) 67 69 299
Minerals (mg/100 g):
Potassium 191 191 744
Calcium fourteen ten 62
Phosphorus ten twenty 98
Magnesium 5 7 36
Sodium 2 2 26
Iron 0.29 0.36 1.79
Zinc 0.04 0.07 0.36
Vitamins (mg/100 g):
Vitamin C four 3.2 2.3
Vitamin PP 0.300 0.188 0.766
Vitamin E 0.19 0.19 0.12
Vitamin B6 0.110 0.086 0.174
Vitamin B1 0.092 0.069 0.106
Vitamin B2 0.057 0.070 0.125
Vitamin A 0.030 0.020 0
From the vitamin-mineral complex contained in grapes, it is difficult to isolate the elements that are present here in abundance. Of course, there are useful substances in the berry, but in relatively small quantities. But the fruits of grapes are rich in simple sugars and carbohydrates, but there is a minimum amount of proteins and coarse fibers in their composition. Note that the differences between different grape varieties (for example, with and without seeds) are insignificant.
But the situation changes dramatically when it comes to raisins. In dried grapes, there are more minerals, fiber, and most importantly, much more sugar and carbohydrates, which leads to a sharp increase in calories. Thus, it is best to consume fresh berries. And it is recommended to exclude raisins from the diet, especially for people who want to lose weight.
Medicinal properties
As mentioned above, grapes are not considered a vitamin bomb, but their nutrients still make a valuable contribution to the body. For example, copper is involved in energy production, and together with vitamin C, is responsible for the formation of collagen. Potassium, in turn, is important for cellular metabolism. A number of trace elements (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese) and vitamin K help strengthen bones. By the way, 100 g of berries provides 28% of the daily requirement of vitamin K, which is necessary for the body not only for bone health, but also for normal blood clotting. In addition, the berries contain small doses of beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, etc.
Antioxidants contained in grapes help reduce the level of oxidative stress in the body, which is known to be the root cause of many chronic diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Note that dark berries have a more powerful antioxidant effect, since they contain natural anthocyanin pigments.
In addition to reducing oxidative stress, the flavonoid complex supports the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system in several other ways. First, these substances reduce the risk of thrombosis by preventing platelets from sticking together. Secondly, thanks to the production of nitric oxide, they dilate blood vessels, reducing the risk of heart attack and hypertension. In addition, grapes contain some phytosterol (a plant analogue of animal cholesterol), which prevents the formation of plaques on the walls of blood vessels and thus protects the body from atherosclerosis.
However, the antioxidant substance resveratrol, which belongs to the group of polyphenols, usually attracts the most attention in the composition of grapes. It is credited with anti-cancer and anti-aging properties. In addition, it is believed that resveratrol is able to protect the brain from damage that leads to various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Note that the amount of the substance coming from grapes is not so large as to prevent the development of the pathological process, but it can delay its occurrence.
With regard to the effect of resveratrol on cancer, experiments have shown that drinking juice from dark red grape varieties helped to reduce mammary tumors in rats. Also, this antioxidant slowed down the development of agents that cause colorectal cancer.
Finally, resveratrol, along with zeaxanthin and lutein, has a positive effect on the condition of the visual organs. This substance is involved in protecting the retina from ultraviolet radiation, thereby reducing the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and cataracts.
It should be noted that a large number of biologically active elements (antioxidants, vitamin E) are concentrated in the seeds and skins of grape berries, therefore, to get the maximum benefit, it is recommended to eat whole grapes. And by the way, do not believe the myths that berries with seeds can lead to appendicitis. Moderate consumption does not provoke inflammation of the appendix.
Interestingly, all the beneficial properties of antioxidants are preserved during the fermentation of grapes, and, accordingly, they can be obtained from wine. True, we note that we are talking about a drink from dark varieties, since white wine is mainly made using grape juice without pulp (skin and seeds).
In medicine
Due to the presence of P-vitamin substances in the composition of red grape leaves, their extract began to be used as the main active ingredient in a preparation called Antistax. It is used for chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoidal vein damage, hypertension, various dental pathologies, as well as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent. This medicine copes well with the elimination of symptoms such as swelling, cramps in the calf muscles, pain in the legs.
In addition, dietary supplements based on grape seed extract from dark varieties are now very popular on the phytopharmacological market. Manufacturers claim that, thanks to phenolic and tannins, as well as unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic), these supplements maintain the health of veins and blood vessels, reduce the risk of thrombosis, activate lymphatic drainage, normalize blood pressure, provide nutrition to brain cells, and reduce age-related visual impairment.
In folk medicine
Grapes, along with other parts of the plant, are used in folk medicine to treat a wide range of ailments and diseases. There is even a separate area - ampelotherapy (grape therapy). The plant is used for problems with digestion, vision and blood vessels, as well as for kidney diseases, tonsillitis, bronchitis, periodontal disease, gout, migraine, etc. In addition, the leaves, as well as decoctions and infusions from them, are often used to treat skin diseases (boils, ulcers), wound healing.
Moreover, herbalists advise replacing cabbage leaves with grape leaves when preparing cabbage rolls. Such a replenishment of the diet will help to establish the work of the pancreas and intestines. Surprising as it may seem, even the ashes of the grapevine are used in folk medicine, helping with intestinal ulcers.
• infusions
For gargling with sore throat or washing the mouth with periodontal disease, it is advised to make an infusion of grape leaves: 1 tablespoon of dry chopped raw materials is poured with one liter of boiling water and infused for 2 hours. Then filter and apply several times a day. The same liquid can be used to wipe wounds and ulcers on the skin.
Also, inflammation in the throat is treated with an alcohol tincture of grape seeds. To prepare it, you need to wash 100 g of seeds of dark berries, blot with a napkin and crush in a mortar. Then pour 0.5 l of vodka, close and leave in a dark place for 1 month, shaking regularly. After straining, add a few drops of tincture to the herbal decoction and gargle with this mixture. You can also take this drug 1 teaspoon before meals. This helps to strengthen the walls of blood vessels, helps fight varicose veins and prevents platelets from sticking together.
• Decoctions
Traditional healers offer to treat gout, metabolic disorders and night blindness with a decoction of grape leaves. To prepare it, you need to add 1 tablespoon of dry raw materials to 200 ml of boiling water and leave it on low heat for 10 minutes. After straining, the medicine can be taken 50 ml four times a day. In addition, to speed up the healing process of wounds, it is advised to wipe the affected areas of the skin.
In addition, a decoction can be prepared using the seeds of grape berries: one glass of boiling water is usually taken per tablespoon of seeds, and then placed in a water bath for 20 minutes. After straining, it is recommended to drink this liquid 1 tablespoon three times a day before meals. It has a strong diuretic effect.
• Wine
Grape wines were used as medicines in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece. Then they treated both physiological ailments and mental disorders. In addition, for the purpose of disinfection, they were added to water. And by the way, it was not at all useless, since they are really toxic to certain types of bacteria.
To date, wine is also actively used in folk recipes. For example, for headaches and migraines, it is recommended to mix dry red wine, honey and aloe juice in a ratio of 1: 1: 0.5. Take a teaspoon three times a day for a month. According to another recipe, it is necessary to pour dry red wine into a jar filled with raspberries. Infuse for 3 weeks in a dark place, and then take 50 ml three times a day 30 minutes before meals. By itself, red wine is considered a good remedy for insomnia. Usually it is enough to drink 100-150 ml an hour before bedtime.
Used in folk medicine and white wine. For example, to remove small stones from the kidneys, pour 100 g of marshmallow seeds with two liters of dry white wine and leave to infuse in a dark place for 4 weeks, shaking from time to time. Then you need to boil the liquid over low heat for 30 minutes, strain and consume 50 ml three times a day before meals.
For problems with urination, one liter of boiling dry white wine is poured over 30 g of dry birch leaves and left on low heat for 15 minutes under a lid. Then the liquid must be filtered, add 3 tablespoons of honey and drink 70 ml three times a day an hour after eating.
During an exacerbation of bronchitis, it is recommended to put 4 large leaves of aloe in 0.5 liters of wine and leave to infuse in a dark place for 4 days. Then take 1 tablespoon three times a day.
• Juice
Traditional healers claim that 1 glass of grape juice in the morning can relieve headaches. It is also recommended to treat kidney diseases. For a month, you should drink 1 liter of grape juice daily with the addition of 10-12 drops of lemon juice. With proteinuria (the appearance of protein in the urine), you need to drink such a mixture in one gulp, and the induced urination should flush the urinary tract.
17
in oriental medicine
In ancient oriental medicine, grapes (both the berries themselves and the rest of the plant) were highly valued for their medicinal qualities. The vineyard was attributed to the cold yin type and was considered a dry product in the II degree, but ripe berries were hot in the I degree and wet. Healers claimed that if young branches of grapes with leaves and tendrils are crushed, and then mixed with barley flour and applied to the body, then you can get rid of a hot headache or hot tumors.
Grape leaf juice helped to get rid of problems with a hot stomach: it stopped vomiting, bilious diarrhea, and healed ulcers. It was believed that it has a diuretic effect, saves from hemoptysis and increases potency. It was recommended to pregnant women as it strengthened the developing fetus. External application of the juice was supposed to stimulate hair growth. Vineyard gum, according to ancient healers, cleansed and dried nature. And together with wine, they cleansed the spleen well and treated eczema.
Used in healing practices and the ashes of the vine. By mixing it with vinegar, they received a cure for hemorrhoids, and when vegetable oil and honey were added to this mixture, they prepared an antidote for snake bites.
Hot berries normalize the disturbed nature and strengthen the organs in the chest area. Grape juice is good for the stomach, kidneys, liver and bladder. Grape oil, in turn, warms up the body well and stops the development of tumors.
In scientific research
Grapes often become the object of scientific research. Most of the attention of scientists is focused on its anti-cancer properties. It is believed that antioxidants, found mainly in the skin and seeds of berries, are effective both as a preventive measure and as an adjunct to oncotherapy if the disease has already developed. For example, resveratrol, according to scientists, helps reduce oxidative stress and, as a result, protects the colon, breast, prostate, and lungs from cancer [4] .
But one of the latest studies showed that grape juice extract with its phenolic composition significantly reduces the viability of pathogenic cells in case of damage to the rectum. In the experiment, raw materials obtained from the berries of the Autumn royal and Ribier varieties were used. By the way, depending on the dose, the extract not only led to cell death, but also reduced their mobility, slowing down the process of metastasis [5] . And another experiment showed that in colorectal cancer, infected cells are vulnerable to proanthocyanides isolated from grape seeds. [6] .
There are also several scientific papers confirming the effectiveness of various components of the grape berry in the fight against breast cancer. Scientists claim that grape seed extract has a significant effect on cell motility in mouse breast cancer. Thus, they inhibit the formation of metastases in other organs [7] . In yet another study, the process of metastasis was halted by extracting polyphenols from grape skins. True, they affected the viability of infected cells to a much lesser extent, mainly limiting their mobility [8] .
As for the prostate tumor, after a series of experiments, scientists came to the conclusion that the anthocyanins contained in the dark Muscadine grapes have a devastating effect on pathogenic cells without affecting healthy epithelium. They also help prevent the spread of bone metastases [9] .
Note that in all the above studies, the anti-cancer properties of various components from the composition of the grape berry were studied, but each group of scientists focused on a specific substance, not considering it in combination with other components. On the one hand, this made it
possible to learn in more detail about all the properties of a particular antioxidant. On the other hand, it did not allow to see the results of its interaction with other substances.
That is why scientists from the University of Wisconsin took as an object of study all the polyphenols that are contained in grapes (resveratrol, quercetin, kaempferol, catechins, anthocyanins, etc.). So, they came to the conclusion that, getting into the body along with other antioxidants, the effectiveness of many of them is enhanced [10] . This synergistic effect is important at the stage of preventing the development of cancer.
These studies were confirmed by an experiment conducted by a group of American scientists. For two weeks, 30 people at risk of developing colorectal cancer were given up to 450 grams of grapes per day. As a result, after the end of the experiment, the risk of the disease decreased, especially in people over 50 years old [11] . If the pathological process is already running, then, naturally, the amount of polyphenols contained in grapes, and in any other fruit or berry, will not be enough to treat the disease. To achieve the desired effect, it would be necessary to eat tens of kilograms of berries a day.
In addition to studies studying the effect of grapes and its individual components on cancer, a scientific work appeared several years ago in which the Australian David Sinclair claimed that resveratrol isolated from wine slows down the aging process of cells. This discovery quickly spread around the world media, but journalists often missed important nuances. For example, the fact that experiments have so far been carried out only on mice. And the level of resveratrol in the body of rodents was so high that it would take several hundred glasses of wine to reach it.
By the way, the bioavailability of resveratrol is not very high, that is, it is poorly absorbed from food and drinks. Scientists have found that the concentration of this antioxidant is highest in the skins and seeds of dark wine varieties. In addition, frequent rain during grape ripening increases the amount of bioavailable resveratrol in the skin, but does not affect the content of this substance in the stones [12] .
However, all this is still not enough for the body to receive a biologically active dose. Scientists from Johns Hopkins University have been monitoring the health of older people in the Chianti region of Italy for 9 years. Their traditional diet includes many foods containing resveratrol. But researchers have never been able to establish a link between lifespan or the rate of aging and resveratrol levels in the body.
But numerous studies of polyphenols from grapes have confirmed that these substances are able to maintain the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. By lowering cholesterol levels and stimulating the production of nitric oxide, they help prevent the development of atherosclerosis and improve endothelial function [13] .
In one experiment, 69 adults were divided into three groups. A participant in one of them was given 500 g of dark grapes daily for eight weeks, participants in the other - 500 g of light varieties of berries, and the rest were completely excluded from the diet of grapes. As a result, those who ate dark varieties had a significant decrease in the level of "bad" cholesterol. White berries were inferior in efficiency, but still led to an improvement in performance compared to the third control group [14] .
Despite the fact that grapes contain a lot of sugar, scientists say that they can be useful for patients with type 2 diabetes. In a 16-week experiment, 38 men took 20 g of dark wine grape extract daily, after which their blood sugar levels decreased compared to the control group [15] . In addition, resveratrol increases insulin sensitivity, which helps the body process more glucose and thereby help lower sugar levels [16] .
Weight regulation
There is no single opinion about the benefits of grapes for weight loss. Some nutritionists call these berries the most useless of all, others willingly include them in various diets. What usually speaks against grapes is that they contain a lot of sugars and carbohydrates. On the other hand, its glycemic index is not that high - 45 units, which means that grapes do not cause a sharp increase in blood glucose levels.
In addition, some of the substances that make up these berries increase insulin sensitivity and, thus, help improve the absorption of sugar in the body. Moreover, American scientists conducted an experiment in which people with significant excess weight took part. They were divided into 3 groups and for three weeks they took daily 30-minute walks. Grape juice was added to the diet of the first group, grapes were added to the diet of the second group, and no changes were made to the third group. As a result, after 3 weeks, the representatives of the first group lost an average of about 1.5 kg of weight, the second - about 2 kg, and the third - about 0.5 kg.
Nutritional researchers concluded that grapes improved insulin metabolism and inhibited fat storage. Berries had the best effect because most of the necessary substances are concentrated in the skin, which usually does not get into the juice. Thus, grapes should not be written off, because with moderate use and in combination with small physical exertion, it benefits the body and helps to gradually get rid of excess weight.
But all this cannot be said about raisins - one of the worst enemies of weight loss. It contains practically no nutrients and 60% consists of sugar, not much different from sweets. The calorie content of raisins (299 kcal) is 4 times higher than the calorie content of grapes (67 kcal).
Note that when losing weight, they usually pay little attention to drinks, mainly trying to limit themselves in products. However, special care should be taken when drinking wine, as the average glass of 175 ml contains 160 kcal. The calorie content depends on the variety of grapes used and even more on the amount of added sugar, but in any case remains quite high.
In cooking
Grapes are used in all cuisines of the world. In addition to the berries themselves, the leaves of the plant are used, from which, for example, dolma is prepared in the Middle East. In addition, during the preparation of red wine, scallops (twigs to which grapes are attached) are often used along with berries. As for the berries themselves, they are dried, pickled, jams, ice cream, compotes are made from them, they are added fresh to various desserts, salads, and even served with meat.
Grapes are often used to make snacks. Because it pairs well with cheeses and nuts, it can be rolled in soft goat cheese, then drizzled with honey and sprinkled with chopped pistachios. These balls must be put in the refrigerator for 45 minutes, and then you can serve. By the way, if we talk about cheeses, then grapes can be safely served with blue cheese. And the peculiarity of the French cheese Arôme au gêne de marc, reminiscent of brie, is that it is kept in grape brandy for 30 days along with the seeds, skins and twigs of grapes left after pressing.
Real balsamic vinegar is made from grape juice. First, it is boiled down to the consistency of a thick syrup, and then aged in barrels for at least three years. Also, a traditional sweet is prepared from the juice of grapes in Transcaucasia, which the Armenians call "sujuk", and the Georgians -"churchkhela". The juice is boiled until its volume is reduced by 3 times, then a little flour is added and nuts strung on a thread are dipped into this syrup. Then the resulting "sausage" is dried in a dark cool place.
Special wine grape varieties are usually grown for making wines, but some winemakers go even further. For example, Tokay wines in Hungary and several expensive wines in France are made from grapes covered with gray mold. This helps the berries get rid of unwanted moisture and increase the concentration of sugar. In addition, there is the so-called ice wine (ice wine), which is made from grapes seized by the first frosts. By the way, frozen grapes are often used as ice. They cool the drink, but do not dilute it with water.
In cosmetology
In cosmetology, grapes have been used for quite a long time and successfully. The beauty industry actively uses extracts and extracts from the skin and pulp of the berry, seed oil, and the antioxidant resveratrol. You can find these components in a variety of products: hand and face creams, facial cleansers, scrubs, anti-cellulite gels, shampoos, lip balms, lipsticks, nail coatings, as well as anti-aging products.
The most common and popular component is grape seed oil. Due to the presence of vitamins A and B, tocopherols, flavonoids and polyunsaturated acids in its composition, it nourishes the skin well and leaves no shine or film feeling on the face. Regular use of products based on this oil stimulates the regeneration of the skin and gives it elasticity.
Products containing grape seed oil are recommended for owners of problem skin. As a rule, they contribute to the narrowing of pores, the normalization of the sebaceous glands and the elimination of acne. You can make a care product at home.
For oily skin:
• mix 2 tablespoons of dark grape juice with egg white and a little starch or flour. This mixture is applied to the face for 15-20 minutes, and then washed off with warm water;
• a handful of dark berries mashed into gruel are mixed with sour cream until a thick mass is obtained. Apply to the face for 20 minutes, and then wash off with a cotton pad dipped in cool milk.
For dry skin:
• combine egg yolk, a tablespoon of honey, half a teaspoon of olive oil, a tablespoon of crushed oatmeal with a tablespoon of red grape juice. Apply to face for 15 minutes, then rinse with warm water.
Cleansing lotion:
• 400 ml of dark grape juice must be mixed with two tablespoons of honey and 200 ml of vodka. Store in the refrigerator in a glass container for up to 7 days. Wash your face twice a day.
Dangerous properties of grapes and contraindications
In moderation, grapes bring exceptional benefits to the body. But too large portions can provoke indigestion and gas formation. In addition, some experts believe that grapes should not be consumed by pregnant women, since resveratrol becomes toxic with an unbalanced hormonal background. In addition, it is not easy for a weakened digestive system to digest the skin of berries. It may not be necessary to completely give up grapes during pregnancy, but its inclusion in the diet should be done with caution.
In the following situations, it is better to refuse the use of grapes:
• exacerbation of stomach ulcers;
• exacerbation of gastritis or colitis;
• diarrhea;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• taking blood-thinning drugs (such as warfarin).
It is also necessary to give grapes to children under 4-5 years of age with caution. The fact is that babies often swallow whole berries without chewing them. Grapes can get stuck in narrow airways and, due to their soft and smooth surface, create an airtight seal, blocking the flow of air. It is best to cut the berries in half before giving them to a child.
Selection and storage
When choosing grapes, it is necessary to give preference to bunches with whole dense berries without damage, rot and mold. Light brown dots on white grapes indicate that they are very ripe and ready to eat, but will not be stored for a long time even in the refrigerator. You should not refuse to buy grapes if a slight whitish coating is visible on the berries, since this is their protective reaction to external stimuli. Sometimes white traces of chemicals can remain on the berries after processing, so in any case, the grapes should be washed well.
As for storage, ripe berries usually lie in the refrigerator for about 3 days. It's best to put them in a plastic or glass container, as moisture can accumulate in the bag and, combined with the sugar released along with the grape juice, fungal infections can develop. To preserve the harvest for the winter, it is necessary to remove the grapes from the bunch and, spreading them on a tray in one layer, send them to the freezer. After a while, they can be transferred to any container and stored until the end of winter. This method allows you to save the maximum amount of nutrients.
Pickling, canning and drying deprive grapes of almost all vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. In the case of raisins, there are also questions about the production process, since almost all dried fruits are treated with preservatives (for example, sulfur dioxide) to prevent spoilage and preserve their presentation. If you still decide to buy dried grapes, then you need to soak them for half an hour in cold water, and then rinse well.
Varieties and cultivation
The varieties of grapes are striking in their diversity, and breeders continue to work to improve their chemical composition, taste and make it possible to grow in various climatic conditions. Typically, grape varieties are divided into table (fresh eaten) and wine (used to make wine). Among the former, pitted berries (for example, sultanas) are often found. Grapes are also distinguished by color: white, pink, red and black. The most common varieties in our country are: Veles, Adler, Jupiter, Muscat, Ladyfingers and Chardonnay.
Among the unusual varieties of grapes, "Witch's fingers" can be noted. These dark berries really resemble short fingers with their elongated oblong shape. And the fruits of the Cotton Candy variety do not outwardly differ from others, but the breeders endowed them with a pronounced taste of cotton candy. They contain 12% more sugar and have almost no astringency, making them very popular with children.
One cannot ignore the Roman Ruby variety, which is grown and sold at auction exclusively in the Japanese prefecture of Ishikawa. These red berries contain 18% sugar, so they are especially sweet.
Their size is also striking - each grape must weigh at least 30 g, and the entire bunch - at least 700 g. In 2017, a branch of such grapes was sold at auction for $ 9,800.
Of great interest are the so-called sea grapes and the Brazilian grape tree Jaboticaba. True, none of these plants has anything to do with the Grape family. They probably got their names purely by visual resemblance. Moreover, under the name "sea grapes" both the type of algae, which are eaten, and fruit-bearing evergreen trees are hidden at once. But jaboticaba is the edible fruit of a plant from the Myrtle family.
With regard to the characteristics of growing grapes, the key factor is the choice of location. Berries tolerate heat well, but are afraid of shade, so for planting it is better to choose a sunny side, protected from the wind. The soil can be sandy, clay or black earth. With frequent precipitation, the plant can not be watered, but if there is a lack of moisture or drought occurs, then additional measures are necessary. In the absence of rain, you need to water the grapes up to 10 times per season, but not too abundantly.
So, moderate consumption of grapes definitely benefits the body. Dark berries enhance antioxidant protection, support the normal functioning of the cardiovascular, digestive and nervous systems, protect against the development of chronic diseases, and also provide activation of skin regeneration processes.
Literature
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2. US National Nutrient Database, source
3. US National Nutrient Database, source
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5. Valenzuela M., Bastias L., Montenegro I., Werner E., Madrid A., Godoy P., Parraga M., Villena J. Autumn Royal and Ribier Grape Juice Extracts Reduced Viability and Metastatic Potential of Colon Cancer Cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018 Jan 14; 2018.
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9. Burton LJ, Smith BA, Smith BN, Loyd Q., Nagappan P., McKeithen D., Wilder CL, Platt MO, Hudson T., Odero-Marah VA Muscadine grape skin extract can antagonize Snail-cathepsin L-mediated invasion, migration and osteoclastogenesis in prostate and breast cancer cells. carcinogenesis. 2015 Sep; 36(9):1019-27.
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An extended HTML version of the article is available on the edaplus.info website. Grapes - useful properties, composition and contraindications
Eliseeva Tatyana, editor-in-chief of the project EdaPlus.info Alena Tarantul, nutritionist
E-mail: eliseeva.t@edaplus.info, tarantul.a@edaplus.info
Received 10/10/19
Abstract. The article discusses the main properties of grapes and its effect on the human body. A systematic review of modern specialized literature and relevant scientific data was carried out. The chemical composition and nutritional value of berries are indicated, the use in various types of medicine and the effectiveness of its use in various diseases are considered. The potentially adverse effects of grapes on the human body under certain medical conditions and diseases are analyzed separately. Considered scientific basics diets With his application.
