CC BY
23
УДК 37
Annagylyjova A., Hojanepesova M.,
Teachers of the Turkmen State University named after Magtymguly.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
GRAMMAR RULES OF PREPOSITIONS IN ENGLISH Annotation
The English language has over 100 prepositions, words that connect one noun or noun substitute to another. They are tricky because they are used in a variety of situations and can indicate time and place, manner, purpose, state, agent or condition. Even worse, sometimes they can be used interchangeably, as in "sit on that chair, sit in that chair", but usually there are rules with regard to how they are used.
Keywords:
language, grammar, prepositons, rules, spoken, by, learn. Аннотация
В английском языке более 100 предлогов, слов, которые соединяют одно существительное или существительное-заменитель с другим. Они сложны, потому что используются в самых разных ситуациях и могут указывать время и место, манеру, цель, состояние, агента или условие. Хуже того, иногда их можно использовать взаимозаменяемо, например, «сидеть на том стуле, сидеть на том стуле», но обычно существуют правила их использования.
Ключевые слова:
язык, грамматика, предлоги, правила, разговорный, по, выучить.
Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.
Do we need to study grammar to learn a language? The short answer is "no". Very many people in the world speak their own, native language without having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word "grammar". But if you are serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is "yes, grammar can help you to learn a language more quickly and more efficiently." It's important to think of grammar as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book.
The English language has over 100 prepositions, words that connect one noun or noun substitute to another. They are tricky because they are used in a variety of situations and can indicate time and place, manner, purpose, state, agent or condition.
Even worse, sometimes they can be used interchangeably, as in "sit on that chair, sit in that chair", but usually there are rules with regard to how they are used.
Prepositions in English are highly idiomatic. Although there are some rules for usage, much preposition usage is dictated by fixed expressions. In these cases, it is best to memorize the phrase instead of the individual preposition.
Some verbs and adjectives are followed by a certain preposition. Sometimes verbs and adjectives can be followed by different prepositions, giving the phrase different meanings. To find which prepositions follow the verb or an adjective, look up the verb or adjective in an online dictionary, such as Merriam Webster, or use a
corpus, such as The Corpus of Contemporary American English. Memorizing these phrases instead of just the preposition alone is the most helpful.
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you'll find prepositions in front of gerund verbs.
A nice way to think about prepositions is as the words that help glue a sentence together. They do this by expressing position and movement, possession, time and how an action is completed.
Indeed, several of the most frequently used words in all of English, such as of, to, for, with, on and at, are prepositions. Explaining prepositions can seem complicated, but they are a common part of language and most of us use them naturally without even thinking about it.
The first rule is that to make sentences clear, specific prepositions are needed. For example, the preposition in means one thing and the preposition on cannot substitute for it in all cases. Some prepositions are interchangeable but not always. The correct preposition means one particular thing and using a different proposition will give the sentence a very different meaning. I want to see you in the house now, Bill! means something very different from I want to see you on the house now, Bill! In the house means Bill should go through the door, walk inside, and stand in the hall or living room. On the house means Bill would need to get a ladder and climb to the roof where he would be on top of the house.
There are more than 100 prepositions in the English language. In addition, there are endless possibilities for creating prepositional phrases, phrases that begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun. In the following sections, you will find examples of prepositions, types of prepositions, a comprehensive list of prepositions, and some helpful preposition exercises. As you read the examples and study the list, remember that prepositions usually convey concepts such as comparison, direction, place, purpose, source possession, and time.
References:
1. Гурбангулы Бердимухамедов. "Знания - это счастье, вдохновение, успех." Ашхабад,2014.
2. Методика обучения иностранным языкам: традиции и современность. Коллективная монография под редакцией академика РАО А.А.Миролюбова. Москва, 2010.
3. Sweet, Henry (1890). A primer of spoken English.
4. Aarts, Bas (2014). The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar (2nd ed.).
© Annagylyjova A., Hojanepesova M., 2023
УДК 37
Beghanova G.,
A teacher of the Turkmen State University named after Magtymguly.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
Charyyeva G.,
A student of the Turkmen State University named after Magtymguly.
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE Annotation
English literature is literature written in the English language from the United Kingdom, its Crown
