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ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SCHOOLS AND THEIR COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS Salieva M.K.
Salieva Muhabbat Kushanovna - Candidate of Philological Sciences, Independent Researcher, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES, UZBEK UNIVERSITY OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: in presenting the ideas regarding the principles of effective governance through human thinking, we have allowed ourselves in-depth elaboration of the historical theories of public administration and some principles of governance. We can say that by following the principle of historical and logical solidarity we have created logical foundation for moving forward to presenting a new conception ofprinciples of effective governance required in the modern post-industrial world.
Keywords: governance and public administration, improvement, governance, local government, organizational and legal structure of governing bodies, objectives, functions, country, progress, modernity, reforms, the experience of Uzbekistan, an open society concept.
An information society is an integral stage in the development of modern civilization. It is characterized by the growing importance of information and knowledge in society, increase in share of information and telecommunications, information products and services in GDP, the creation of a global information space that allows people to interact effectively, their access to global information resources, and the level of information product satisfaction.
The power of any state is manifested in the solidity of its laws and the full enforcement of effective laws. So, the rule of law, full enforcement of the law equals to the state's stability and the durability of social justice. A truly democratic regime arises in these conditions, and the commonality of legal communication goals in the governance and public administration can be achieved. The main areas of further improvement and modernization of public administration based on national values and modern achievements of statehood in the world are clearly indicated in the Action Strategy, "The deep analysis of the development path of our country, sharp changes in world market conditions and as a result, increasing competition in globalization process force developing and implementation of completely new approaches and principles for sustainable development of the country" [1].
Consistent implementation of the basic principles defining the criteria of democratic governance in public administration, priority of human rights and interests, openness, the effective use of the principles of direct communication with people, drafting the Code of Administrative Procedure, the Law "On Administrative Procedures", the Law "On Public Service" and other new drafts, their adoption are still relevant nowadays.
As President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev has stated: "I think it is time to develop a targeted program, which should include the creation of a personnel reserve, important issues of personnel training and retraining in order to achieve the goals and objectives set before us. The main objective is to form a new order for highly professional leaders and officials with modern thinking who are able to make a well-thought-out, right decisions, to achieve the set goals" [2]. This requirement is directly related to a complete overhaul of the personnel system, creation of a new generation of talented leaders with modern knowledge, high professional skills, leadership talent and managerial potential. This is important in today's public administration.
Growing needs of the society are becoming a vital process that has become a valuable resource focused in the information space. A strong state of law not only controls this process but also accelerates the access to legal computerization, systematization of legal sources, and significantly facilitates their comprehension. In addition, the labor productivity is increased through computerization. This will help speed up legal proceedings.
The main purpose of this research paper is to study the schools of governance and public administration and their communicative aspects. It examines the development of the schools of public administration in their early stages. First we will turn to the scientific views of ancient thinkers. The main goal in the ideas of scholars such as Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, and Hegel was to maintain an equitable management in governance. Thus, one can see the development of historical stages of the Western schools and the Eastern schools based on the public administration began at those ancient times.
In "The State" Plato distinguishes between two types of justice, which are devoted to spiritual matters and those combined with moral issues: justice for individuals and justice in the social sense. The essence of justice can be understood only in connection with the emergence of the state. In fact, the emergence of the state is called the emergence of justice [3]. Although Socrates had not left written sources, his philosophy was reflected in the writings of his disciples inspired by his philosophical thoughts. In some multi-volume publications on the history of philosophy, we can find sources of F.H. Cassidy [4. P. 46-47], and V.S. Nersesyants devoted to Socrates' works.
In particular, V.S.Nersesyants writes: "The political ethics of Socrates was a peculiar result of the earlier development of political thought in ancient Greece, and at the same time it served as the starting point for its ascent to heights such as Plato's political philosophy and Aristotle's political science" [5. P. 159]. It can be said that the ideas as the schools of thought emerged as the initial manifestations of today's political schools. A statement by Socrates about the governance emerging from "the inseparable unity of morality and law" was written by his disciple Xenophon, who in his speech on justice states: "Incomprehension of the act of injustice was sufficient evidence of justice. If you do not agree, look, maybe you will like it better: I say it is legal, it is fair" [6. P. 32-33].
Contemporary researches have a variety of methodological concepts for the analysis of political reality, each of them having its own cognitive logic, build its own conceptual apparatus, and establishing a regulatory relationship among key concepts.
It is difficult to predict strategic positions to be taken in the public administration system. As an interpretation of the concepts of political power and public administration, the wide development of functional, human concepts of specific research tasks lies in the interpretation of their content.
Another reason for the uncertainty of concepts and modern general knowledge is the need for conducting various studies, strengthening methodological approaches in the legal knowledge, a thorough study of inventions, laws developed by scientists of ancient and modern times, and the use of foreign experience.
Nowadays the schools of modern public administration, specialists and scientists are required to know the basic philosophical directions, methods of studying politics, and ideas for implementing suggested laws and concepts, social and failed theories in order to create a concept of corporate and national culture in public administration.
Today's social needs raise similar questions to the people of our century, including subject-matter experts.
Significant differences in attitudes and approaches to public administration have led to the emergence of different schools that unite scholars. It should be noted that in the middle ages, the peoples of Central Asia played an important role in public administration in the form of mass legal communication. Similar legal issues are mentioned and commented in Abu Nasr al-Farabi's "The City of Fascinating People". In his work, the author summarizes the vast scientific and practical experience, raises a wide range of ethical and legal issues. He focused his attention primarily on law enforcement. The author states that "Only if the
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governor is able to make people to follow and obey the laws in the system of government, then the state system can be considered as being excellent" [7. P. 32-33].
It was important not only to have laws in public administration, but also to understand their content and significance, to make such information available to the public. Medieval thinkers focused on the stratification of society. If two individuals have the same title, there will be no difference between them. Nizamulmulk writes in his "Siyasatnoma" (Book of politics): "The equivalence of a qadi and a servant is not acceptable, that is why commanders and great men had been given titles such as Hisam ud-din (sword of the religion), Sayf ud-davla (sword of the state), Amin ud-davla (trust of the state), Shams ud-din (sun of the state) and so on [8. P. 138]. It is well known that names are the main way to describe a person and reveal his or her characteristics to the public. The mention of the word "sword" is due to the traditions of that time. In addition, the word "sword" is not only a sword but it is used in the language of people of that time, with direct and indirect meanings.
Abu Raykhan Beruni's "India" also contains a number of explanations about the legal norms in the country. Abu Raykhan Beruni scientifically commented on the types of swearing and punishments in India, and such regulations have, to some extent, affected the legal practices of the peoples of Central Asia. For example: "There are many types of swearing depending on the amount of the claim. First of all, if the defendant agrees to swear, and, if the claim is for a little, then the defendant said: "There are five Brahman scholars in front of me and if my words are false, then let the claimant be rewarded with the eightfold thawab of my good deeds."More important swearing as follows: "the judge orders the refuter of guilty to drink vaisha - a poison known as brahmana. Vaisha is the worst kind of poisons. If it is true, drinking vaisha won't hurt" [9. P. 406]. Certainly, poisoning or similar severe punishment is not an appropriate legal decision, it is the norm adopted under the influence of religious inequality. But the understanding of its fallibility is per se a lesson for other nations, while it serves as an educational school aimed at preserving peace in the public administration of the time.
Amir Timur pursued the rule of law in a phased manner and, first and foremost, used the religious order as the most powerful tool for strengthening its legal system. It is stated in his "Tuzuks": "After I have regulated the order of religious and Shari'ah affairs, I began to establish the order in my kingdom. I have preserved the status and authority of my kingdom based on the Laws and regulations (Tura and tuzuks) [10. P. 73]. Scientists are well aware that this is a unique school of Amir Timur.
Central Asian thinkers of that time paid much attention to foreign legal norms and promoted them in their own country. Such a legal norm is also developed in China, as exemplified by Abdurazzaq Samarkandi in his book "Matlai sadayn and majmai bahrain": "The Chinese are very careful about sinners. For example, the emperor has twelve offices; if someone is charged with committing a sin, and the guilt is confirmed in eleven offices but the twelfth does not confirm the ruling, there is still hope for salvation. Even if there is a need for someone at a far distance walk for six months or more because of the sinner's case, they will not kill the sinner until they are investigated in full; they keep him in custody" [11]. The works created by Central Asian thinkers in the Middle Ages are a symbol of schools of scientific management that connect the human history with the present.
Schools of Public Administration: The relationship between politics and public administration is always inextricably linked, depending on many factors, including the level of organization of political power, forms of governance, and the type of political regime [12].
Public administration is the power that influences the functions of a system based on the vital existence of society. It is conducted fairly as a practical organizational and regulatory activity. The social orientation of public administration ensures its effectiveness due to its expediency, legitimacy. Public administration encompasses concepts of a political and legal nature. Public administration forms specific approaches based on practical schools, most of which are available, but the most popular and widespread public administration is formed in British, American, French and German schools.
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Thus, the diversity of public administration schools reflects the theories of diversity management ideas that emerged in the twentieth century, the complexity, versatility, and inconsistency of school and direction management practices. The existing differences in the scientific approaches to the classification of the concepts of public administration are explained by the fact that their authors reflect their subjective opinions on the basis of selected criteria. Let's look at examples here. As noted by K.I. Golubev, "the implementation of the published requirements for management theories and the full presentation of each group of theories" [13].
In the classification of schools of management theories and schools of management thought, scientists such as M.H. Meskon, M. Albert, F. Xeduri, A. Xajinskiy, G. Kunts and S.O. Donnell, R. Falmer, R. Daft, and others, as well as leading local experts, primarily D.M. Gvishiani, O.S.Vixanskiy, Yu.V. Kuznetsov, A.V. Kezin have identified four key approaches that have greatly contributed to the development of management theory and practice in the classification of management schools proposed by renowned scholars in the West and Russia such as M.H. Meskon, M. Albert and F. Xeduri.
A school of scientific management school was aimed at identifying the best ways to perform the main objectives of public administration development, applying the scientific analysis and finding solutions to issues such as defining management principles, functions and developing principles in general management.
In that period, the school of management practices was based on the theories of theoretical scholars (P. Druker, G.Davis, H.Dale, A.Sloan Jr., L Eppli, A. Chandler, E. Peterson, E. Plouman, A. Cole, A.Swanson, U. Bennis, T. Leavitt et al.) and contained the ideas of classical schools of behavior.
The school of social systems is based on a systematic approach to the organization of public administration. Key Representatives are C Barnard, G.Simon, I.Ansoff, J.March et al. They studied the overall structural effects of the key components of the management system on each other. A new school of management science, which reflects the latest principles of management theory and practice in the United States, is based on the use of mathematical methods and decision-making processes. Areas of research at the school: School of Operations Research (R. Akoff, D. Ekman), School of General Theoretical System (U. Hitch, A. Enthoven, Ch. Shchults, E. Kveid), School of Management in Econometrics (I.I. Mazur, A.G. Porshnev, V.D. Shapiro, E.M. Korotkov, N.G. Olderog and A.Yu. Zabrodin) [14. P. 67, 87].
By analyzing the development of his views on these schools of management, seven major scientific schools of management were identified, each with a period of dominance
Regarding the schools of management founded by O.S.Vikhansky and A.I. Naumov, two main types of education can be distinguished: "one-dimensional" and "synthetic" [15. p.46]. Their classification is based on three main elements of the management system - tasks, people and management activities. Depending on whether management theory is primarily developed for one of these three elements or focused on all management tools by integrating it into an integrated system, XX-century management ideas also refer to two major groups of researchers:
1) scientific management - study of the primary problem (F.U.Taylor); 2) the focus on learning from people [16. P. 31].
The school of human relations and behavior studies, grounding scholars (E.Mayo, V.D.Scott, M.P. Follett, A. Maslow, D. McGregor). Organizational theories - scientists who teach that the success of a company is determined by managing the organization, studying the content of activities, and organizing the work properly: (A. Fayol, M. Viber).
Learning management principles, clearly distinguish management schools and approaches are very challenging because of the diversity of ideas, theories, and concepts presented in the books, so their classification is somewhat conditional. In Russia, most textbooks on management schools (history of management) are generally considered to be a scientific school of management, a classical (administrative) school, a school of human
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relations, and a school of management sciences (quantitative school). One of the main methodological difficulties in the classification of management theories is the lack of identification of the source, which should be understood as a school of management.
At present, it has been established among researchers of public administration schools that management is a result of the intellectual division of labor in the study and development of the management process, and not various concepts and approaches and independent theories. Methods make up a logically ordered theory.
The idea of schools of management as a specialty was first interpreted in 1866 by American businessman Henry Robinson Town [17]. Town based his views on the need to train specialist managers at a meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), the founder of the classical school of scientific management. Taylor's basic views are widely elaborated in his books "Business Administration" (1903), and "Fundamentals of Scientific Management" (1911). Taylor's main idea was the rapid development of industry, the further development of the scientific views of the classical school. Taylor's ideas were continued by French engineer Henri Fayol [18]. (1841-1925), who substantiated the formal description of the work of managers and made his proposal. The ideal type of administrative organization, whose author is German sociologist Max Weber [19] (1864-1920), praised the heuristic significance of the classical organizational model called "bureaucracy".
The idea of Gegel Wilhelm, based on the famous Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor, practically leads to this action. An example of this is Gegel's profound influence on the analytical tradition and its transformation into a vast literature. The school of human relations (humanistic management) focuses on the psychology of relationships, people's behaviors and needs, social relationships, and group interests [20].
There are three areas of school: human relations, human resources, and behavior. (Munsterberg Gugo, Elton Meyo, A. Maslow). It is believed that this principle was founded by Elton Mayo, the founder of the school of human relations (1880-1945). It was then an earthshaking discovery exploring the dependence of labor productivity on physical aspects (e.g., light). It was predicted by British lady Mary Follett (1868-1933) even before Elton Mayo achieved practical results after numerous researches. Management theory, as Follett points out, is to be based on the achievements of scientific psychology, not on intuitive ideas about human nature and the motives of its behavior. The historical method is widely used in the study of public administration (for example, the use of historical data to identify trends in public administration), it requires applying specific sociological methods and techniques (surveys, interviews, public opinion polls), socio-qualitative research methods (e.g. determination of social benefits of employees), legal (study of regulatory documents regulating public administration), comparative law (comparison of foreign management models).
Public regulation of the economy is a system of legislative, executive and regulatory measures implemented by the relevant competent state institutions and public organizations in order to adapt the existing socio-economic system to changing conditions.
Public management of the economy is a set of measures by state bodies aimed at regulating and supporting the socio-economic processes of society, ensuring economic growth and the necessary level of activity of the country. The task of research on the topic is to determine the need for a broad and narrow view of public administration. In a broad sense, public administration means the direct exercise of state power: making and execution of public decisions, the control over the enforcement of the law and order in society. In the narrow sense, it is understood as being executive and administrative activities of public administration bodies aimed at regulating processes, events, and relations regarding public life.
Socially determined activities of public administration constitute a complex organizational system aimed at meeting the needs of citizens. We can state that the "Strategy of actions on five priority directions of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan" developed by President Sh.M. Mirziyoev can be considered as a new modern school
dreamed of by the founders of schools of public and public administration, which have been developed over many centuries.
Summing up the historical experience gained during the period of independence, taking into account current problems, a new era of historical development has opened for the next five years and beyond. It would not be an exaggeration to say that this opened a completely new page in the modern history of Uzbekistan.
In conclusion, public administration, it affects the systems of the state and society; it is defined by material and cultural relations. This indicates that, on the one hand, its goals and content depend on the state and structure of public management of social processes, on the other hand, the place and role of the state in society, i.e. the relationship and nature of individual government agencies.
The feature of our people is that it is a nation inclined to justice, compromise, openness and sincerity. It is a creative nation that can demonstrate its new possibilities through active conscious management, present its high moral, ethical, spiritual and intellectual potential.
It is this mood and the character and national spirit of the people that warmly welcomes the building of an open society and the fact those relationships between the people and the state are healthy and mutually trusting, based on clear goals and national interests.
As this moral and spiritual aspect gets stronger, it will strengthen a brand new modern spirit in society, capable of making a great progress, quality renovation and the creation of great future for Uzbekistan. Thus, the period of development of the renewal strategy, which corresponds with modern requirements and based on long-term, clear-cut objectives, has begun in Uzbekistan.
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