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PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
Globalization in the sphere of education and educational reform 1 2 Amerdinova M. , Akbotoeva Zh. (Republic of Kyrgyzstan)
Глобализация в сфере образования и реформы образования Амердинова М. М.1, Акботоева Ж. Д.2 (Кыргызская Республика)
1Амердинова Магира Мунаждиновна /Amerdinova Magira - доктор философских наук,
профессор, заведующая отделом магистратуры;
2Акботоева Жумакан Давлаталиевна /Akbotoeva Zhumakan - аспирант, кафедра философии и гуманитарных наук, Кыргызский государственный университет им. Ишеналы Арабаева, г. Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика
Abstract: this article is devoted to consideration of main issues of globalization in education and education reform. Shown items such as a modern stage of globalization in education, as well as phenomena the major effects of globalization. On the basis of this study the authors found that the Informatization acts as a main factor in globalization of education, and reveals the impact of globalization on education through the expansion of its international component.
Аннотация: данная статья посвящена рассмотрению основных вопросов глобализации в сфере образования и реформы образования. Показаны такие элементы, как современный этап глобализации в сфере образования, а также явления основных последствий глобализации. На основе проведенного исследования авторами было выявлено то, что информатизация выступает в качестве главного фактора глобализации образования, и раскрыто влияние глобализации на образование через расширение его международной составляющей.
Keywords: globalization, education, educational reform, education systems, factor of globalization, process of globalization, the quality of education, communication, internationalization.
Ключевые слова: глобализация, образование, образовательная реформа системы образования, фактор глобализации, процесс глобализации, качество образования, связи, интернационализация.
We explain first the notion of the term «globalization» before we start to disclose the topic of this article.
So, we all know and understand how one hundred and two hundred years ago the end of the century marked a new scientific and technological revolution. Intelligence, knowledge, technology has become the most important economic assets. The information revolution is based on a computer connected to telecommunications networks, radically transforms of human being. It compresses time and space, opens borders and allows establishing contacts anywhere in the world. It transforms individuals into citizens of the world. And if connection with people from other countries was only possible via phone, letters, telegrams, etc., but now thanks to the Internet and communication is possible in «real time». All this are available thanks to the process of globalization.
The emergence of the term «globalization» is associated with the name of the American sociologist R. Robertson who gave the interpretation of the concept of «globalization» in 1985. And in 1992 I set out the basis of its concept in the book «Globalization» [Robertson R. Globalization. - London: Sage, 1992], in which Robertson noted that globalization - a series of empirically observable changes heterogeneous but united by the logic of the transformation of the world into a single whole.
Globalization - is a process of ever-increasing impact of various factors of international importance (such as closer economic and political ties, cultural and information exchange) on social reality in some countries.
The most powerful factor of globalization - economic, manifested in the presence of multinational corporations operating in multiple countries and using new historical conditions to their advantage. But do not believe that globalization - is a kind of giant or a mixture of heterogeneous processes. Globalization - is an objective process which determines qualitative changes in the global space, increase interconnectivity and uniqueness of individuals or civilizations in general.
The current stage of globalization - is a multifaceted stage of globalization, which is characterized by the fact that it affected all corners of the globe and all areas of modern life, becoming factors determining the development of all the parameters of the modern world.
According P. Skotta, globalization of the international expert in the field of higher education is «the most fundamental challenge that faced the university in the long history of its existence... The process of globalization casts doubt on the viability of the university as a public institution».1
The globalization of higher education exists in several forms: mobility of students and teachers, internationalization of curricula, transnational education, joint projects, programs, double and triple diploma; various kinds of trade in educational services.
One of the main consequences of globalization are erasing barriers and facilitating labor migration. The development of electronic means of communication, including - video communication allows companies to resort and remote hiring professionals, thus reducing production costs. All these increase competition among highly qualified professionals, allowing those of them who have great skills of using modern technologies as well as more developed communicative competence in high demand while working at several companies, including which are located in different geographical locations. Thus, in addition to the academic knowledge and actual experience an expert should have some extra qualities and competencies that will help it to increase its competitiveness and, hence, it will provide a more complete and versatile professional development and success. Thus, globalization leads to the fact that at the moment apart from the classical academic knowledge and graduates should possess the following competencies, skills and qualities2:
- to have a high level of communicative competence (remote work using electronic means of communication requires a specialist, in addition to professional competencies, have a high level of formation of the ability to express clearly their thoughts, arguments and results both orally and written, and often do it in English, which necessitates a high level of formation of the communicative competence in native and foreign languages);
- to possess the skills to work with information technology (remote work involves the use of information technology; actively possession makes it easier to find the information you need and to optimize their work);
- to think creatively;
- there is need for continuous education (the innovative nature of the economy, the constant emergence of new technologies in all spheres of human activity leads to greater competitiveness of specialists capable of rapid and timely improvement of their skills);
- be able to work in groups (the modern economy, but their innovation is characterized by narrowing of the scope of responsibility and professional activity, which leads to the fact that on one task work, as a rule, several experts and effectiveness of their work depends
1 Scott P. Globalization and University (abbreviated from Conf. Association of European Universities (CRE) in Valencia in 1999) / mat. Getting. O.Dolzhenko // Alma Mater. - 2000. - № 4. -S. 3-8.
2 Lomakin G. R. Change the role and place of higher education in modern society [Text] / G. R. Lomakin // Young scientist. - 2013. - № 6.
largely on the ability of each member of the group for full implementation of communication in the process);
- be creative, resourceful, self-disciplined, capable of continuous operation which requires considerable effort;
- to obtain satisfaction from working in a constant competition (work in a highly competitive, accompanied by the need to constantly update their professional knowledge and competence can be a big stressor that will inevitably lead to a decrease in the efficiency of labor, because the most successful in these conditions are those specialists who were able to adapt to these conditions and began to perceive them as a kind of game or incentive to the constant self-development and self-improvement, and not as a threat to one institution and the established order of things);
- demonstrate their cultural sensitivity, including at the international level;
- they focused on results and not afraid to make decisions.1
These qualities can be grouped into three categories: a) aimed at establishing, maintaining and developing relationships with the outside world - the most extensive group, advanced communication skills employers put to the rank of the most important; b) designed to work with information, including - and with the use of ICT; c) aimed at self-development and self-realization, including - and on a constant self-education and the expansion of professional competencies, knowledge and skills. All of these qualities and competencies are fairly new to the Russian higher professional education and require special algorithms of its formation, including - special training of the teaching staff of universities.
Each country has its own specifics in the higher education system, its problems and their solutions. On the other hand, abstracting from the differences between countries and education systems, economic order, it is possible to identify common trends in the international higher education, which is a manifestation in the real economy of a country has a different degree of realization.
In the context of globalization and knowledge economy of higher education if we consider it as a generator of knowledge and means of dissemination, recognized a major driving force for national development in both developed and developing countries.
One of the problems that cause rapid and sometimes polarized debate is the liberalization and development of the commercial trade in educational services under the trade agreements. The idea of academic mobility there are opportunities for students and teachers move between countries - is not new. However, movement across the borders of the participants of educational programs and providers for commercial purposes or for profit is expanding and this issue has acquired a new dynamism and importance in connection with the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Managing the process of implementation of a new international trade agreement is provided by the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Each country can establish the limits within which it will allow Foreign Service providers in the field of education have access to its domestic market. However, the growing concern about the educational community around the world stems from the fact that the WTO as an organization which has set the goal to promote trade in order to improve economic efficiency, does not have any competence in the field of education, which could negatively affect the sustainable development of education.
Today, more and more countries are actively involved in the process of globalization of higher education, and how successful they will use the world experience will depend on the level of higher education in the country.
If universities are not able to resist globalization, which «binds» their activities to the market, inevitably turning lecturers of the researchers in the kind of entrepreneurs. It is
1 Major F. European Universities in the context of changes of XXI century. // Alma Mater (Journal of the Higher School). - 1998. - № 4. - with. 12-15.
obvious that such trends cannot contribute to the real actualization of such an important educational function, as the formation of a highly spiritual person joining person to the inexhaustible treasury of world spiritual culture.
Globalization affects education and through the expansion of its international component. Researchers - experts on education, trying to distinguish between the concept of «globalization» and «internationalization» in relation to higher education. Globalization and internationalization - the concepts are not identical, but in the context of globalization processes in the field of education can be considered as synonyms1.
Today, high-quality education is a condition for the state's independence and the opportunity to have a future for society.
All developed countries solve the problem of the educational reforms and but no each country formulate the solutions. The problem is not that no one knows where to move -general approaches have already developed. The problem is - how to make the necessary transition as we are dealing with inertia, responsive to social change and cost of system resources.
In Kyrgyzstan in recent years it was done good development for the Ministry of education and science and teachers make great efforts, developed and adopted a number of documents with the necessary proposals for change but in most cases they are not implemented and the overall situation with the quality of education is deteriorating.
The problem of reform in education is crucial for the future of the country, for national independence, for the future of our children. Unreformed education - extension of the decade all the shortcomings of contemporary society, in a rapidly changing world will sharply worsen the condition and prospects of the state and society.
First of all, we must look at the situation in the Central Asian region. We have to compete with our close and distant neighbors for natural resources, economic and cultural leadership. It is clear that the one who is best mastered before a new innovative model of post-crisis development and the win in the competition.
Innovation is not only the use of new technologies, but above all formation of a view on opportunities and resources. And the main mechanism for the implementation of innovation policy should be education.
We can base on the educational resources to become a center for the education of young people throughout the region. We have a logistical base, teachers and teaching of Russian language as the common neighboring countries. This task should be put and its solution will certainly require a change in the management and financing of education and training in the content and its forms.
In Kyrgyzstan education system should provide a coherent, systematic and harmonious development of modern society and the individual on the basis of2:
• creation and improvement of common standards for the specialty, upgrading content of general education and vocational training, taking into account the changes in culture, economy, science and technology;
• gain expertise and scientific and technical potential of universities for the development of applied learning outcomes;
• diversity management types and kinds of educational institutions, educational programs, vertical and horizontal integration of educational institutions;
• improving corporate relations with employers and market;
• modernization of the structures for evaluation of educational programs and institutions;
• transmission of ethical life, basic images of culture and tradition;
• transmission to the next generation of professional standards.
Key changes in higher education should be designed to ensure competition, transparency, efficiency and compliance with the requirements of the graduates of the
1 http://superinf.ru/view_helpstud.php?id=3676.
2 http://belisa.org.by/ru/izd/other/Kadr2007/kadr07_1 .html.
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economy. Low demand of the labor market specialists of our universities reduces the return on investment in human capital. Productivity specialist diploma is not increased.
Mechanisms for enhancing the effectiveness of higher education to be achieved by increasing differentiation in higher education and competition between higher education institutions, improve the quality of training, addressing organizational and financial issues in higher education.
At the end of this article we have come to this conclusion: the term «globalization» emerged relatively recently. But the essence of the global community of Europe's people and across Eurasia back to ancient history. In practice vast majority of the world's population, with few exceptions held the same development path.
In the history of development has always occurred although not at the same time historically similar phenomena.
This is evidenced by the overall socio-economic formations down to human society. There were seemingly different religions, but they have a lot in common, every belief, there is also a certain philosophy and code of ethics and the system of aesthetic views, similar to each other basically.
Modern processes of globalization have a major impact on the development of higher education around the world.
Value of globalization and internationalization of education - the question of the relationship of economic and cultural development of modern higher education.
The internationalization of a long process that in modern social and cultural reality becomes more convex and includes intercultural interaction of education systems in terms of conflicting increasing cultural diversity and cultural unification.
During the transition to a global information society the informatization serves as the main factor in the globalization of education.
At the same time it should be noted that in our country in order to solve the globalization of education, based on the modernization of its information is still in its infancy.
I would like to briefly introduce about our university I. Arabaev Kyrgyz State University on their organizational and legal form is a public educational institution of higher education, implementing educational programs of higher, post-graduate, professional and additional general professional education in accordance with the licenses issued by the university.
I. Arabaev Kyrgyz State University first Pedagogical University in the Republic is a leading educational institution in the training of highly qualified and education of teaching staff of a new type.
History of the I.Arabaev Kyrgyz State University named after prominent Kyrgyz educator, school teacher Ishenaly Arabaev begins on January 1, 1945, when it was formed female teacher training college for girls (Kyrgyz girls) and other local nationalities.
In I.Arabaev realized Master programs of the following directions:
1. Education.
2. Environment and natural resources.
3. Science education.
4. Biology.
5. Philological education.
6. Socio-economic education.
7. Physical and mathematical education.
8. Theology.
9. Psychologists.
10. Philology.
11. Management.
12. Regional Studies.
In accordance with the above licenses I. Arabaev provides education in secondary vocational, higher, further and postgraduate education in areas and specialties:
- 20 secondary vocational education;
- 17 bachelor specialties;
- 54 specialties of higher professional education (including 21 special pedagogical);
- 41 Master's programs Master, according to MES KR licenses;
- 37 specializations of postgraduate education (graduate and doctoral The list of directions and specialties
Organizational - legal support of activity of the university educational activities meet the requirements of the license.
But still, at the moment it is advisable to take into account the experience of countries which include the United States, Japan, England, Germany, Spain and France, where the process has already received considerable development.
References
1. Scott P. Globalization and University (abbreviated from Conf. Association of European Universities (CRE) in Valencia in 1999) / mat. Getting. O. Dolzhenko // Alma Mater. -2000. - № 4. - S. 3-8.
2. Lomakin G. R. Change the role and place of higher education in modern society [Text] / G. R. Lomakin // Young scientist. - 2013. - № 6.
3. Major F. European Universities in the context of changes of XXI century. // Alma Mater (Journal of the Higher School). - 1998. - № 4. - with. 12-15.
4. Abdyjaparov A. S. Reform of higher education in Kyrgyzstan: Problems and directions of development. Proceedings of the international scientific-practical conference «Training of highly qualified scientific personnel in the conditions of innovative development of economy. Regional, inter-regional and international aspects» / DLC Management Academy under the President of Kyrgyzstan. / Ed. IV Voytova - Minsk: «BELISA», 2007. - 200 p.
5. [Electronic resource]: Access mode: http://www.univer.omsk.su/omsk/socstuds/glob/ [All contents copyright © Насырова Л. Р & Литвиненко Н., 2002].
6. [Electronic resource]: Access mode: http://www.moluch.ru/archive/53/7141/ [Ломакина Г. Р. Изменение роли и места высшего профессионального образования в современном обществе // Молодой ученый. — 2013. — № 6. — С. 705-708].
7. [Electronic resource]: Access mode: http://superinf.ru/view_helpstud.php?id=3676 [Зима Н. А.].
8. [Electronic resource]: Access mode: http://www.kelechek.kg/ru/news/191/ [10.06.2009 // Концепция реформы образования в Кыргызстане, представленная президентом страны].
9. [Electronic resource]: Access mode: http://belisa.org.by/ru/izd/other/Kadr2007/kadr07_1 .html [А.С. Абдыжапаров Реформа высшего образования в Кыргызстане: проблемы и направления развития. /05 июня 2007 Республика Киргизия].
