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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal ofEcology, 2020, 10(5), 259-265, doi: 10.15421/2020_241
REVIEW ARTICLE
Global community security: manifestations, priorities, and threats
O. Vyshnevska1, I. Melnyk2, O. Sarapina3, T. Pinchuk3, O. Yeremian3
1 Myko layiv National Agrarian University, Mykolaiv, Ukraine 2Mykolayiv National Agrarian University, Department of Enterprise Economics, Mykolaiv, Ukraine 3Kherson National Technical University, Department of Accounting, Audit and Taxation, Kherson,
Ukraine
Corresponding author E-mail: olganykk@gmail. com Received: 06.10.2020. Accepted 06.11.2020
The authors investigate the nature, components and features of globalisation in terms of its manifestations in society, development priorities, potential threats. It is proved that the processes that occur in the globalisation environment require the unity of efforts and implementation of a common policy of eliminating threats. The aggravation of conflicts due to the environmental issues and the social response to it are defined. It is determined that the common policy will facilitate the environmental protection, create the background for ensuring the global security by reducing social tensions. The common policy on a partnership basis allows to join forces for environmental protection, raise awareness of the ecological problems, introduce cost-effective approaches to the use of certain types of natural resources, conservation of ecosystems. It is determined that the practical realisation of ecological tasks at the national, regional and local levels must comply with the ratified agreements, implement the standards of the international law, take note of the actual transboundary threats. It is substantiated that the coordinated ecological policy, responsibility at different levels of government, sufficient funding of ecological projects will help to reduce the temperature rise and prevent the global ecological catastrophe. The environmental dimensions of global adaptation must have not only a quantitative impact on the environment, but also aggregate the ethical and moral indicators of measuring the social attitude to nature. The practical necessity of using the Environmental Code and the Environmental Court is determined. The efficiency of the partnership-based cooperation, coordination of actions with the environmental organisations, movements, eco-activists is proved. The global economic prospects should be oriented towards environmental dimensions, taking into account the need to ensure the global social security.
Keywords: Globalisation; Security; Society; Threats; Environmental dimensions; Adaptation; Ecological policy; Social tension; Social reaction; Common policy
Introduction
The globalised world is, and has always been, in a midst of significant dangers. These dangers become apparent not only in the sector of the global economy, on selected territories and regions of the world, but also through the social perception of the individual events, rise of the social tension, and social awareness of the ecological threats, which expand rapidly. The development of capital-intensive and resource-intensive industries is followed by an increasing impact on the world ecosystems. It causes a negative reaction of the international community, especially the international and public organisations, public figures, activists, including the "anti-globalists" movement. The increasing impact of ecological threats on the international community causes significant social risks, has a negative effect on international security assurance, among others by levelling out opportunities for further effective partnership in environmental sphere.
It is the globalisation tendencies in different sectors of the global economy that has led to the need for finding a common solution to ecological problems of different levels (from the preservation of the Amazon rainforest to the protection of natural reserve territories in Ukraine). Ecological threats cannot be of a local character; negative processes in one area may substantially influence the situation in another, among others by the transboundary threats, destruction of ecosystems. The processes that occur in the global environment require the unification of efforts, implementation of a common policy of levelling out the threats. This will ensure the preservation of ecosystems, reduce social tensions, and create the necessary preconditions for ensuring the international security. The common policy on a partnership basis allows to unite efforts for the environmental protection, raise awareness of global ecological issues, apply more economic approaches to the use of certain types of natural resources. The relevance of the research is supplemented by the need of levelling out the threats, reducing the negative effects, preventing the social tension through quantitative or qualitative deficit of certain types of natural resources (from minerals to the drinking water). Which approaches should be implemented? How to cooperate efficiently in the atmosphere of global environmental threats? How to combine it with the need for further development of the real sector of the world economy, the growth of gross domestic product? Which possibilities does the global community have in ensuring
the global security and reducing the social tension? The fact that the global ecological summits are being held confirms the complexity and diversity of the actual tasks. Some of these tasks need to be addressed urgently, and the political will of the heads of state and government has to be focused not only on economic, but also on environmental priorities for the development of the world economy that will ensure the global security.
A significant number of contradictions and conflicts of interest arise in addressing environmental issues, which was proven at the opening of the United Nations Climate Summit in New York in September 2019, where Greta Thunberg gave her famous speech. The reaction of politics and publicity differed greatly, which increased the social tension. Most of the activists are reacting negatively to the passivity of the world's governments with regard to the growing impact of environmental threats and the destruction of ecosystems. The negative impact of global economic growth, and the orientation of the world governments towards sustaining and increasing it (e.g. the USA, China, India), which is followed by the emissions growth, is essential and indisputable. Global challenges have significantly changed the world, approaches to adaptation and development. However, focusing exclusively on economical results can cause serious social tensions due to the rise of natural-climatic disasters, and induce an aggressive response from the side of eco-activists in a number of countries throughout the world.
The actual and potential ecological threats are closely bounded with socio-economic factors. This is precisely the reason why they require an implementation at different levels of government. The international community's interest in environmental problems and its global reach are reflected as the main objectives of the UN summit on climate issues. The practical implementation of environmental measures is regulated by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and is ratified by the Paris Agreement.
Taking into account the complexity, diversity and cost of the main tasks stipulated by international environmental agreements, state and interstate environmental programs, there is a need to determine the main vector of further development of the world economy and humanity in general. This vector, undoubtedly, should have ecological grounds, and should be based on the common global environmental policy.
That is why the purpose of the study is to substantiate the essence, directions and conditions for ensuring global security, taking into account environmental priorities, challenges and threats. Another task is to identify the approaches and peculiarities of implementation of ratified environmental agreements in order to limit negative impacts in certain areas, and reduce the social tension. The main purpose of the study is to determine the priorities in the implementation of environmental measures, taking into account the regulated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, ratified Paris Agreement, as well as to substantiate the opportunities for the global security. The ratified Agreements provide for the introduction of measures aimed at preserving the environment and fulfilling obligations on the protection of natural resources; for the appropriate timeframe and responsibility of the authorities for the implementation of tasks in various fields of activity. The practical realisation of ecological tasks on the state, regional and local levels has to comply with the Ratified Agreements, implement the determined norms of the international law, take into account the actual transboundary threats, and restrict the negative social manifestations.
Review
Methodologically, the research is based on the assessment of the impact of globalization processes, determination of its impact and manifestations in the world society. The existing environmental threats, transboundary threats, public reaction to the processes and phenomena occurring in different areas and countries of the world are mentioned. Taking into account the existing threats, the need for the introduction of a common policy for ensuring global security, and prevention of possible environmental consequences are determined. A close link between the spread of environmental threats and the possibilities of preventing destructions, ensuring global security is discussed.
The global security is defined in this study as a protection of the global community interests from socio-economic, political, ecological threats; an ability to withstand the challenges and threats; a possibility to adjust and manage the situation through leverages, which are complied with the norms of the international law, the ratified Agreements, and also through the implementation of inland decisions to the main vector of further development of the world society. Prioritising the further development and ensuring the global security of society remains the basis of the environmental vector. Environmental consequences should be considered in the short and long term, taking into account the complexity and scale of existing and potential threats in certain regions and territories of the world, anthropogenic hazards, natural and climatic features of the territories (seismically active zones, areas of natural desertification, active volcanoes, areas with a high concentration of hazardous industries, etc.). The abstract-logic method is used to carry out the research and generalize the results in order to substantiate the essence and specific features of globalization; the systems integration method - in order to assess the manifestations of globalisation in a society; bibliographical method - to assess and generalise the existing assertions; the method of analysis-synthesis - to identify dependencies, linkages, the impact on global security, possible areas of adaptation, common policies. The main task set by the authors on the prospects of society development was solved with the use of the research methods mentioned above. Such factors as the need to ensure global security, level environmental risks, coordinate the joint environmental policy, its practical implementation in order to prevent threats, reduce the social tension were taken into account. The global challenges are, and have always been the part of the development of the world economy. They require the implementation of appropriate adaptation approaches to level the threats and obtain not only economic, but also social and environmental priorities for the society and each individual. The studies on globalisation should be complemented by the assessment of societal responses, the implementation of approaches to prevent the rise in social tensions and environmental impacts, including their manifestation over time and space. Specific characteristics of globalisation are presented in the researches of certain scientists, among which are: O. Bilous (Belorus, 2003) C. The essence, components and
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(5), 2020
characteristics of globalisation have been studied by the authors predominantly from the socio-economic view (Belorus, 2003; Vlasov, 2020; Robertson, 2003).
As Vlasov observes, the social life is mainly determined by global processes in which national cultures, economies and borders are dissolved (Vlasov, 2020). It is defined that any doubts about globalisation (Gerst, 2002) acknowledge that the negative or positive events in one state or on a certain territory have a global impact, which is linked not only to economic manifestations in a society. Most of the authors determine the significant impact of globalisation on the world economy, specific spheres and sectors, territories, competitive positions of certain states and regions of the world, prospects for further development, preconditions for economic growth and welfare of the population (Gerst, 2002; Robertson, 2003). International organisations, environmental non-governmental organisations, public activists determine the need to change the priorities for further development of the global community, and not only through the technological renewal of production facilities under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the 2015 Paris Agreement.
There are different views on the essence and the practical implication of the Paris Agreement obligations. The issue has been and remains debatable, both in terms of environmental priorities and in terms of obtaining additional financial benefits from the sale of equipment, machinery and eco-friendly technologies, and additional revenues from environmental taxes and fees. The authors' vision is based on the need to level out environmental threats and ensure the security around of the world. That is, the obligations under the Paris Agreement should have, first of all, environmental results. Scenarios for the further spread of globalisation processes vary (from pervasive globalization to pervasive detrimental globalisation), especially taken into account the views and actions of the "anti-globalist" movement (North, 2010; Daron Acemoglu, 2015). Such statements can be linked to the fact that all territories and regions of the world would not be able to have the same development opportunities in the conditions of the globalised world (Vlasov, 2012; Robertson, 2003; Wheelan, 2010; Daron Acemoglu, 2015). This approach has been proved by the fact that some states have all the possibilities for development, while others do not. Given the existing constraints, environmental issues are not prioritized, which leads to an escalation of conflicts of interest between the economic and environmental vectors of development.
Most of the scientists tend to believe that the global environmental threats posed by rising CO2 levels may be irreversible and mankind may suffocate because of the alarming amount of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide concentrations have been rising steadily in recent years and have been of the highest importance in the entire period of research into the atmosphere. The level of CO2 in the atmosphere exceeds 415 parts and a million (ppm), which is the highest recorded value. The current concentration of carbon dioxide accelerates global warming and requires an urgent introduction of a comprehensive and effective global environmental policy. It has been determined that the consequences of global warming will increase the negative impact on the territories of all regions and countries of the world.
The attention to the environmental threats is due to the increasing influence of eco-activists, including the youth movement Fridays For Future. Neglecting the social reaction to environmental threats leads to an increase in the social tension, which is proved by the events of recent years.
The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the depth and scope of assessment of the consequences of negative processes in the natural environment includes a wide range of global problems, namely: reduction of natural ecosystems, increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, depletion of the ozone layer, reduction of forested areas, desertification, degradation of productive agricultural lands, rise in the level of the world's oceans, increase in the number, consequences and scale of natural disasters, decrease in biodiversity, extinction of biological species, shortage of water resources, quality of fresh water, destruction of certain ecosystems (coral reefs, Amazon forests, etc.).
Taking into account the abovementioned, a change in the collective consciousness, reduction of the use of natural resources by reducing the volume of consumption, the economical use of natural resources, the transfer of production to the use of renewable sources of energy should be the basis for the development of the globalised world. The need for further research and prioritisation in the development of the world economy is due to the global environmental challenges and aggravation of conflicts of interest between the political, economic, social and environmental spheres, even in the approaches and pace of ratification of the 2015 Paris Agreement. The events of the recent years show that the conflict of interests between the world's states, international organizations, activists and public figures is only increasing, and social tension is growing. At the same time, the issue remains open. When and how will the global world reach the "point of no return"? Thus, any discussions of such kind are transformed into the sphere of moral qualities and ecological awareness.
Results
The ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change provides for mandatory implementation of tasks in environmental protection, reduction (temporary suspension) of the rate of global warming. Most of the world's states that have joined the Paris Agreement are in the process of adapting their legislation to the international law. However, the realisation of the necessary measures requires a significant increase in the role of international organizations. The public initiatives should control and increase the level of responsibility for violating the terms and scope of environmental measures (from expanding the use of alternative energy sources to introducing the environmental policy). The effectiveness of environmental measures depends on the scope of coverage of different areas and activities.
Public organizations participate in the environmental expertise in order to establish the compliance of activities in various economical spheres and sectors with the environmental protection requirements and environmental safety. These requirements can be set at different levels of government - adapted domestic, European, international. A public environmental expertise is conducted at the initiative of citizens, public organizations (associations), and local authorities. Their main activity (in accordance with their charter) is the environmental protection, including the organization and conduct of environmental expertise, registered in accordance with the legislation of the state. The majority of the countries also use the mandatory state environmental expertise, which is carried out by the authorized state authority in the field of
environmental expertise in accordance with the procedure established by the Environmental Code and other regulatory legal acts of the state. This combination ensures effective monitoring and control, efficiency of planned activities, compliance with environmental standards, as well as responsibility for violation of legislatively established restrictions (environmental impact, including transboundary threats).
Systematic approach in the formation of the state environmental legislation, mutually agreed Environmental Code, public initiatives, enforcement of regulations, fulfilment of the undertaken obligations of each of the parties promote practical implementation of the adopted (ratified) environmental programs. The Ecological Court has been established and operates in more than 50 countries. Its activities are carried out in cooperation with legal experts and specialists in the field of environmental protection, which allows to take into account the specific nature of different ecosystems and the scale of environmental threats. Conclusions of experts and the decision of the Environmental Court encourage to review the main mechanisms and instruments of regional and local environmental policy, which is a significant lever for regulating the environmental security issues. According to the established strategic objectives of the environmental policy, the following priorities have been defined: environmental management and integration of environmental policy in all economical spheres; introduction of integrated measures to improve the quality of air; waste and resource management; adoption of measures to improve the quality of water (water purification); access to the drinking water; protection of ecosystems, formation of an eco-network; limitation of industrial pollution; protection of territories from anthropogenic transboundary threats; implementation of measures to stop global warming and climate change, protection of the ozone layer; biosecurity - GMO. The growing awareness of the global problems encourages actions, especially among young people who are trying to highlight the relevant issues.
Table 1. Characteristics, manifestations and impact of globalization on the global security.
The nature of the manifestations The nature of environmental in society processes
Public reaction to the global processes and phenomena:
- Environmental actions;
- environmental conferences;
- Environmental seminars;
- Environmental forums;
- Environmental education;
- Environmental programs;
- Expansion of the scope of environmental movements;
- Environmental summits;
- environmental information;
- Environmental awareness;
- Environmental priorities. Social tension in society through the growing influence of global processes and phenomena:
- Protest actions;
- Dissemination of information calling for protests;
- The "anti-globalists" movement;
- Actions of individual environmental movements, public organizations and eco-activists;
- Increasing in the number of environmental events, including public ones;
- Dissemination of information on social networks;
- Creation of environmental social groups and movements;
- Involvement of school-age youth in protests.
*from own research.
decrease in the natural ecosystem areas
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere depletion of the ozone layer decrease in the forested areas water pollution, household waste intoxication, hazardous chemical substances desertification, land dehydration
increase of anthropogenic desertification, toxic deserts flooding
reduction of biodiversity, extinction of species increase of radioactive contamination
growth in the number and scale
of severe diseases;
increase in the household waste,
including hazardous waste
accidental invasion of the alien
species
Scenario of global processes development, impact on the world society destruction of certain ecosystems global warming
depletion of the ozone layer loss of "the lungs of the planet" reduced quantity and quality of the water resources, limited access to water
reduction of productive agricultural lands
decrease of the wildlife areas
migration processes destructive processes in the biosphere
distribution of mutations in different species increase of mortality rate
destruction of ecosystems
reduced resistance of ecosystems to invasive influences
Priorities for creating the safe environment
1. Creation of preconditions for environment safety within the range:
- environmental safety
- industrial safety
- energy security
- food security
- demographic security
- social security
2. Introduction of measures to neutralize threats to the national interests of the world's states, to level out asymmetric conflicts and transboundary dangers.
1. Creation of preconditions for environment safety within the range:
- environmental safety
- energy security
- industrial safety
- food security
- demographic security
- social security
- macroeconomic security
- investment and innovation security
- financial security
2. Protection of territories, ensuring global interests of mankind without the spread of asymmetric conflicts - global security of the world. Changes in natural ecosystems, extinction of certain species of plants and animals.
The nature and manifestations of globalization processes encourage the introduction of systemic measures to protect territories and ensure the global interests of mankind without the spread of asymmetric conflicts. The issue of the spread of alien species around the world is relevant not only because of environmental threats, but also because of socio-economic ones.
Negative effects of human activity have led to the spread of invasive processes of various species of animals and plants. These processes, which are hard to neutralise, can cause significant environmental threats, including a serious threat to the regional species. Therefore, the global governance should be primarily concerned with the interests of the world community in the preservation of ecosystems, the sphere of human existence, which is confirmed by the trends of recent decades. The range of interests of the states and regions of the world should be focused on the levelling of catastrophic environmental threats. The scale of environmental threats has prompted the need to introduce systematic approaches for neutralising not only local environmental threats, but also social ones. It requires the search for solutions in energy, nutrition, demographic and social spheres. The complexity of environmental issues and the discussion of global approaches in the development of the world economy have led to the need to ensure industrial security and macroeconomic stability, financial guarantees, including the implementation of existing environmental commitments by different countries of the world.
Discussion
The development of the international community should be focused on current and potential global environmental challenges, implementation of ratified environmental agreements. Practical implementation of environmental measures is regulated by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, ratified by the Paris Agreement. Existing and potential environmental threats are closely related to socio-economic factors and therefore require implementation at different levels of government. Contradictions that arise in the process of implementation of measures for environmental protection are systematic, as most of the world's countries are focused on obtaining mainly financial results.
According to the assessment of the World Economic Forum, the leading positions in the world in terms of The Global Competitiveness Index are occupied by Switzerland, the USA, Singapore, the Netherlands, Germany, Hong Kong, Sweden, Great Britain, Japan, Finland, Norway, and Denmark. The research of economic processes in more than 140 countries shows that the majority of the world's countries are rather slow to adapt to the global world and are limited in their ability to allocate sufficient financial resources to meet the conditions of the Paris Agreement. Sweden, Finland and Norway are active in environmental protection and implement their commitments in various fields. The majority of the abovementioned countries use the system of environmental monitoring and control in compliance with environmental legislation, which is based on the Environmental Code. The national interests remain the priority, provided that they are coordinated with international norms (programs, agreements). It is the Ecological Code that allows to regulate ecological measurements of the environmental impact, stipulates the rights and obligations of the parties, defines the levels of responsibility of all participants, as well as the constitutional priorities of each individual and society. The Environmental Code has regulated legal relations in the environmental sphere, created opportunities for prevention of conflicts of interests and legal risks in the field of environmental protection, defined the level of responsibility in the field of environmental management, environmental protection and national interests in ensuring internal and external environmental security. Other countries, which are among the top ten global leaders according to the Global Competitiveness Index, mainly work on a partnership basis, which allows to accumulate financial resources in the territories of those countries that cannot afford to finance environmental activities. There are international environmental organizations and financial institutions that are involved in cooperation on a partnership basis, including the World Bank Group, which is one of the world's largest sources of lending and investment (the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)).
According to the World Bank, the group's global commitments in 2018 by region were (14): Latin America and the Caribbean $8.7 billion, Europe and Central Asia $8.8 billion, East Asia and the Pacific $6.8 billion, South Asia $14.1 billion, the Middle East and North Africa $8.2 billion, the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa $19.8 billion. The main global commitments were aimed at neutralizing international threats and creating the conditions for the development of developing countries, namely: measures to ensure energy (alternative energy, efficient use of resources) and information security (digital technologies, information security), logistics (sustainable transport systems), protection and preservation of water resources (lack of drinking water), infrastructure development, gender policy, fighting epidemics, demographic, social and environmental issues. It is stipulated that the possibilities of cooperation on the terms of partnership make it possible to engage private capital, public and charitable organizations, public figures and activists in the implementation of priority tasks, taking into account the public features of factors of influence, as well as values, needs and motives at the internal and external levels. That is why the strategy of ensuring global social security should be based on the possibilities of implementation of development programs in different spheres of activity and sectors, taking into account the Global Sustainable Development Goals, including the support of international financial resources on the terms of credit, investment projects.
It has been determined that more than 63,000 projects are being implemented in the world, funded on a partnership basis. The conditions of project financing are determined by the principles, procedures, specifics of the projects or initiatives, and conditions of their implementation. Mutual coordination of actions allows to receive the most advantageous combination of sources of financing and the actual result of project implementation in a certain territory, branch or sphere of activity. Global partnership in the implementation of priority development initiatives in individual countries or regions of the world has l ed to the efficient cooperation and reduction of global risks. At the same time, the achievement of results in the implementation of certain initiatives and development programs is directly related to the responsibility of individual countries to fulfil their obligations in a timely manner, to the level of public trust in government, and the coordination of actions according to the partnership programs in the environmental sphere.
The environmental area of cooperation on a partnership basis includes implementation of collaborative projects with the Global Environment Facility; the Global Water Partnership (GWP), the Carbon Fund. The socio-economic area includes
cooperation with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), the Infodev Program (innovative technologies), the Global Development Learning Network (GDLN), the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), etc. The issue of the world's largest economies which implement the commitments under the Paris Agreement (USA, PRC, India) slowly remains a subject of discussion. The issue of the USA is still controversial, since June 2017 the state announced its withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, the main reason being the need for natural resources production and the chosen policy of the state "Only America first!". In order to withdraw from the Agreement in 2020, the U.S. must submit to the UN the relevant reports on harmful emissions. As of October 2019, of all G20 countries, only Turkey has not ratified the Paris Agreement. Most of the countries that do not have a dominant economic impact on the development of the world economy, need to align their environmental legislation with the established norms of international law, defined by the vector of global environmental policy under the obligations of the Paris Agreement.
For this reason, the following directions for the implementation of commitments have been identified:
- Ensuring transparency of environmental policy and its integration into the policies of state, sectoral, regional and local development;
- Monitoring and air quality assessment, zoning of territories, implementation of measures to improve the quality of atmospheric air, regulation of reduction of sulphur content in fuel;
- Revision of standards of pollutants contained in the exhaust gases in the production of certain categories of vehicles;
- Review and approval of norms of surface water quality, measures on wastewater treatment, protection of water resources from anthropogenic pollution, treatment of water sources, access to drinking water, adjusted for modern rates of environmental threats;
- Control over chemical and nuclear waste management;
- Introduction of an integrated system for stationary emission sources, including energy-generating ones;
- Licensing of production, import and export of hazardous chemicals, control over their content in products, safe disposal and recycling;
- Formation of an eco-network, preservation of reserved areas, conservation of biological diversity.
The main directions should be supplemented with the need to raise the level of environmental awareness, dissemination of environmental education, establishment of sanctions for non-compliance with the Paris Agreement on the scale and timing of implementation, support for initiatives of environmental organizations and movements.
The discussion about the activities of the environmental movement Fridays For Future, which involved a considerable number of young people from more than 50 countries, is significant. The reaction of young people is natural, because of the growing negative impact of environmental threats, global warming. Taking into account the complexity and scale of existing environmental threats, the activities of eco-activists draw attention to these problems and create the appropriate atmosphere and reaction of the society. Taking into account the priorities of the world economy development, environmental problems are mainly a "second order" issue. Such an emphasis in international politics provokes a significant increase in social tension in the international community, especially in countries that have the financial capacity to protect the global world from destruction. One may support or do not support the activities, individual programs and events of environmental organizations and activists, but the essence of the problem is that each of us is not able to avoid global environmental threats, which tend to spread, complicate, and infiltrate the spheres and activities of individual states and regions of the world. This is a real and significant threat to the global security of society.
Conclusion
Ecological dimensions of the global adaptation should contain not only quantitative impact on the environment, but also a set of moral indicators for measuring the attitude of society to nature and its individual elements. Global processes have accelerated the spread of negative manifestations of environmental threats, which has led to the increasing role of society i n the preservation of peace, levelling out threats to the environment. Public initiatives, participation in the implementation of the environmental policy of the state and public organizations allows to establish clear boundaries of environmental protection, systematize and form the basis of the Environmental Code of the world, its observance by all participants. The establishment of the Environmental Court, acting within the framework of the state legislation, should be adapted to the ratified international agreements, including the Paris Agreement. Responsibility of each participant in all spheres of the state economy should be regulated by ratified environmental agreements aimed at preservation of peace. The development of the world economy should be focused on environmental measurements, taking into account the complexity and extent of current and potential environmental threats, the formation of conditions for ensuring global security of the world community. The current trends of aggravating the scale of public threats, including those of an environmental nature, necessitate the introduction of systemic measures to ensure global security of the world community, taking into account environmental priorities, challenges and threats. The international community's response to the implementation of ratified environmental agreements with the aim of limiting negative manifestations in certain areas is growing, prompting an increase of social tension. The manifestations of global processes are related to all social spheres and prove a close connection with the activation of social movements in search of global environmental solutions.
In the context of existing global threats, the development priorities of the international community should be closely linked to the implementation of environmental measures, taking into account the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as the ratified Paris Agreement. Responsibility for the implementation of ratified commitments includes mandatory implementation of measures aimed at preservation of the environment, within a certain period of time, in different areas of activity. Practical implementation of the global tasks of mankind should comply with the needs of preserving the sphere of
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(5), 2020
habitat for future generations within the framework of common policy, without the spread of asymmetric conflicts, including economic, social and environmental priorities, and the implementation of certain norms of international law. The existing transboundary threats, invasive processes, and limiting negative manifestations in the international community should be taken into account.
The events of recent years indicate an increase in the level of activity of the population, the strengthening of social response to environmental policy at the global level and at the level of international associations. Passivity in the implementation of environmental measures at various scales stimulates the increase in social tension, which is threatening from the point of view of national and global security. It is stipulated that the global environmental policy should be aimed at practical implementation of approaches for effective environmental management. This implies integration of environmental policy into all spheres of the economy, introduction of programs for purification of atmospheric air and water, waste and resource management, protection of ecosystems, formation of an eco-network, limitation of industrial pollution of territories, protection of territories from anthropogenic threats and threats of transboundary nature, prevention of technogenic hazards, implementation of measures to suspend global warming and invasive processes.
The complexity, multi-facetedness, and cost of the main objectives of international environmental agreements and programs has led to an increase in the role and responsibility of cooperative environmental policy. An important priority of ensuring global security of the world community should be the focus on environmental directions of the global economy development, introduction of new technological solutions to limit the negative impact on ecosystems, strengthening the role of partnership in the implementation of commitments and raising the level of environmental awareness. Priorities for ensuring the global security of the society should be based on the opportunities for the implementation of development programs in various fields of activity and industries, taking into account environmental obligations, including the support of international financial resources on the terms of lending, investment, implementation of subsidised environmental projects. Only under such conditions will humanity be able to preserve its sphere of existence for future generations.
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Citation:
Vyshnevska, O., Melnyk, I., Sarapina, O., Pinchuk, T., Yeremian, O. (2020). Global community security: manifestations, priorities, and threats.
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(b), 259-265. I ("OE^^MI This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
