CC BY
24УДК 631
Allanazarov A.
Turkmen Agricultural University named after. S. Niyazov (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Gyllyeva T.
Turkmen Agricultural University named after. S. Niyazov (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Annaeva G.
International Equestrian Academy named after Aba Annaev (Arkadag, Turkmenistan)
GLASS HOUSES: HISTORY OF GREENHOUSES, ORANGERIES AND CONSERVATORIES
Abstract: greenhouse is a structure that allows people to regulate climatic conditions, such as temperature and humidity. There are many different designs of greenhouses; however, in general these buildings include large areas of transparent material to capture the light and heat of the sun. The three most common transparent materials used in the roof and walls of modern greenhouses are rigid plastics made of polycarbonate, plastic films made of polyethylene or glass panes/1 When the interior of a greenhouse is exposed to sunlight, the internal temperature rises and shelters the plants from cold weather.
Keywords: greenhouses, orangeries, conservatories.
Introduction.
The word greenhouse can be used interchangeably with the terms glasshouse and hothouse, depending on the building's material and heating system. Buildings today are more commonly referred to as greenhouses because they can be constructed of a variety of materials, like wood and polyethylene plastic.[2] A
glasshouse, on the other hand, is a more traditional style of greenhouse that is only constructed with panes of glass to allow light into the building.[2] The term hothouse implies that the greenhouse is heated through artificial means; however, both heated and unheated structures can be defined generally as greenhouses.
Young tomato plants for transplanting in an industrial-sized greenhouse in the Netherlands
Greenhouses can range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings and enormous glasshouses. The smallest example is a miniature greenhouse known as a cold frame, typically used at home, whereas large commercial greenhouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening installations, heating, cooling, and lighting, and may be controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for plant growth. Different techniques are then used to manage growing conditions, including air temperature, relative humidity and vapour-pressure deficit, in order to provide the optimum environment for cultivation of a specific crop.
Before the development of greenhouses, agricultural practices were constrained to weather conditions. According to the climatic zone of communities, people were limited to a select range of species and time of the year in which they could grow plants. Yet around 30 CE, the Roman Empire built the first recorded attempt of an artificial environment.[3] Due to emperor Tiberius's declining health, the royal physicians recommended that the emperor eat one cucumber a day.[3] Cucumbers, however, are quite tender plants and do not grow easily year-round. Therefore, the Romans designed an artificial environment, like a greenhouse, to have cucumbers available for the emperor all year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, then taken inside to keep them warm at night. The cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with either oiled cloth known as specularia or with sheets of selenite (a.k.a. lapis specularis), according to the description by Pliny the Elder.[4][5] In the 20th century, the geodesic dome was added to the many types of greenhouses. Notable examples are the Eden Project in Cornwall, The Rodale Institute[13] in Pennsylvania, the Climatron at the Missouri Botanical Garden in St.
Louis, Missouri, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky.[14] The pyramid is another popular shape for large, high greenhouses; there are several pyramidal greenhouses at the Muttart Conservatory in Alberta (c. 1976).
Greenhouse structures adapted in the 1960s when wider sheets of polyethylene (polythene) film became widely available. Hoop houses were made by several companies and were also frequently made by the growers themselves. Constructed of aluminum extrusions, special galvanized steel tubing, or even just lengths of steel or PVC water pipe, construction costs were greatly reduced. This resulted in many more greenhouses being constructed on smaller farms and garden centers. Polyethylene film durability increased greatly when more effective UV-inhibitors were developed and added in the 1970s; these extended the usable life of the film from one or two years up to three and eventually four or more years.
Gutter-connected greenhouses became more prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s. These greenhouses have two or more bays connected by a common wall, or row of support posts. Heating inputs were reduced as the ratio of floor area to exterior wall area was increased substantially.
REFERENCES:
1. Cunningham, Anne S. (2000). Crystal palaces: garden conservatories of the United States. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, ISBN 1-56898-242-9
2. Francesco Pona: IlParadiso de'Fiori overo Lo archetipo de' Giardini, 1622 Angelo Tamo, Verona (a manual of gardening with use greenhouse for make Giardino all'italiana)
3. Pevsner, Nikolaus. A History of Building Types, Thames and Hudson, 1976 (1984 ed.), ISBN 0500271747.
4. Valera, D. L.; Belmonte, L.J.; Molina, F.D.; López, A. (2016). Greenhouse agriculture in Almería. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis. Ed. Cajamar Caja Rural. 408pp.
5. van de Muijzenberg, Erwin W B (1980). A History of Greenhousesn. Wageningen, Netherlands: Institute for Agricultural Engineering. OCLC 7164418.
