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GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES
GEOURBANISTIC'S ROLE IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Latipov N.F. (Republic of Uzbekistan) Email: Latipov565@scientifictext.ru
Latipov Normurod Fakhriddin ugli - Master of Geography, FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, NAVOI STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE, NAVOI, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: urban geography is an important branch of socio-economic geography and has been studied as part of the distribution of productive forces. Cities have a long history of geographical, geographical, economic, urban planning, monographs and reference books devoted to their lives. Ancient cities such as Babylon, Harappa, Athens, Rome, Persepolis, starting from the second millennium BC, were built according to plans. With the growth of cities and the development of urbanization, the idea of creating a convenient, versatile city in its own way developed in all respects. Economic and geographical studies of the balanced and rational location of urban settlements in a particular region (country, district) began to develop in the 19th century. Currently, various schemes are being developed for the allocation of different cities and their parts using mathematical modeling and computer technology. During the Soviet Union N. Baransky founded a geographical study of cities. He created the concept of economic geographical role in the emergence of cities. In the 1960s and 1970s, urbanization in the CIS began to intensify with the development of industrial production. Many scientists conducted a study on their interest in studying it. This development was promoted by Yu. Saushkin, G. Lappo, E. Perchik, V. Listengurt, H. Korev, P. Polyan and others. The first geurban studies in Uzbekistan date back to the second half of the 20th century. The first step in this direction was the creation in 1962 of N. Smimov's book "Cities of the Ferghana Valley". The works of Z. Akramov, T. Raimov, O. Ota-Mirzaev, A. Soliev, E. Akhmedov, A. Kayumov and others. They were devoted to the development of cities in Central Asia, in particular Uzbekistan. rock formation. Currently, dozens of specialists in our country are conducting research in this area.
This article discusses in detail the parameters and factors that make up urbanization, as well as georganism, the urban population and its structural composition, which is currently an important sector of socio-economic geography. The Republic of Uzbekistan also addresses development issues and prospects for the development of the industry.
Keywords: urbanization, urban classification, old and new cities, urbanization indicators, cities classification in Uzbekistan.
РОЛЬ ГЕОУРБАНИСТИКИ В СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ
ГЕОГРАФИИ Латипов Н.Ф. (Республика Узбекистан)
Латипов Нормурод Фахриддин угли - магистр географии, факультет естественных наук, Навоийский государственный педагогический институт, г. Навои, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: городская география является важной отраслью социально-экономической географии и изучалась в рамках размещения производительных сил. Города имеют долгую историю географического, экономического, градостроительного планирования, монографий и справочников, посвященных их жизни. Древние города, такие как Вавилон, Хараппа, Афины, Рим, Персеполис, начиная со второго тысячелетия до нашей эры, были построены в соответствии с планами. С ростом городов и развитием урбанизации идея создания по-своему удобного, разностороннего города развивалась во всех отношениях. Экономико-географические исследования сбалансированного и рационального расположения городских поселений в том или ином регионе (стране, районе) начали развиваться в 19 веке.
В настоящее время разрабатываются различные схемы размещения разных городов и их частей с использованием математического моделирования и компьютерных технологий. В период Советского Союза Н. Баранский основал географическое изучение городов. Он создал концепцию экономической географической роли в возникновении городов. В 1960-х и 1970-х годах урбанизация в СНГ стала усиливаться с развитием промышленного производства. Многие ученые провели исследования на предмет их заинтересованности в его изучении. Этому развитию способствовали Ю. Саушкин, Г. Лаппо, Э. Перчик, В. Листенгурт, Х. Корев, П. Полян и другие. Первые геоурбанистические исследования в Узбекистане относятся ко второй половине 20-го века. Первым шагом в этом направлении стало создание в 1962 году книги Н. Смирнова «Города Ферганской долины». Работы
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З. Акрамова, Т. Раимова, О. Ота-Мирзаева, А. Солиева, Е. Ахмедова, А. Каюмова и др. бъти посвящены развитию городов Центральной Азии, в частности Узбекистана. В настоящее время десятки специалистов в нашей стране проводят исследования в этой области.
В этой статье подробно рассматриваются параметры и факторы, из которых состоит урбанизация, а также геоурбанизм, городское население и его структурный состав, который в настоящее время является важным сектором социально-экономической географии в Республике Узбекистан, также затрагиваются вопросы развития и перспективы развития отрасли. Ключевые слова: урбанизация, классификация городов, старые и новые города, показатели урбанизации, классификация городов в Узбекистане.
UDC 433
Geourbanistics or geography of cities and populations and it is, in general, the most advanced direction of economic and social geography. Cities are more integrated than any other economic geographical location it is noticeable. This is because they work The geographical map of the region, its socio-economic reality is to describe.
As you know, economic maps generally have three regional forms: if the lines correspond to roads, areal or squares - agricultural areas, dots, and nodes represent industrial centers, cities. Consequently, we can say that basic research in economic and social geography. The object is the triad, regional or geographical geometry and they are analysis is the fundamental issue of science.
Cities are a key factor in the transition to a market economy. The banking and financial systems they have been in the sense of market infrastructure can be described. Consequently, the political life of our independent country and its The importance of cities in the transition to market relations is immeasurable. In cities, there are a great opportunity to use modern networks, advanced technologies; foreign investors are also mainly urban and infrastructure systems perfectly formed centers. Commodity exchange in cities, the money turnover will be active. It's all new to cities requires a look.
This is the case in the study of countries and economic regions, in local studies cities, ie cities analyze the internal structure, economic composition, and regional differences. Consequently, in this traditional direction, cities are represented by country and region at the end of the race. But this is the opposite of the issue
It is also possible to solve the problem of urban society and it is based on the clear and basic territorial form of the socio-economic structure You can start with the description of the country in the cities.
With the study of cities in the geography of the country and economic regions they also serve as separate research sites. In this regard, that is in the scientific-methodical literature on the order of economic geographical study of cities There are instructions from many well-known scholars. Explore cities, of course primarily from the analysis of their history, origin, and genetic characteristics start. The result is mainly based on historical sources of why the city of the city is exactly where it is and the past during the formation of the rock.
Uzbekistan in the study of cities from its ancient and rich history. In addition, the periods of Russian and Soviet empire are also discussed. After that Special attention should be paid to the formation and development of cities during the independence of our country. The history of the cities or towns being studied reveals their genetic variants, and the group of "new" and "old" cities is identified. Nowadays it is impossible to justify the "new cities" with the existence of the former Soviet Union. Moreover, the concept of a new city is relative. In a broad sense, according to the modern history of our country, the "new cities" can be said to have emerged after the conquest of Turkestan by Russia (the 19th century). Such cities are Fergana (New Margilan, Skobelov), Kagan (New Bukhara), Turtkul (Petroaleksandrovsk) All that has occurred in recent years cities are included. In this sense, the cities of the former USSR (Navoi, Zarafshan, Shirin, Druzhba, Marjanbuloq, Tolimarjan, Yangier et al others) are also new. But economic and social geography from the point of view of completely empty or undeveloped places and for the next short period its population and economy have developed dramatically and externally. The locations that have changed dramatically are newer cities that are more accurate.
The next step in the study of urban geography is to classify them according to their size. This depending on the purpose of the place and the nature of the object under study cities are divided into different levels or classes according to the population. First of all, they are subdivided into 3 groups: big, medium and small, with special research and a broader classification is applied. Of course, big or small towns the concept is also relative. For example, Samarkand is even greater than Tashkent or Namangan is also a small town (when the Japanese ask "what is the city?") it is That is Tokyo. " Currently, rural areas of the country, From the inside, the district center - the small town - is big and big for them visible. For example, the Kamashi people of Kashkadarya or the people of Chirchik In the eyes of the city it is primarily Kamashi and the Lighthouse; Karshi, Samarkand, For them, Tashkent is a very big city.
Urban (urban) is a city, and "zation" is a process. In this sense, urbanization refers to the urbanization of a country or other territories. It is a very complex, socio-economic and global process. Urbanization is an increasing role of cities in the life of society; the working location of generating forces, social and demographic structure of the population, related to changes in lifestyle and culture. It is a historical development as a result of the formation of the
society and territorial division of labor is a multi-faceted geographic, socio-economic and demographic process. The narrower demographic and statistical concept of it is in the world, in particular in cities, countries (especially large cities), and the urban population. Aug Between 3 and 1 millennia it was born in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, India, Asia Minor, China, Hindi, and the Mediterranean coast of Europe and Africa. In the Greek-Roman world, the cities of Rome and Carthage had a high status. In the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance, elements of capitalist production began to take shape. This process will lead to an increase in the urban population, Big cities in economically developed countries began to appear. However, it has a lot of geographical features Urbanization takes place in different countries and regions. Urbanization is only one of the criteria, because it is a complex phenomenon cannot be measured. However,
for all, though we need a convenient measure. It is also the population of the country and other regions how many, how many are living in urban areas, their share, their relative contribution. For example, in the Republic of Uzbekistan this indicator is 38%, in Tajikistan - 32%, In Afghanistan - 19%, in Turkmenistan - 48%, and so on. In developed countries, the urbanization rate is 90% and more. The economy of the country with the overall index of urbanization There is a clear relationship between the level of development and its structure. For example, if the urbanization coefficient is about 70-75 or more, then the country is a highly industrialized industry is a country; 5070% is a well-developed national economy; 30-50% is a developing agrarian and less than 30% is a poorly developed agrarian country. However, it should be noted that the above urbanization index does not always reflect the real economic and regional situation. For example, in the Chukotka area of the Russian Federation or in Kamchatka, Magadan regions, and in Karakalpakstan, urbanization rates are relatively high. However, these regions are underdeveloped economically.
Take Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan: the demographics of urbanization The figure is much higher than in Turkmenistan. However, in economics, it would be wrong to draw such a conclusion. So, one or another country is the level of urbanization in another country In comparison with: -criteria for urban planning (eg 5 in Turkmenistan) needed thousands, in Uzbekistan - 7,000); -total number and density of cities; -availability of large cities;
- advanced urban agglomerations;
- rural-urban and pendulous migration;
- employment rate and structure of the population;
- Rural Urbanization, Rural Livelihoods Availability, etc.
The foregoing is a complex socio-economic phenomenon of urbanization that proves that it is, Of course, is an objective and generally positive process. But there are some disadvantages. In particular, the aggravation of environmental and social problems is one of the most visible negative "comrades" of modern urbanization.
Urbanization in Central Asia and Uzbekistan is in the Consequently, the rate of urbanization is 70-80% in the near future It is hard to imagine or not. The reason is urban development has traditionally been associated with agriculture. Rural urbanization is also a major issue in such countries important. In addition, the leadership of our country is carrying out radical social and economic transformations in rural areas, rural industry and so on infrastructure, which also includes urbanization from within, "Secret" development. This means that urbanization is universal While the demographics are well-known, there are some of them There are also subtle aspects. The development of urbanization growth and urbanization, natural growth of urban population, city administrative accession of surrounding areas to the city, rural population the location of the settlements. Of the city's growth of urban life in suburban areas; that is, the intensification of the Urbanization process is also important. Great city small towns appear around the city and join the big cities urban agglomerations are formed. First and foremost, it is important to gain an overview of the urbanization process and the criteria for its development by regions. At the same time, the impact of natural conditions on large cities can be seen in the process of urbanization. Cities are the main impetus for development at all times served as points. This feature of them is science and technology After its development it became a universal criterion. 109 today industrial and technological and other criteria of the countries the level of development are inextricably linked to the level of urbanization. In other words, urbanization is a key determinant of the country's development. The first major cities were over 4,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, the Nile, the Indian Formed in the Juanhe River Rivers. The emergence of cities' economic development. Cities are areas where rulers live, its main function was to defend themselves. In this case, they are built in a strategically convenient location. In Mexico and Peru In pre-Columbian times, great civilizations flourished. Ancient America and Eurasia are completely unaware of each other urban civilization were very similar in its features. The largest cities in the world are Nanjing (470,000 people) and Cairo (450) Thousands), Vidjwanagar (350,000), Beijing (320,000). Paris is the largest city in the European region with a population of 275,000 There was. Milan and Venice are twice as small as the 19th century London is the largest city in the world with a population of 870,000 more than 50,000 people at the beginning of the eighteenth century. lived in towns less than one. The largest cities in the Middle Ages are still in
existence, some stopped development and turned into a provincial center or totally is gone. The following are the features of the urban process we can see.
1) Increasing urban population.
2) Manufacturing in cities. The development of society in the expansion of urban areas has been a historic city center, cultural center, and economic relations its role as centers of growth has increased. In 1808 the population of the world While 2.4% lived in cities, it is currently 47% increased.
Generally, the process of urbanization is as follows There are several stages.
1. It originated in the 19th century, mainly in Europe and North America.
2. In the first half of the 20th century, the urban population around the world is rapid began to share pictures.
3. An increase in the urban population in the world in the second half of the 20th century and the city squares were expanding. 1.4% in 1900, It was 29% in 1950 and 45% in 1990. The urbanization of the state rank is based on the following indicators:
1) More than 50% highly urbanized.
2) 20 - 50% average urbanization.
3) Less than 20, less urbanized
Here are some examples of urbanization: ■Conurbanization - urban agglomerations
■ Suburbanization - Suburban Urbanization
■ Rururbanization - Rural Urbanization ■"City Explosion"
■"Fake" Urbanization
The geographical study of urbanization brings the following conclusions.
1. Urban development and Urbanization are directly linked to the socio-economic development of society. The development of this process is related to the establishment of industrial enterprises and roads in the region.
2. The formation of the urbanization process has regional differences. Developed expansion of urban areas in the states, suburbanization, urbanization modern urbanization is developing, while evolving in the countries along with the emergence of agglomeration and megalopolis there is also a false urbanization situation.
3. Urban development and urbanization in Uzbekistan since independence A number of positive changes have taken place in the process. New town population formation of settlements, on modern projects in urban planning These include changing the appearance of cities.
In conclusion, geourbanistics is primarily a combination of population and labor resources, the level of economic development, a favorable infrastructure and investment climate, the spread of urban life, and the harmony of nationalism and modernity. As is the case in the world, the Republic of Uzbekistan has begun efforts to improve urbanization, suburban and urban development, which can be seen in new cities and towns, which have been growing dramatically across the country. As of 2019, there are 119 cities and 1,071 cities in the Republic, with their share being Tashkent region, Fergana Valley, Samarkand region.
References / Список литературы
1. Burieva. Basics of population geography and demography. Tashkent, 2011. 160 pages.
2. Isakova T. "Static's of population". Tashkent, 2004. 102 pages.
3. Kalonov B. The current problems of geography. Navoi. 175 pages.
4. SoliyevA. Geography of cities and villages. Monography. Tashkent. 140 pages.
5. UN Population Data Sheet Review,2018.
