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GEOPOLITICS OF THE ARCTIC REGION OF NORWAY IN THE TWENTIETH AND EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES
Abstract
The article is devoted to issues related to the implementation of Norway's geopolitical plans in the Arctic region in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries
Keywords
Arctic zone of Russia, Russian-Norwegian relations, international law, Concept of Sustainable Development of the Russian Federation
AUTHORS
Andrey Tumanov
PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor Department of Criminal Law and Criminology Murmansk State Technical University Murmansk, Russia sir.tumanov2015@yandex.ru
Tatyana Kapelko
PhD in Jurisprudence, Associate Professor Department of Civil and Corporation Law Murmansk State Technical University Murmansk, Russia kapelko@yandex.ru
In this study, it seems appropriate to dwell separately on Norway's role in the historical development and current state of the issues. This state has always been and is one of the key players in the struggle for political and economic control over the Arctic region. Currently, the Kingdom of Norway is one of the most economically developed countries in the world. It is a country with a high proportion of energy-intensive industries, shipping, fishing, oil and gas industry. The economy of Norway, with its advanced industrial base and a highly skilled force, has always had the ability to adapt quickly to the changing situation in the world economy. International economic "specialization" in Norway, as well as most of the northern states based on natural resources and geographic position. An important role has always had the status of sea power. Norway famous for its international shipping, fishing and whaling. A second major factor in economic development and living standards were hydrocarbons. Beginning in the mid-1960s, oil and gas production on the Norwegian continental shelf sea way changed the economic structure of society, giving your country an invaluable source of income. Oil has become a kind of "insurance" in the event of crisis situations, allowing to carry out a cash infusion in lagging sectors of the economy. That potential hydrocarbon reserves gave the Norwegians, compared with other European countries, a lot of confidence in myself. On the Norwegian continental shelf is more than half of all discovered gas deposits in Western Europe.
According to experts, conservation, and increasing the volume of oil and gas in the Barents Sea is now not only possible, but will remain among the priorities of the Norwegian side. It should be borne in mind that the most promising deposits are located either in the so-called "controversial" or in the Russian economic zone. According to preliminary estimates, prospective (undiscovered) reserves only in the "disputed" area of the Barents Sea, at least twice the current assets of Oil Fund, the level of more than 175 billion US dollars. According to some estimates, up to 25 percent of the world oil and gas reserves are concentrated in the Arctic, only one Shtokman field alone can ensure the production of the same amount of gas as all Norwegian fields together. Stocks Shtokman will satisfy all the needs of the American market of liquefied natural gas (LNG) for six years or half the German for 30 years. Under these conditions, Norway continues to do everything possible to strengthen its economic presence in the development of Russian oil fields and sign favorable to an agreement on conducting maritime border in the Barents Sea. None of the countries the priority 200-mile Economic Zone does not have such a large economic value for Norway. For several years, the company "Statoil" and "Norsk Hydro" conducted negotiations with Russian partners on participation in the development of the Shtokman field. The experience of Norwegian companies in oil and gas production offshore has allowed them to master the most advanced technology and take a leading position in the world. However, even the signing of a memorandum of cooperation with RAO "Gazprom" in the presence of heads of governments of the two countries confirmed the findings of many that the Norwegians will certainly become members of the international consortium of companies involved in the development of the Shtokman field.
The leading Norwegian company "Statoil" intends to obtain at least 25 percent of the shares in the future consortium. For this she was even willing to concede to "Gazprom" of their assets in the field "Snohvit" and in production at the Cove Point regasification terminal in the United States (Maryland). The field "Snohvit" (Snow White) - the first Norwegian gas field in the Barents Sea, as well as the place where the first underwater mining will be conducted unplatformed way. In addition, the company has started the construction of Europe's first LNG plant, which is located in a special vessel near the island of Melkoya, near the city of Hammerfest.
Norway's economy has traditionally been focused on Western markets, which causes some additional difficulties. Given this situation, cooperation with Russia requires extensive training and a deep knowledge of local conditions. It is necessary to increase
the level of knowledge of the political, economic, linguistic and cultural ties, economic activity and the government of Norway.
Management believes that the company "Statoil", in contrast to the XX century, which was the century of oil, XXI century should be a century of gas. This is the same with the environmental aspect of the care of the cleanliness of the environment that has become one of the driving forces behind the growth of its consumption. However, the expected depletion produced offshore hydrocarbon feedstock, such as in the North Sea, Norway has pushed politicians to turn their gaze to the east, Russia, lots Barents Sea, despite the fact that Russia is and will remain a great power with enormous human and natural resources, significant military forces, as well as one of the most impressive in the world's strategic nuclear potential (Bezrukov, Tumanov, 2012).
The last decades of the Norwegian side is considering the development of the northern regions as a major strategic objective of its foreign and domestic policy. Accordingly, the north and the sea area in Norway become a major oil and gas regions of the country and a place of creation and expansion of new technologies and jobs. Under these conditions, in spite of the historical ambitions and growing economic power, to strengthen cooperation with Russia should be one of the most important provisions of the Norwegian government's strategy. Among the specific measures might be, in particular, the creation of a common economic zone of the Pomeranian, the development of transport infrastructure, the strengthening of scientific and technical cooperation and the exchange of students, simplification of visa and border procedures. The importance to the economy of Northern Norway has been recognized and is declared more than a decade ago. In October 2005, the Royal Government has prepared and approved in the Starting program "Opportunities and Challenges in the North", which has become a strategy for development of the northern regions. Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg stressed in this regard: "... This is not a crisis plan for Northern Norway, it is essential to plan for the development of long-term government scope of application of forces. We must become world leaders in knowledge about the North. We are obliged to comply with the most stringent environmental regulations production resources, our practice will become the starting point for the entire world. Technology hydrocarbon production should continue to grow, we need to take the lead in respecting the rights of indigenous peoples. And we need to strengthen relations with Russia. " The Prime Minister believes that Norway will be the world leader in the development of the resources of the Far North, which are the key to modern offshore technologies, and environmental practices (Boltushkin, Tumanov, 2012).
Geopolitical course Norway is mainly determined by its participation in NATO and aims to close political, military and economic cooperation with leading countries of the bloc. This emerged in the late twentieth century, new geopolitical situation associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union, pushed the Norwegian government to rethink its policy in the Arctic. There is a tendency, indicating that Norway is actively pursuing non-recognition policy of western maritime border of Russia, thus creating a real threat to the security of our country in the Arctic region. In particular, an aggressive mapping policy, which results in the application to map its eastern sea border, passing in the area of jurisdiction of Russia. The "new" sea borders also applied to all school geographical and political maps, thus forming, outlook of the younger generation in the spirit of the scale of maritime areas in the Norwegian Arctic. There are the following main components of the Norwegian policy towards the region:
- Security policy, aimed primarily at removing the dominance of Russia in the Arctic region;
- East European policies on economic restructuring and environmental concerns;
- Market policies; in particular, the strengthening of the Norwegian influence in the EU, for the control of marine resources in the Arctic.
Taken Norway course to expand its jurisdiction in the Arctic seas gives certain success. So, in the end of September 2006 Norway, Iceland, Denmark and the Faroe Islands have signed an agreement on the delimitation of maritime waters of the Norwegian Sea beyond 200 nautical miles.
This agreement allows Norway to extend its continental shelf to 56 thousand sq. M. km. Thus, for the first time in the world reached an agreement on the delimitation of waters outside the 200-mile zone.
The next important step in Arctic Norway was the presentation in December 2006, the Government of Norway to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the application areas of the continental shelf of the total area of 250 thousand sq. M. km in the north of the Norwegian and Barents Seas.
The legal status of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf is fixed in Sec. 8 of Art. 78 of the Convention, according to which the limits of the shelf established by a coastal State on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission shall be final and binding. Accordingly, any outer limit of the shelf may not be recognized until final until it is reviewed by the Commission, and the state does not take into account its recommendations. An analysis of the functions and powers of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf set out in Art. 76 and Appendix II of the Convention shows that no state can establish final and recognized borders shelf beyond the 200-mile economic zone without the consent of the Commission. Consequently, each coastal State wishing to establish the limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, faced with the alternative: either it solves all the issues related to the definition of the limits of the shelf on the basis of recommendations of the Commission, or in conflict with the international community. The Convention does not provide for other alternatives. Taking into account provided for in Art. 76 of the Convention states the criteria for a 10-year period, starting in May 1999, may submit to the Commission the necessary materials and justification for the determination of the outer limits of their continental shelf on the basis provided for by the Convention.
According to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Jonas Gahr Store, the delimitation of the continental shelf is an important step in the government's policy on the clarity and predictability in the Arctic matters.
Also, in the context of cooperation between Russia and Norway, it is necessary to note the position of the Norwegian Parliament on the issue of maritime delimitation. During his visit to Moscow, the Chairman of the Committee of the Norwegian Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee Olav Akselsen in the discussion of various issues in the State Duma of the Russian Federation, in particular, he said that Russia and Norway are on the right path in the regulation of fisheries in the region (Western Arctic) . "Unfortunately -he said - we still can not agree on the issue of maritime delimitation. Negotiations are ongoing, and it is hard to name a specific time making any decisions. " However, Russia and Norway objective need in a single, coherent approach to the problems of the Arctic(Boltushkin, Tumanov, 2012).
Thus, in light of what is already the most economically developed and industrialized non-Arctic countries declare their claims to the development of natural resources in the Arctic, Russia should review their national laws and regulations, to develop a clear Arctic sea concept and accelerate the development of quality encompassing the Arctic doctrine . One of the activities for the prevention of possible conflicts and the establishment of a clear and coordinated work of the socio-economic sector of the Arctic regions, as well as decisions on other issues is the need to create a special department of the state body of the Arctic. Undoubtedly, one of the priorities of the agency should be activities on development of decisions on mutual cooperation with the Norwegian side and implementation of monitoring and forecasting of its future action in the field of economics and geopolitics.
REFERENCES
1. Bezrukov, A. V, Tumanov, A. A. (2012) Modern geopolitics Norwegian Arctic-European region / Collection of scientific works of the Faculty Law professors of MSTU, T. 2 - Murmansk : MSTU, 2012. - pp. 22-28.
2. Boltushkin, V. E., Tumanov, A. A. (2012) Legal protection of the economic interests of Russia in the Arctic / Collection of scientific works of the Faculty Law professors of MSTU, T. 2 - Murmansk : MSTU, 2012. - pp. 16-21.
ON THE PROBLEM OF EXPRESSIVE DEPICTIVE FEATURES OF FRANZ LISZT'S MUSIC
Abstract
The article considers the expressive depictive features of Franz Liszt's music. The significance of the aspect is determined both by the composer's specific personality, whose musical thought is inseparable from non-musical associations, and by a great role of descriptiveness in his music, which represented the composer's idea of musical renovation and progress.
Keywords
descriptiveness, associations, depictive features, musical picture, symphonic poem
AUTHOR Olga Yarosh
PhD in Arts, Assistant Professor Department of Music Theory and Composition Kransoyarsk State Institute of Arts Krasnoyarsk, Russia oliga23k 1@yandex.ru
Franz Liszt is a composer who played an exceptional role in the development of music. It is connected with renovation of musical forms and expressive devices. Being an amazing pianist and one of the greatest virtuosos of his time, Liszt was also a real artist; he always strived to express deep ideas and to reveal the most important spiritual meanings in his music.
That is why he discovered so much in the sphere of musical language: following the poetic conception or plot lead to free constructing of the musical form, his striving to express various life impressions and to preserve their beauty discovered new texture and figurative opportunities of his music and transformed the harmony.
It is known that Liszt connected musical renovation with the fact that, firstly, music must express the topical issues in accordance with the spirit of time; secondly, it should interrelate with other arts. These factors as well as the composer's personal traits, his emotionality, impressiveness, artistry and amazing piano talent promoted the significance of his works' depictive features. The main objective of this article is to consider these features of the composer's works.
Liszt's works include quite a number of musical pictures as a genre. Musical landscapes, which represent the images of nature, should be mentioned among the first.
