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3
Ergasheva M.K. senior lecturer Department of Ecology and Geography
BuhSU Mirzoyeva I.E. senior lecturer Department of Ecology and Geography
BuhSU
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS AGRO LANDSCAPES OF KUYIMOZOR TUDAKUL OASIS
Annotation: In this article, the geographical features of oasis agrolandscapes of the Kuyimazar and Tudakul massiv Bukhor region
Key words: forestry, wind erosion, harmsail winds, forest groves, oasis landscapes, agricultural landscapes, soil erosion, Tudakul reservoir, glacial, landscape, erosion, desert zone.
It is known that natural resources are the main foundation of the economic development of our country. Effective use of natural resources, their increase and protection are among the most important tasks of the government. For searching a scientific solution to these issues, geography, especially the landscape science has a great potential. That is, every landscape that is reflected in natural landscapes is a source of natural resources. Natural resources are not found separately in landscapes, they are found interdependently, requiring each other. The use of natural resources of landscapes and their rational organization is very complicated that brings to a problem. It is very difficult to study the landscapes located in the lower part of the Zarafshan River and develop scientific recommendations for their effective use, especially in the desert. One of the most urgent issues in landscape science is their classification, that is, classification, in other words, arrangement and grouping. This is primarily of practical importance, because through classification, quality indicators and ecological features of landscapes are determined, which, in turn, it is necessary for their development. In other words, it is difficult to implement practical measures. Many researchers have expressed their opinions on the classification of landscapes and proposed different taxonomic units. The main factor determining the class of landscapes is the morphotectonic (geomorphological structure) of the region and related processes.
A small class of landscapes is related to the hypsometric height of the place. This factor determines the direction of surface and underground water flows of landscapes, water regime and geochemical processes of landscapes.
The type of landscapes is typological in the original sense. It is the largest and main of the landscapes. In its formation, the lithogenic factor (relief -
lithology, fragmented rocks) plays an important role. Among the factors that form these landscapes, they are stable and are the foundation of landscapes and determine the bioecological conditions. "Landscape type" in soil science, "soil type" in geobotany, "plant type" and "desert type" in desertology complement each other. Most importantly, it fills one of them and the approach is close to everyday practice development. A.G. In Isachenkov's language, the "operating" unit is the territory.
We have limited this study to distinguishing the types of landscapes in the region of Kuyimozor Tudakul region. The study of the subtype and finally the type of landscapes will be referred to future with more detailed studies.
Due to the study of landscapes of Kuyimozor Tudakul region, the type of landscapes was distinguished. It should be noted that the role of the anthropogenic factor, which has been continuously increasing since 1957, that is particularly important in the formation of this landscape type.
Well-known landscape scientist, St. Petersburg scientist A. G. Isachenkov (1991) landscape type (zone) - subtype of landscape - (subzone - southern taiga) - landscape class (mountain plain) - subclass of landscape high mountain, low mountain - landscape type (folded fractured shale) suggests a system of units.
The well-known natural geographer and landscape scientist from Uzbekistan N.A. Kogay (1982) recommends the following taxonomic units: Landscape classes - (mountain and plain) - groups of landscapes (automorph -hydromorph - semi-hydromorph) - landscape types (desert, desert - steppe - dry steppe, forest-meadow - steppe - meadow - steppe, finally glacial - nival) -generation of landscapes (low mountain desert landscapes) - landscape types (mixed "saksovul" fields on barren soils).
The study of oasis agro-landscapes was based on the principles and units of classification mentioned above.
These landscapes can be found fragmentarily in Kuyimozor region. The oldest are the lands belonging to the Kyziltepa district of the Bukhara oasis. It is one of the ancient farming settlements around Ayronchi village. Crops such as cotton and wheat are grown here. However, land reclamation is difficult, they are usually saline, seepage water reaches a depth of 2-3 meters. In the south of the village of Ayronchi, there are places where they have reached the surface of the earth. Among the oasis landscapes, Urtachul is the youngest newly developed place. Urtachul is a pre-mountain plain, sloping towards the Tudakul lowland, located between the Tudakul reservoir and Kuktogh (the westernmost edge of the Ziyovuddin mountains). The absolute height is 220 - 300 m in the upper part, and it decreases to 220 m in the surroundings of the Tudakul reservoirs. In ancient times, Urtachul (located between the Malik and Karnab deserts) was the home of cattle herders. The pastures are fertile, especially well-grown kangirbash, yaltirbash, karabash, shuvok, partak, singren, chakhich (sugarcane). According to historical sources, more than 60 wells were used in Urtachul, where the area is fully supplied with water from wells. Among them:
Koriz, Choykozak, Gujumlik, Choyidaroz, Yangikuduq, Tandircha, Choikhatib, Tanikli, Beshtepa, Tashkuton, Kirkkuloch, Akkuton, Jarkuton, Sultan Kara, Darvoza, Kumkora, Bormana, Shurkudu, Shopulot, Shurcha, Shahimardan, Bitkana, Tukimtepa, Hafizak, Karayotok, Tudakul, Dongakli, Khurasan, Yulduz Qoq, Rakhinkuduk, Egricha, Chalakuduk, Chaytovok, Okrigoq, Iskandar Tetalon, Yunuskuduq, Achilkora were famous. There is information about the existence of Sardoba in Urtakul. It is located south-east of Tudakul near Buermana (Bormana) mountain.
There is information that the establishment of agriculture began in 1973. The beginning of agriculture is connected with the construction of Urtachul channel. In 1998, 39,485 hectares were owned by "Urtachul Yulduzi", "Zarbdor", "Sardoba", "Hyderabad". Collective farms and forestry farms named after L. Akhmedov, of which 8287 hectares were cultivated and there were 355 hectares of orchards. "Yangi Hayot" is a collective of citizens, with 2,581 inhabitants in 530 families, living in seven neighborhoods (1996). In 1989, 10,000 hectares of land were cultivated in the Urtachul oasis. 4.5 thousand tons of cotton, 930 tons of grain, 12 thousand tons of rice, 750 tons of vegetables, 2740 tons of alfalfa and 4000 tons of rough hay were produced. Productivity was 15.5 centners of cotton and 15.7 centners of grain. A school with 420 seats was completed in the village of "Yangi Hayot" on March 16, 1996. Based on the decision №K-700 "On measures for social and economic development of the district", promising measures for the economic and social development of this area have been developed. In this decision, measures are defined in 17 areas. Development of complex agrotechnical measures in cooperation with republican scientific inspection institutes, specialist scientists, provision of clean drinking water to the population, establishment of agricultural protection department within the agro firm "Khuroson" (founded in 1996), to reduce the impact of wind erosion and garmicel winds with the help of forestry, measures have been established to establish tree groves and improve the melorative condition of the land. Among them, improving the reclamation conditions of irrigated soils (about 10,000 hectares) is one of the leading tasks. According to the slope of the irrigated lands, it decreases towards the Tudakul reservoir. The difference between the absolute heights reaches 80 metres. Therefore, water erosion is stronger longitudinal (deepening) erosion than latitudinal. The lands adjacent to the Tudakul reservoir are becoming increasingly swampy and saline. In 1978, the level of groundwater in these areas rose by 1-2 meters. In addition, gypsum-sur brown soils (77.8%) occupy the main areas in the region. In these places, suffusion processes are widely developed, that is, due to the dissolution of water-soluble salts, the processes of subsidence on the land are accelerated. Desert sandy soils (12.3%) are also susceptible to water erosion. In addition, there are many saline soils (2.9%) and the remaining 7% are other soils (partly barren).
In conclusion, most of the oasis landscapes are located in Urtachul oasis. Farming is done on an area of around 8000 hectars in this area. However, the income from the irrigation water brought at great expense is very low (the yield of cotton and grain is about 20 centners).
In addition, land reclamation condition is getting worse every year. It is necessary to strictly prevent the drainage of ditch water from Ortachol to Todakol. Creation of necessary conditions for living and working of the population in the middle desert is the need of the hour, especially the establishment of infrastructure such as provision of clean drinking water and gas.
When the above measures are implemented, the effectiveness of the landscapes of the Kuyimozor Tudakul region will increase and our country and homeland will be prosperous.
References:
1. Назаров. И.К, Аллаёров И. Ш. Бухоро географияси. Бухоро 1994 йил, 67 бет
2. Назаров И.К., Аллаёров И.Ш. Бухоро географияси. 1- кисм. Бухоро, 1994.-67 б
3. Исаченко А.Г.Ландшафтоведение и физико-географическое районирование, - М: «Высшая школа», 1991 - 360 стр.
