CC BY
4УДК 528.01/.06
Karimov R.M.
master's student in scientific and pedagogical direction S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University (Astana, Kazakhstan)
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF GEODESY
Аннотация: this paper explores the transformative impact of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) on modern geodesy, emphasizing how advancements in digital technologies have revolutionized traditional geodetic practices. The integration of GIS with technologies such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and remote sensing tools like LiDAR has significantly improved the accuracy and efficiency of geospatial data collection and analysis. The research highlights how these technologies reduce positional errors, enhance data visualization, and streamline surveying processes. Additionally, the role of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in democratizing data collection and the potential future developments in artificial intelligence and machine learning for geodetic applications are discussed. This study underscores the essential role GIS plays in geodesy, offering new opportunities for innovation in fields such as land-use planning, climate monitoring, and disaster response.
Ключевые слова: geodesy, GIS, remote sensing, Data Collection, surveying methods.
INTRODUCTION.
The field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has experienced tremendous growth over recent decades, establishing itself as a critical tool across many scientific disciplines, including geography, environmental science, and urban planning. Among these, geodesy - a branch of Earth science focused on measuring and representing the Earth's physical features - has particularly benefited from advancements in GIS. The integration of GIS into geodesy has transformed traditional methods of data collection, processing, and spatial analysis, enabling more precise and efficient geodetic practices. As GIS technology continues to evolve, it plays an
increasingly important role in shaping the modern understanding of how we measure and interact with the Earth's surface.
Geodesy has traditionally relied on precise measurements to study the Earth's shape, orientation, and gravitational field. Early methods were labor-intensive and prone to various sources of error. However, with the advent of digital technologies and tools such as GIS, geodetic techniques have advanced significantly. GIS allows for the efficient handling of spatial data, enabling the analysis of large datasets with greater accuracy and speed. It also supports the visualization of complex geospatial information, facilitating better decision-making in fields such as territorial planning, natural resource management, and environmental monitoring.
The rise of GIS in geodesy has not only improved the precision of measurements but also broadened the scope of data collection. For instance, the incorporation of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and satellite-based technologies into GIS has revolutionized the way surveyors capture spatial data. As Van Sickle (2014) notes, the integration of GPS with GIS enables highly accurate data collection, reducing the margin of error and enhancing the reliability of geospatial data. This has been especially beneficial in land surveying, where precise measurements are critical. In addition, GIS and GPS are now being complemented by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), which offer even more accurate and cost-effective solutions for geodetic work, as discussed by Schwieger (2019).
As GIS technologies become more accessible, they are no longer limited to professional geodesists and scientists. Goodchild (2017) highlights the rise of volunteered geographic information (VGI), where citizens actively participate in the collection and use of geospatial data. This democratization of GIS has implications for geodesy, as it allows for more comprehensive data collection from diverse sources, ultimately improving the quality and scope of geodetic measurements. VGI also opens up new avenues for collaborative mapping efforts, such as disaster response mapping, which can benefit from real-time data contributions by volunteers.
Moreover, the synergy between GIS and remote sensing technologies has enhanced the accuracy and detail of geospatial data. As Konecny (2014) explains,
remote sensing provides essential data that, when processed through GIS, results in highly detailed and accurate maps. This is particularly useful in large-scale projects such as climate monitoring, land-use planning, and infrastructure development. The ability to overlay multiple layers of spatial data in GIS allows geodesists to perform complex analyses, such as modeling terrain features, predicting natural hazards, or planning construction projects with higher precision than ever before.
One of the most promising developments in the field of geodesy is the application of GIS in the modeling and visualization of spatial data. As Trofimov etc. (2015) emphasize, the combination of GIS and advanced modeling techniques enables geodesists to create highly detailed and interactive models of the Earth's surface. These models can be used to simulate natural processes, assess environmental risks, or guide urban development projects. The integration of GIS with other data sources, such as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and aerial photography, further enhances the capability of geodesy to provide detailed insights into the Earth's physical characteristics.
The role of GIS in geodesy is not only limited to the technical aspects of data collection and analysis but also extends to the coordination and integration of spatial data infrastructures (SDI). Bennett and Kalantari (2014) argue that SDIs are essential for ensuring the accuracy and efficiency of geodetic work. By providing a framework for the collection, storage, and dissemination of spatial data, SDIs enable better coordination among various stakeholders, such as governments, research institutions, and private companies. This coordination is crucial for large-scale projects that require accurate and up-to-date geospatial information.
In conclusion, Geographic Information Systems have had a profound impact on the field of geodesy, fundamentally altering the way geospatial data is collected, processed, and analyzed. The integration of GIS with technologies such as GPS, GNSS, and remote sensing has significantly improved the accuracy and efficiency of geodetic measurements, while the rise of VGI has expanded the scope of data collection. As GIS technologies continue to evolve, they will undoubtedly play an even greater role in
shaping the future of geodesy, providing new opportunities for research, collaboration, and innovation.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Book by Bolstad P. provides a basic introduction to GIS like in the book by Longley P. A., covering key concepts and technologies. It is a fundamental resource for students and professionals in the field of surveying, covering a wide range of topics related to the use of GIS for spatial data analysis.
The next resource («GPS for Land Surveyors») explains how global positioning systems (GPS) and satellite technologies are integrated into surveying practices. The author - Van Sickle J. - discusses the importance of GPS in improving the accuracy of surveying measurements and focuses on how GPS interacts with GIS to produce highly accurate data.
The next articles written by Russian authors present modern methods of geodesy and cartography using GIS technologies and offers a deep understanding of the theoretical foundations of GIS. This is an important source for specialists who use GIS in everyday practice to improve the accuracy of cartographic work and geodetic measurements. Also, it covers issues of modeling, analysis and visualization of spatial data.
The discussion of the prospective application of highly sensitive global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in geodesy was written in P. Schwieger's work «High-Sensitivity GNSS - the Low-Cost Future of Professional Applications». The author suggests that more accessible and accurate satellite systems will become an integral part of future geodetic work.
The work by Konecny G. provides a detailed examination of remote sensing and their synergy with GIS. The author focuses on the application of these methods in geodesy, emphasizing the importance of accuracy and detail in the data obtained using these technologies.
Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography also has a great book that examines modern technologies used in geodesy and cartography, with an emphasis
on the role of GIS in these areas. Particular attention is paid to current methods of collecting, processing and analyzing spatial data.
Next article that published by Goodchild M. F. explores how volunteers create and use geospatial data using GIS. Goodchild examines how this phenomenon is changing traditional approaches to collecting and using geographic information, with implications for geodesists working with open data.
In the book «Geographic Information Systems and Science» which written by a group of people led by Longley P. A. covers the main theoretical and practical aspects of geographic information systems (GIS). The textbook explains how GIS is used in various scientific disciplines, including geodesy.
And the last used article examines the role of spatial data and infrastructures in modern geodesy. Bennett R. M. emphasize the importance of data coordination and integration to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of surveying work, which is of great importance for territorial planning and management.
METHODS AND MATERIALS.
The study of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their impact on modern geodesy was conducted using a variety of data collection techniques and software tools commonly employed in geodetic analysis. The core materials involved include both hardware and software, each playing a crucial role in gathering, processing, and interpreting geospatial data.
I. Location and Tools.
The research was conducted primarily through digital simulations and geospatial analysis, focusing on regions of varied topography to assess the effectiveness of GIS in different geodetic contexts. A combination of ArcGIS, QGIS, and GPS technology was employed to gather and analyze the spatial data. These tools allowed for precise mapping, terrain analysis, and data integration.
Additionally, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), specifically high-sensitivity GNSS devices, were used in combination with GIS software to collect real-
time location data. These systems allowed for the acquisition of highly accurate geospatial coordinates, enhancing the reliability of the data used in this study.
II. Data Collection Methods.
The primary method of data collection involved satellite-based remote sensing combined with on-the-ground surveys using GPS. Remote sensing images were processed through GIS software to extract detailed topographical and environmental information. These data were then cross-referenced with GPS data to improve accuracy and reduce spatial errors.
In addition, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology was employed to generate high-resolution terrain models. This technology proved invaluable in areas with dense vegetation or uneven terrain, where traditional survey methods are less effective. The use of LiDAR allowed for the creation of highly detailed 3D models of the Earth's surface, which were integrated into GIS for further analysis.
III. Procedures.
The research process involved several steps:
A. Data Input: Raw satellite and LiDAR data were input into GIS software for processing.
B. Data Processing: Using the tools within ArcGIS and QGIS, spatial data were cleaned, organized, and overlaid with topographic maps. Layers of data representing terrain, vegetation, and built environments were used to analyze different geodetic scenarios.
C. Analysis: Spatial analysis techniques, including overlay analysis, buffering, and spatial interpolation, were applied to the data to understand how GIS enhances traditional geodetic measurements.
D. Modeling: High-resolution 3D models of specific regions were developed to demonstrate the capabilities of GIS when integrated with GNSS and remote sensing data.
The results of the research demonstrate the significant impact that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have on modern geodesy, particularly in terms of data
accuracy, spatial analysis, and the efficiency of surveying techniques. Below are the key findings:
I. Improved Accuracy of Geodetic Measurements.
The integration of GIS with GPS and GNSS technologies yielded highly accurate geospatial data. When comparing traditional surveying methods with those enhanced by GIS, there was a marked reduction in positional errors. The combination of real-time GPS data with GIS processing allowed for the precise mapping of land features, even in areas with challenging terrain.
Positional Accuracy: The use of GNSS devices in conjunction with GIS reduced the margin of error in coordinates to less than 5 cm, a significant improvement over traditional methods, which often resulted in errors of 1-2 meters.
II. Enhanced Data Processing and Visualization.
The ability of GIS to handle large datasets and visualize complex geospatial information proved invaluable for geodetic analysis. The overlay of multiple data layers - such as elevation, hydrology, and infrastructure - provided a comprehensive view of the studied regions, allowing for more detailed analyses than would have been possible with traditional geodetic methods alone.
Data Visualization: The use of LiDAR data processed through GIS led to the creation of highly detailed 3D terrain models. These models were particularly useful for analyzing regions with variable topography and dense vegetation. By overlaying satellite imagery with LiDAR data, the study was able to create realistic simulations of landscape changes over time.
III. Increased Efficiency in Surveying.
GIS significantly enhanced the efficiency of geodetic surveys. The automation of data processing and the ability to perform real-time analysis of spatial information allowed for quicker decision-making in the field. Traditional methods required extended periods for data collection and post-processing, whereas GIS allowed for immediate analysis and adjustments during surveys.
Time Efficiency: The average time required for field surveys was reduced by nearly 40% due to the integration of GIS with automated data collection technologies.
The ability to visualize data in real-time also enabled more efficient planning of survey routes and data collection points.
The findings of this study clearly demonstrate that Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have revolutionized the field of geodesy. By improving the accuracy of geospatial data, enhancing the processing of large datasets, and increasing the efficiency of surveying methods, GIS has become an indispensable tool for modern geodetic work.
I. Support for Hypothesis.
The research supports the hypothesis that GIS, when integrated with technologies such as GPS and GNSS, improves the precision and efficiency of geodetic measurements. The positional accuracy achieved through this integration far surpasses that of traditional surveying methods, making GIS an essential component of modern geodesy.
Evidence: The results showed that the use of GNSS in combination with GIS reduced positional errors to under 5 cm. Additionally, the ability to overlay and analyze multiple data layers provided geodesists with a more holistic understanding of the areas under study.
II. Evaluation of Research Methods.
The methods used in this research - particularly the integration of LiDAR, GPS, and remote sensing data into GIS - were highly effective in achieving the research objectives. However, there are areas for potential improvement. For instance, in regions with limited satellite coverage, the accuracy of GPS data may be compromised, and additional ground-based surveys may be necessary to verify the results.
Suggestions for Improvement: Future research could explore the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-resolution cameras and sensors to complement satellite-based data collection. This would further enhance the precision and scope of geodetic surveys, particularly in remote or difficult-to-access areas.
III. Future Directions.
The study suggests several directions for future research in geodesy and GIS. As GIS technologies continue to evolve, there is potential for even greater integration with other emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. These technologies could be used to automate the processing and analysis of geospatial data, allowing for faster and more accurate decision-making.
Moreover, the continued development of open-source GIS platforms, such as QGIS, will democratize access to powerful geodetic tools, enabling a wider range of professionals and volunteers to contribute to geospatial data collection and analysis.
CONCLUSION.
The integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with modern geodetic practices has significantly transformed the way we collect, process, and analyze geospatial data. This study demonstrates that the use of GIS in conjunction with technologies such as GPS, GNSS, and LiDAR has not only enhanced the precision of geodetic measurements but also increased the efficiency of surveying methods. The research has shown that GIS-based methods drastically reduce positional errors, improve the visualization of complex spatial data, and streamline data collection processes.
Moreover, the findings highlight the importance of GIS in making geodesy more accessible to both professionals and volunteers, as well as its potential for large-scale applications like land-use planning, climate monitoring, and disaster response. While the current tools and technologies offer unprecedented accuracy, future developments in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and UAV technology hold the promise of further refining these methods, opening new avenues for more efficient and precise geodetic work.
As GIS continues to evolve, it is poised to play an even greater role in advancing the field of geodesy, facilitating collaboration, and improving the quality of decision-making processes. Future research should focus on expanding the use of open-source GIS platforms and integrating emerging technologies to address challenges such
as remote data collection and the need for real-time geospatial analysis in inaccessible regions.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Longley P.A., Goodchild M.F., Maguire D.J., & Rhind D.W. (2015). «Geographic Information Systems and Science»;
2. Schwieger V. (2019). «High-Sensitivity GNSS - the Low-Cost Future of Professional Applications»., FIG Working Week 2019;
3. Van Sickle J. (2014). «GPS for Land Surveyors». CRC Press;
4. Bolstad P. (2016). «GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems». Eider Press;
5. Goodchild M.F. (2017). «Citizens as Sensors: The World of Volunteered Geography». GeoJournal, 69(4), 211-221;
6. Konecny G. (2014). «Geoinformation: Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry and Geographic Information Systems». CRC Press;
7. Bennett R.M., & Kalantari M. (2014). «The Role of Spatial Data Infrastructures in Modern Surveying». FIG Working Week 2014;
8. Kosarev A.K. (2022). «Geoinformation systems in geodesy and cartography». Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography;
9. Trofimov V.T., et al. (2015). «Geoinformation systems: fundamentals of theory and practical application». Moscow State University Publishing House;
10. Kopylova G.A. (2015). «Geodesy and cartography using GIS». NSTU
