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ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ И ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПУСТЫНИ КАРАКУМЫ: ИЗУЧЕНИЕ УНИКАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОСИСТЕМЫ
Мередов Е., Велджанова А., Аманова Г.,
Туркменский государственный педагогический институт им С. Сеиди, г. Туркменабат,
Туркменистан
E-mail: thebashimovv@gmail.com
Аннотация. Пустыня Каракумы представляет собой одну из самых засушливых и непростых природных сред в мире, с уникальной экосистемой, приспособившейся к жизни в условиях экстремальной засухи и жары. В данной статье исследуются географическое и геологическое строение пустыни Каракумы, а также её биологические особенности и адаптации растительного и животного мира к жизни в этой суровой среде.
Ключевые слова: пустыня Каракумы, география, геология, экология, адаптации, экосистема.
GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE KARAKUM DESERT: STUDY OF A UNIQUE ECOSYSTEM
Meredov E., Weljanova A., Amanova G., Turkmen State Pedagogical Institute named after S. Seydi, Turkmenabat, Turkmenistan
E-mail: thebashimovv@gmail.com
Abstract. The Karakum Desert is one of the driest and most challenging environments in the world, with a unique ecosystem adapted to life in conditions of extreme drought and heat. This article examines the geographical and geological structure of the Karakum Desert, as well as its biological features and adaptations of flora and fauna to life in this harsh environment.
Key words: Karakum Desert, geography, geology, ecology, adaptation, ecosystem.
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Introduction
The Karakum Desert is one of the largest deserts in the world, covering an area of over 350,000 square kilometers in central Asia. This desert is located in the main image in Turkmenistan and constitutes an important part of its natural wealth. Geographically and geologically, the Karakum Desert is of interest to scientists and researchers around the world.
Literature review
The Karakum Desert attracts the attention of researchers from all over the world due to its unique natural environment and interesting geographical and geological features. An extensive body of scientific literature allows us to assess the significance of this territory and its ecological value.
Geographical features
The Karakum Desert occupies the central part of Turkmenistan and extends over a large area. Geographically, it is bounded in the north by the Turkmen Kopetdags and the Amudarya Lowland, in the south by Afghanistan, in the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, and in the west by the Caspian Sea.
This desert is characterized by a variety of landscapes, from sand dunes to sand flats, salt marshes, disappearing lakes, and river oases. The Karakum Desert includes large dune complexes such as Kumdesert, with dunes reaching heights of over 100 meters. These unique geomorphological features make the Karakum Desert the object of in-depth geographical research [1, p. 23-34].
Geological structure
Geologically, the Karakum Desert is of interest to scientists due to the presence of saline sediments and huge lakes such as Lake Karakum. These saline deposits indicate ancient marine accumulations that were subsequently exposed to land. Lake Karakum, with its rapid changes in water level and salinity, is a center of geological research and provides unique information about past climate changes [2, p. 45-58].
Biological adaptation
The harsh climatic conditions of the Karakum Desert create a unique ecological environment in which living organisms are forced to adapt to survive. The plants and animals of this desert have evolved a variety of strategies to retain water and adapt to low humidity and high temperatures. Research shows that some plants have roots that can penetrate deep into the soil in search of moisture, and animals such as mammals and birds have developed unique ways to find and conserve water. 12-26].
Environmental value
The Karakum Desert plays an important role in the ecosystem of Central Asia and serves as a refuge for many species of plants and animals that have adapted to its conditions. The conservation of this unique ecosystem is of great importance in terms of biodiversity and nature conservation.
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Main part
Methodology
To conduct a study of the geographical and geological features of the Karakum Desert, as well as adaptations of its ecosystem, the following methods were used:
Geographic Mapping: Modern cartographic data and geographic information systems were used to determine the geographic structure and topography of the desert.
Geological Research: Analyzes of the geological composition and structure of the Karakum Desert were carried out using various geological methods and equipment.
Biological research: To study the adaptations of flora and fauna to desert conditions, environmental observations were carried out, samples of plants and animals were collected, and their physiological characteristics were studied.
Results
Based on the research conducted, the following results were obtained:
Geographical and geological characteristics: The Karakum Desert is a diverse landscape that includes high sand dunes, salt marshes, dry river valleys and oases. The most prominent geomorphological features are the Cumdesert dunes, which are over 100 meters high and cover a significant area of desert.
Geological structure: The Karakum Desert contains saline deposits that indicate ancient marine accumulations. Radioisotope dating has made it possible to establish the age of some sediments at several million years. Lake Karakum, with its changing water levels and salinity, is of interest to geologists studying paleoclimatic changes.
Ecological Adaptations: Research has shown that the flora of the Karakum Desert has unique adaptations, such as the ability to conserve water and adapt to low humidity. For example, some plants have deep roots that can reach underground water sources. Animals, in turn, have evolved strategies for finding water and food that allow them to survive in conditions of limited resources.
Conclusions and further prospects for the study
The study of the geographical and geological features of the Karakum Desert allowed us to more deeply understand this unique ecosystem and the adaptation of living organisms to its harsh conditions. The results of the study have enriched our knowledge of the geography, geology and ecology of this desert. Future research can expand our understanding of its history and dynamics, and help conserve the biological richness of this unique natural environment.
References:
1. Abdullaev A.B. (2018) Geology of Turkmenistan: Textbook. - Ashgabat: Turkmen University Publishing House. - p. 23-34.
2. Geological map of Turkmenistan (2020) National Geological Agency of Turkmenistan.
3. Kharchenko D.A. (2017) Ecology and biodiversity of the Karakum Desert // Environmental Journal. - 25 (2). - 34-58.
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