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УДК 330.15:332:338:504:502.6:550. 8.028 doi :10.Ш20/SPBPU/2/id21 -410
Вильдероттер Клаус 1,
профессор, доктор естественных наук, доцент;
Кононова Мария Юрьевна1, приглашённый профессор, доктор технических наук, доцент;
Кнёферл Марина3, студентка 3 курса
ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ МАРКЕТИНГ И СЕЛЬСКОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО 4.0: ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ И РИСКИ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ
В ЭКОНОМИКЕ ГЕРМАНИИ
1 2 Германия, Розенхайм, Технический университет прикладных наук Розенхайма,
3 Германия, Эссен/Мюнхен, ФОМ Университет Мюнхена/Эссена
Аннотация. После формирования согласованного понимания об Индустрии 4.0 закономерным становится её внедрение во все отрасли народного хозяйства и главное в сельское хозяйство 4.0 с перспективой и активами на сельское хозяйство 5.0. Требования геоэкологического маркетинга и оценки экологического следа сельскохозяйственной деятельности возможны при повсеместном экологическом учёте на базе данных дистанционного зондирования Земли и ГИС сопровождении. Перспективам и рискам данных инноваций в сельском хозяйстве посвящён данный проект.
В работе представлены результаты исследования, основанного на данных из Германии. Авторы благодарят ФОМ Университет Мюнхена/Эссена и Технический университет прикладных наук Розенхайма за поддержку этого исследования.
Ключевые слова, геоэкологический маркетинг, сельское хозяйство 4.0, производство, бизнес, туризм, рынок, риски, цифровизация, робототехника.
Klaus Wilderotter \
Professor, Doctor of Natural Sciences, Ass. Prof.;
Maria J. Kononova1, Visiting Professor, Dr.-Eng. habil, Ass.Prof. ;
Marina V. Knoferl, 3rd year Student
GEOECOLOGICAL MARKETING AND AGRICULTURE 4.0: PROSPECTS AND RISKS OF DIGITALIZATION IN THE GERMAN ECONOMY
1 Л
' Technical University of Applied Science, Rosenheim, Germany,
3 FOM University of Munich/Essen Essen/München, Germany
Abstract. After the formation of an agreed understanding about Industry 4.0, its implementation in all sectors of the national economy and, most importantly, in agriculture 4.0 becomes natural with a perspective and assets for agriculture 5.0. The requirements of geoecological marketing and assessment of the ecological footprint of agricultural activities are possible with widespread environmental accounting based on Earth remote sensing data and GIS support. This project is dedicated to the prospects and risks of these innovations in agriculture. The report will present research results based on data from Germany. The authors thank the FOM University of Munich/Essen and the Technical University of applied Science of Rosenheim for supporting this study.
Keywords. geo-ecological marketing, agriculture 4.0, industry, business, tourism, market, risks, digitalization, robotics.
Introduction
The main principles of the modern concept of geoecological marketing of agricultural zones of development territories:
• Focus on achieving sustainable practical results of activities within the boundaries of agricultural zones / land plots.
• Focus on long-term trouble-free and safe results of work of agricultural facilities.
• Using the unity and interconnection of the strategy and tactics of the agrarian zones. First of all, this is the development and study of solutions to strategic geoecological problems associated with the long-term sustainable development of land, real estate and territories in general, primarily, the tactics
of behavior of owners in their region. The market is built on the basis of a developed strategy.
• Orientation of fixed results of work to real conditions and quality of the environment, meeting the desires and needs of the producer and consumer. The activities are aimed at satisfying the safety and reducing the risks of manufacturers. It is only on the basis of this principle that one can count on successful activities.
• Focus on innovation. For the stable and long-term development of Agriculture 5.0, it is necessary to ensure a sustainable quality of the living environment through continuous technological innovation and resource efficiency, capable of responding to market demands.
• Systematic study of the market and its conjuncture. Market monitoring and control have seasonality, systemic and geoecological predisposition in all aspects. Timely and prompt understanding of trends in the market situation and their consideration when developing strategies and tactics is the basis for assessing, analyzing and forecasting the logistics of needs and consumption of agricultural products, the impact on the financial and economic well-being of agricultural producers.
• Eco-plasticity and / or eco-tolerance in pursuit of the set goal. Increasing the liquidity of real estate and digital support of agricultural zones of development territories, achieved by constant environmental accounting, the in-formativeness of the living environment in conditions of environmental changes.
• A systematic scientific approach to the consideration and solution of problems. In geoecological marketing, scientifically based methods of research and analysis of geoecology and marketing theory are used.
• Development of marketing thinking among all employees of agro-industrial complexes and farms of facilities through training, organization of services and the development of individual eco-technology packages, the formation of a single ecological footprint of the territory.
• Establishment of partnerships on mutually beneficial terms with manufacturers of components for making system decisions for life support requirements. Consideration of mutual interests contributes to the establishment of close and long-term ties, makes it possible for all market participants to realize their potential to ensure the completeness of arrangement, preservation and consideration of the environment and its fertility.
The thematic macro-levels of GIS-based DSS for sustainable quality infrastructures and quantitative tourism management in urbanized environments and in nature in Figure 1 demonstrate the development territory in terms of geo-ecological marketing and digitalization within the overall ecosystem.
Hydrological network Environmental condition
Localities Infrastructure network Route network Eoolopical blocks Tourist and sport objects
Tourist and sport routes
Fig. 1. Thematic macrolayers of GIS-based DSS for sustainable quality infrastructures and quantity management of tourism in the urbanized and nature (2002)
Currently, ensuring the geoecological sustainability of development territories is carried out according to option 1 — all procedures are disunited, while objectively there is only management (administrative) and financial accounting according to the classical scheme of organizing the work of an economic subject of the Russian Federation. Local basin-wide monitoring (LTBM), environmental management and environmental auditing exist exclusively in theory.
Option 2 is a scheme for the normal organization of the environmental accounting procedure as an integral interaction procedure. At the same time, all planning and management is carried out without adjustments or approvals during the calendar year according to pre-developed and agreed (approved) programs. Option 3 is a case not economically secured and / or accompanied by periodic violations of regimes, their unjustified and / or deliberate change, accidents and emergencies, when, based on the results of LTBM, environmental management is coordinated and refined, monitoring adjustments are made according to the internal audit and at each stage is considered. the impact of this activity on the environmental accounting procedure as a whole, its costly and investment components.
Geoecological safety is achieved by conducting scientific research and carrying out practical measures on their basis.
Genera I Strategic of Visualisation
1. Determination of possible information extent for each level of LABM
2. Dividing into subsystems for each level of LABM systems
3. Selection of imitation models for each level w1th taking into accounts the dimensions and scales of monitoring areas
-1. Comparing of initial data base for each LABM step. Determination of general and individual environmental parameters, parameters of environmental quality and empirical coefficients.
J
5. Management of working regimes: operative, short-term, long-term and emergency in conditions of environmental situation changing.
6. Verify ing of created models reliability and adequacy.
7, Using of existents models and developing of models for interaction between all the levels of environmental and general LABM.
S. Investigation of different models using possibilities in order to obtain the same result along all thewav and in every point of LABM signal.
1
9. Economical, technical and informational aspects of creation ofumficated system for environmental and informational LABM aid.
10. Function statement for environmental development (management) and audit in LABM context.
11. Presentation, archivation and vis ualtsa tion.
12.I'sing Integrated CIS, 3D maps facilities for general prognosis and analysis of environmental systems in the monitoring (development) territory
Fig. 2. Schema: General Strategic of Visualization with help of contemporary GIS-technology and LABM (LTBM) (1998)
LTBM visualization is a set of real and model images linked in time and space to a unit of the natural and technical environment. Natural and technical environment — an artificial habitat in a closed fixed space. The LTBM visualization methodology for geoecological analysis of the development area is
based on the interaction of various technologies and technological visualizations throughout the entire life cycle of real estate and infrastructures (Fig. 2). The types of visualization should be different, mutually supported, complementary and differently oriented.
I. Problem
Agriculture is one of the three economic sectors in economics. The primary sector is also called primary production and includes not only agriculture, but also forestry and fishing. The primary sector is subject to constant change. After the three-field economy shaped agricultural production in Europe for centuries, the agricultural revolution began in 1700. This was followed by the introduction of crop rotation, the use of new techniques and targeted breeding selection. At the beginning of the 20th century, synthetic fertilization took hold, which caused yields to skyrocket. This was followed by mechanization as a replacement for animal pulling power and the use of chemical pesticides [7].
Most recently, digitization has also moved into the focus of agriculture, with the aim of supporting farms with standardized processes and maintaining their long-term competitiveness with global competition.
The digitization of Agriculture 4.0 is shaping technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS). The new working environment requires farmers to have a high technical affinity and interest in the changing technological environment.
Digitization therefore brings with it many perspectives, but also risks, which can be described, for example, using the interplay between agricultural production and its technical environment.
II. Research question
Correct selection of indexes, registration of objects works and factories operation cycle and those of adjoining areas, assessment of natural, natural-man-caused and mixed risks in conditions of stochastic uncertainty of hydro-meteorological and geoecological forecasts is possible, if geoecological analysis of a development area. At construction of objects, it is necessary to provide safe stay of working and having a rest, for this purpose it is necessary to consider geoecological aspects of built-up territory. Following geoecological aspects are considered: nature management and arrangement of a natural landscape.
The Nature management considers functionality using of built-up territory, including quality estimation of an environment, limiting stability of development, geoecological risks estimation and liquidation of these risks in view of all requirements for preservation of stable geoecological safety in development area of all stages of its development. Principles of maintenance geoeco-
logical safety having a rest are based on nature management and should be: based on use mainly natural resources; don't put damage to environment and don't allow the minimal damage which undermines ecological stability of environment; aimed to ecological formation and education, to format attitudes of equal partnership with the nature and territorial resources of development. Analyzing geoecological aspects is necessary to consider a system decision of requirements on development area of using ecological account, according to rational arrangement of a natural landscape.
Harmonization and saturation occur due to thoughtful zoning of development areas and their revitalization in terms of housing and communal services and social and public space.
For the formation of a strong resilience of the habitat, for example, in the Russian Arctic and strategizing the geo-eco-marketing of the Arctic tourist territories in order to create a digital circulation economy: # 1 Digital Skills — Inspiration; # 2 Smart Skills — Visualization; # 3 World Skills — Transformation; # 4 Resources Skills — Revitalization/ Accounting.
Processes and needs: Re-urbanization, Re-integration, Re-development, Re-vitalization, Re-naturalization. The dynamics and concentration of population density — population mobility has an essential role in the modern conditions of globalization, transformation and digitalization.
The green corridor of the digital circulation economy is a set and variety of implementation of technological initiatives of the digital circulation economy in the space of priority projects for economic growth of countries united by this natural resource platform, taking into account the requirements of sustainable development, promotion and support. The color of the corridor depends on the urgent and strategic intentions for a specific development area, including agricultural and / or agro-industrial development areas.
Phased structure of natural reclamation monitoring (Fig. 3) corresponds to research and development and development prospects of information technologies for the safe use of natural resources and environmental management of agricultural development areas.
Since 2000, in the North-West of the Russian Federation, scientific research has been conducted on the use of information technologies (digitaliza-tion) with remote sensing data for the purposes of safe and sustainable use of natural resources for the purposes of the agro-industrial complex and agriculture 4.0 and 5.0.
Particular results of methodological approaches to agricultural land use are presented in Figures 4, 5, 6.
Drained
r\
Floodplain
Reference
Swamps
<
Meadow
V
Waterlogged
Accounting for monitoring objects
Registration
Soil data map
Geoclimatic map
Agricultural
Technical card
GIS
Assessment of the state of objects
Natural
Technical
Economic
>
J
Environmental
Object selection criteria
Form and composition of the database
Guidelines for the
state cadastral valuation of land
Methodology for assessing the technical condition of reclamation systems
Methodology for assessing the ecological state of monitoring objects
Modeling land use management systems
ZE
Land use strategy decision system
Fig. 3. Phased structure of natural reclamation monitoring (Scheme 1 [1])
The factors influencing reflective ability of soils (Fig. 4):
- Moisture content in soil
The humidifying of soil causes decrease of their factors of brightness in seen and especially in an average infra-red zone of a spectrum, where the strips of absorption of water are located. It allows to distinguish drainage systems. The moisture content in soil varies constantly and complicates comparison even of one-seasonal snapshots.
- The contents in soils of soil pigments (of humus acids and oxides of iron)
In comparison with a mineral part of soils the soil pigments are characterized by small brightness (especially in a seen range).
Fig. 4. The factors influencing reflective ability of soils
- Mechanical structure of soil
The increase of the size of particles of soil causes decrease of their factors of brightness.
- Mineralogical structure of soils
The majority of soil form of minerals (quartz, kaolin (china-clay) etc.) are characterized by high brightness.
- Texture of a surface of soils
The heterogeneity of the invoice of soils is the reason of change of its brightness at change of height of the Sun.
Comparison the data on types of soils, mechanical structure of soils and synthesis 1, 4 and 5 channels of a snapshot Landsat ETM+, 18.05.2000 (Fig. 5):
- Soil is not covered with vegetation yet at sites 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 101, 103 and part of sites 88, 89, 99, 100 at May 18, 2000.
- The soil pigments influence to brightness of soil in a seen range. The violet colour of some frames informs us about relative poverty of soil by these substances (for example, site 92). On the average IR range humidity of soil plays the basic role. Dark-lilac colour (for example, east part of site 96) testifies the greater humidity of soil.
- In the whole correlation between the data of inventory (1995) and snapshot (2000) is traced poorly.
Synthesis 1, 4 and 5 channels
Fig. 5. Comparison the data on types of soils, mechanical structure of soils and synthesis 1, 4 and 5 channels of a snapshot Landsat ETM+, 18.05.2000
Comparison synthesis 1, 4 and 5 channels of snapshot Landsat TM between 09.06.1999 and 18.05. 2000 (Fig. 6):
The snapshot (2000) is received by the advanced gauge ETM +, so mutual calibration of snapshots is required.
It is possible to name the snapshots (1999, 2000) approximately one-seasonal, the difference is 18 days. The distinctions can be connected with the weather conditions. At the same time on snapshots it is visible, that in 1999 the area and the intensity shoots is much more, than in 2000.
Soil is possible to compare only on sites 101, 103, 91, south part of site 100 and west part of site 92.
Fig. 6. Comparison synthesis 1, 4 and 5 channels of snapshot Landsat TM between
09.06.1999 and 18.05.2000
The research question characterizes a scientific work by precisely explaining the focus of the work. The focus can be set on the basis of various research approaches. The following research approaches can be distinguished: explication, description, prognosis, design, criticism and utopias as well as a combination of the above. The explicative approach is used in this work. First, the basics are explained and then the research question is answered theoretically. [6] Based on this approach and with a view to the future of agriculture in Germany, the following research question is addressed:
"What are the perspectives and risks of digitization in Agriculture 4.0?"
An analysis of the search term "Agriculture 4.0" via Google Trends revealed that from 2015 there was an increased interest in "Agriculture 4.0". Because of this, this work was based on literature from 2015 to June 2021. The upper- and lower-case letters were not used in the literature search with German and English search terms.
III. Objective & structure of the work
First, the literature research process is described. This is followed by an explanation of the basics in order to create a uniform understanding of the top-
ic. The term Agriculture 4.0 and the technologies of sensors, IoT, GPS and 5G are discussed.
This is followed by an environmental analysis in which the perspectives and risks of digitization in agriculture are worked out. The economic, technical, regulatory and social aspects are analyzed one after the other.
The aim of this scientific work is to answer the research question. This happens in the conclusion.
III. 1. Agriculture 4.0
A uniform definition of the term "Agriculture 4.0" does not yet exist. The Nüssel definition was derived from the definition for "Industry 4.0" [7]. "[...] Agricultural production is to be interlinked with modern information and communication technology. The technical basis for this are intelligent and digitally networked systems. With their help, a largely self-organized production should become possible: people, environment, soil, machines [...] and products communicate and cooperate directly with each other in Agriculture 4.0.
Networking should make it possible to control the primary production in agriculture, by networking the controllable production factors (seeds, fertilization, plant protection, etc.) with the only limited controllable and so far difficult to assess natural influencing parameters (weather, water, soil, animal health, etc.) to optimize. In addition, through networking with the upstream and downstream areas of agriculture, the entire value chain can be optimized and significant simplifications and improvements of a [...] [7]" Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) concept [7]" [...] can be implemented. [7] " The HACCP concept, also known in German as the hazard analysis of critical control points [7], it " [...] is a clearly structured tool geared towards preventive measures. It serves to avoid dangers in connection with food, which can lead to illness or injury to consumers [7]."
The term "Agriculture 4.0" is often used in connection with "Precision Farming" and "Smart Farming". Figure 4 below is intended to help classify the terms. "Smart Farming" is another synonym for "Agriculture 4.0". In the context of "Agriculture 4.0", new technologies are used that can be differentiated according to their area of application. On the one hand, they are used in management and in decision-making. This includes, for example, digital marketplaces and agricultural apps such as technikboerse.com and others [8]. On the other hand, the technologies can be assigned to the area of precision farming. This includes sensor- and GPS-controlled systems. An example of this category is the FD20 field robot from FarmDroid ApS. The exchange with digital data platforms is unavoidable [8].
III.2. Internet of Things
Kevin Ashton first used the term "Internet of Things" in 1999 during a presentation [9]. A general definition is not yet known at the present time. In
general, IoT is understood to be a networked system of plants, machines and devices via the Internet [10].
IoT goes hand in hand with the catchphrase "Artificial Intelligence" (AI). IoT is often used in the private sector when using the voice assistants from Google, Amazon or Apple in order to advance the further development of speech recognition. However, in the business area the focus is on Machine Learning. Sensors play an essential role here, including: attached to machines, devices, assembly lines and robots. In combination with the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G), huge amounts of data can be recorded and evaluated via IoT devices [9].
er"
III.3. Sensor systems
"Sensor" is derived from the Latin word [11].
'sensus" and means "feel-
Fig. 7. Principle of operation of sensors [11]
"A sensor is used for the quantitative and qualitative measurement of physical, chemical, climatic, biological and medical parameters. [11] "As Figure 7 shows, a sensor" [...] consists of two parts: the sensor element and the evaluation electronics. The non-electrical input variables to be measured are converted into an electrical output signal in the sensor element by means of scientific laws. In evaluation electronics, these output signals are processed by circuit electronics or software programs in such a way that a sensor output signal is created that is available for control or evaluation purposes. The external disturbance variables that influence a sensor element can be taken into account mathematically (e. g. taking into account the temperature dependency or linearization of non-linear relationships). This is usually done by a microprocessor. The advancing miniaturization increasingly allows both parts, the sensor element and the evaluation electronics, to be accommodated in a single sensor. These intelligent sensors are also known as smart sen-sors[11]".
III.4. 5G
Figure 8 shows the development of mobile communications over the past decades. The first generation of mobile communications (1G) was limited to telephony via analog voice transmission.
Over the years the bandwidth and the transmission rate have increased. The breakthrough for consumers came with the fourth generation of mobile communications in 2010. With Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology, transmission rates of up to 1 Gbit per second could be achieved. With the fifth generation of mobile communications, the transmission rate can be increased to up to 20 Gbit per second. Companies, which also include agricultural businesses, should preferably benefit from this [12].
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•A- bis C-Netz » Telefonieren mit analoger Sprachiiber-fragung
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• mobile
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• GSM' GPRS/ EDGE
■ Übertragungsrate bis zu 220 KBit pro Sekunde
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•verbesserte Bandbreiten •UMTS
• Übertragungsrate bis zii 7,2 Mbit je Sekunde
A ^
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• verbesserte Bandbreiten •LTE/LTE+ •Übertragungsraie bis zu 1 Gbit je Sekunde
V 2010
5G
•verbesserte Bandbreiten •Übertragungsrate bis zu 20 Gbit je Sekunde
J v_
2020
Fig. 8. Development stages of mobile communications [12]
At 4G, the "full-dimension MIMO" approach is followed, which requires a large number of antennas. This enables the steadily increasing peak data rates in the radio cells to be covered [13]. "This is done via mechanisms of multi-user multiplexing, i.e. the simultaneous supply of a large number of users on the same time and frequency resources by utilizing the spatial dimension [13]".
The "Massive MIMO" approach is used with 5G [13]. "This requires significant changes compared to the previous standard in order to ensure cost-efficient operation. Multi-stage spatial beam shaping methods must be expanded in such a way that the large number of antenna elements can be divided into so-called sub-antenna arrays [13]." "Within such a sub-antenna array, beam shaping weights are then adapted phase-coherently, whereas a phase control of various sub-antenna arrays only needs to be readjusted or coordinat-
ed on a slow time basis [13]." "New types of antenna geometries play an important role in meeting the heterogeneous requirements in the cellular system to meet [13]. " " For example, so-called planar antenna arrays can be used to form a large number of distinguishable beamformers in a fixed solid angle [13]." "In contrast to this, (partially) circular antenna arrays can ideally be used to uniformly illuminate a wide angular range and at the same time achieve variable sectorization [13]."
"Massive MIMO enables a precise spatial differentiation of radio signals in the angular range, so that the positions of end devices, which are no longer necessarily represented by people in the 5G standard, can be estimated with high precision in order to ideally only send the data to the end device addressed and the environment not to occupy unnecessarily with interfering power. Precise position data acquisition is essential for all autonomous [...] vehicles, for example [13]".
III.5. Global Positioning System and Geofencing
The term "geofencing" is made up of the words "geography" and the English word "fence". Geofencing is a method of initially fencing in a virtual zone with the help of coordinates. A check is then carried out to determine whether a certain object is located within this zone, the geofence [14].
The geographic information system enables localization with the help of GPS coordinates, consisting of latitude and longitude. A receiver in the object can be used to locate the object using Navigational Satellite Timing and Ranging - Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS) [14].
When orbiting the earth, satellites permanently transmit their position and the time via coded radio signals. These signals are received via GPS and on their basis the position and speed of the receiving object are calculated. The Doppler effect is used to determine the current speed of the receiver object [14]. "The Doppler effect describes the process between the compression or expansion of a signal by changing the distance between the transmitter and the receiver [14]. "A signal from at least four satellites is required for precise positioning. It is now common for GPS receivers to receive radio data from twelve satellites in the private sector [14].
IV. Environmental Analysis
The environmental analysis is also known as environmental analysis or environmental forecasting or scanning. It follows Igor Ansoffs environmental-strategy-structure approach based on Chandler's strategy-structure hypothesis from 1979 [15].
The environmental analysis is a strategic planning tool for the identification of success-relevant environmental factors and trends. The environmental analysis uses internal and external sources to analyze and evaluate current and future perspectives and risks. To minimize the number of surprising dangers,
macroeconomic, technical, environmental and socio-cultural aspects are considered [15].
As part of this work, an environmental analysis is carried out for an ecologically managed farm with a focus on arable farming. The focus is on the perspectives and risks of digitization, which in turn are subdivided according to economic, technical, regulatory and social aspects.
V. Perspectives for digitization in agriculture
V.1. Economic Perspectives
Digitization in Agriculture 4.0 is an investment in a technology-based future. Because long-term costs can be reduced by investing in new technologies. The financial resources saved can then in turn be invested in the company's technological advances.
In organic farming, for example, no chemical pesticides are used. The lack of herbicide treatments especially in row crop cultivation, e.g. sugar beet, extensive and additional chop the usually done by hand. Seasonal workers are not only indispensable for weed control. You can no longer be imagined without them in the steadily growing, small-scale, family-run full-time business. The seasonal / workforce provides support throughout the season, with the different work peaks from cultivation to harvest. For the recording of the working hours, the classic time sheet has mostly become obsolete on farms as well. Apps and web-based applications for recording attendance and absence as well as for work planning are now available on the market.
Clockin GmbH is one of many providers of digital time recording systems. By using the system, the management does not have to evaluate timesheets. At the same time, there is an interface for all common accounting systems, so that the hourly statements can be imported in a time-saving and cost-saving manner. The seasonal / workforce can also be deployed in an optimized manner through live analyzes. Since the app works with GPS, digital documentation of the processes and activities is also possible in addition to time recording [16].
For example, the FD20 field robot of FarmDroid ApS is suitable for cultivating up to 20 hectares per growing season p.a. sugar beet and other crops such as onion, rapeseed, herbs, etc. designed. The profitability calculation in the appendix relates to the cultivation of sugar beet with a maximum capacity of 20 hectares. The limiting factors are the weeding and hoeing work [17]. The acquisition costs are around € 75,000 net [18]. In addition to the SIM card, the ongoing variable costs include spare and wear parts, 30 man-hours per hectare continue to be incurred as maintenance effort and for manual weeding or chopping of the weeds. The hourly performance was assessed with the current minimum wage including an escalation of 2.5 percent in the following years, as this work tends to be taken over by seasonal workers [19]. On the other
hand, there are opportunity costs of around 200 hours per hectare for the elimination of chopping and weeding [19].
With attractive funding programs, the federal and state governments want to further advance digitization in agriculture and financially support businesses as they move into Agriculture 4.0. One example is the Bavarian Special Agricultural Digital Program (BaySL Digital) of the State of Bavaria, which promotes investments in the digital area to optimize management, improve environmental compatibility and strengthen the competitiveness of SMEs [20]. Due to the high acquisition costs, investments in digitization will only be economically viable for most companies in the medium term with these funding programs. The profitability calculation in the appendix proves this. The funding rate for the acquisition of an FD20 field robot is 40 percent of the acquisition costs [20]. With optimal utilization, the investment amortizes in less than two years.
V.2. Technical perspectives
The technical perspectives for digitizing agriculture are diverse. The technologies listed in the basics have already arrived in agriculture. The use of the different technologies is shown again with the help of the FD 20 V2.2 field robot of FarmDroid ApS.
Fig. 9. Field robot FD20 V2.2 from FarmDroid ApS [21]
The FD20 of FarmDroid ApS is the only autonomous field robot approved for the German market so far, as it works exclusively within a specified geofence [22]. Before sowing, the geofence is fenced in with precise Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS by defining up to 99 corner points. There is always a safety zone of 1.2 meters to the outer lines [22].
The exclusively solar-powered robot is driven by two 400 watt motors, which are fed from 1.6 kW solar cell capacity [23]. The on-board computer can be operated via the control element attached to the robot, via email and an app
[22]. At the beginning, the on-board computer divides the field into a grid using algorithms. With the help of two GPS antennas, one at the front and one at the rear, as well as an inclination sensor, the FD20 orients itself in the field. The board computer can save up to 20 fields. The data is also stored as a backup in the data center of FarmDroid ApS in Denmark. Seed sensors enable the precise application of the seed within the grid with the help of light barriers. When removing weeds, the on-board computer uses the matrix to chop between the seeds as precisely as possible without damaging the crops [22].
Since weed removal is only possible and useful under certain weather conditions, a rain sensor is integrated. At best, the robot's activities can be monitored real-time via an app. A stable internet connection is necessary for this [22]. Figure 10 shows a screenshot of the web-based FarmDroid app. The app uses maps provided by Google Maps API. The shortcut shows the geofence with eleven corner points, the current position of the field robot, the safety zone and the headland on which the robot turns. In addition, the processed field is separated from the unprocessed field in color. At the same time, the required technical data is currently available. A live camera broadcast is also possible if there is a sufficient internet connection [22].
Fig. 10. Screenshot of the web-based FarmDroid app [22]
V.3. Regulatory Perspectives
Agriculture is very important for politics, as it ensures that the population is supplied with food. At the same time, the individual farmer must be profitable in order to be able to make a living in the long term. The optimized use of production capacities such as machines and workers is crucial here. In the Treaty of the European Union / Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (EUV / TFEU), the promotion of technical progress in agriculture is therefore explicitly laid down.
Smart farming systems enable a digitally recorded and verifiable value chain, which gives consumers and other stakeholders a complete insight into the production of food. Traceability is possible across all production steps through to the use of raw materials and the production processes of primary production. This "digital product passport" consequently leads to a strengthening of consumer protection within the European Community. [24]
V.4. Social Perspectives
The digitization of agriculture improves the production conditions, thereby increasing the social acceptance of agricultural production processes and thereby noticeably influencing the purchasing behavior of consumers. A survey of 2,012 participants in 2018 looked at these aspects. A pre-quoted sample represents the sedentary population in Germany in terms of age, gender, educational level and size of place of residence. [25]
The survey shows that over 70 percent see digitization as an opportunity to improve the quality of life in farming families by reducing the farmer's workload. At the same time, around 60 percent of those surveyed see prospects for more environmentally friendly production. [25] At the same time, the study shows that the population is in favor of state funding for new technologies. The greatest popularity is for digital, automated chipping technology, followed by near-infrared sensors for slurry application and spot spraying for the use of chemical pesticides [25]. The acceptance among the population for the promotion of digitization in agriculture is already there and can be expanded through targeted awareness-raising measures.[25]
VI. Risks of digitization in agriculture
VI. 1. Economic Risks
Investing in new technologies is associated with economic risks, the acquisition costs in agriculture are generally. As a rule, it is hardly economically feasible for small-scale companies.
Trouble-free use of the technology is essential, since errors or the complete failure of the technology can, in the worst case, even result in a total loss of the harvest. This is what happened in 2020 at an organic farm in Lower Saxony. The FarmDroid field robot beheaded 10,000 beets in one night, causing the entire harvest to fail at that single field. [26] It is not
known whether this type of damage can be insured and whether insurance will cover it.
Furthermore, the profitability for new technologies in agriculture is difficult to measure, since external factors such as weather can sometimes have an even greater influence on the course of production, the earnings situation and the proceeds. If necessary, the technology can only be used without restrictions under well weather conditions. With regard to the use of the field robot, a follow-up check of the weed pressure and, to a lesser extent, manual weeding of the weeds is necessary. If the weed pressure is disproportionately high due to long periods of rain, additional workers are required for weeding because the field robot can no longer do this. In this case, the potential for savings can no longer be exploited.
VI.2. Technical Risks
With digitization in agriculture, reliability and resilience go hand in hand. The data transfer works as usual via GPS, cellular network or the Internet. In Industry 4.0, cyber attacks are a common means of shutting down competing companies. With the digitization of agriculture, cyber attacks can also occur there. A failure of transmission / cloud services or of data centers can lead to a standstill of machines and robots. This can result in crop failures which, depending on the size, could sometimes lead to empty supermarket shelves [27]. The likelihood of a food shortage is, however, to be viewed as low overall, since production takes place over a wide area and therefore total failures are not to be feared. At the same time, cyber attacks can lead to a violation of personal rights and data protection. Sensitive data from the time recording of employees, trade secrets, movement profiles of people and machines as well as economic figures can be spied on and misused. In addition to the loss of sovereignty over the data, legal consequences for operations are to be expected [28]. If sensors and AI are used on a farm, for example for the application of fertilizers, the farmer must be able to understand and evaluate the functionality of the sensors and the AI. In addition to specialist knowledge in the field of fertilization, this also requires an understanding of the algorithms and operating principles used. Application errors in the application of farm manure or other fertilizers can have an impact on the entire ecosystem [28, 29].
VI.3. Regulatory Risks
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies to the processing of data. Farmers need to be aware of this when using new technologies, especially when using AI. Whether this awareness already exists cannot be assessed. Ultimately, when using the new technologies, the various legal regulations must always be observed and complied with. [29]
Politicians are increasingly under pressure to act, as security concepts for Agriculture 4.0 are still pending in the event of a cyber attack. There are no risk impact assessments when using Agriculture 4.0. This underlines the
statement by Christian Reuter et al., that the effects of exceptional situations caused by smart farming have not yet been adequately researched [27].
VI. 4. Social risks
Society's acceptance of digitization in agriculture is given in accordance with section 4. Social Perspectives (Perspectives for digitization in agriculture). However, around 25 percent of those questioned fear that the farmer will be alienated from his soil or animals. Another 30 percent of those questioned are indecisive about this statement [25]. As a result, every second consumer is still skeptical about digitization in agriculture or has not dealt sufficiently with this topic.
Another socio-economic aspect to be considered here is the substitution of seasonal workers by new technologies. On the one hand, there are reports in the media about the exploitation of seasonal workers from third countries in agriculture. Because of Corona, seasonal workers in Germany are now allowed to work on a company for up to 102 days at a time [30]. This corresponds to an increase of 45 percent in working time and capacity. At the same time, the seasonal workers earn a higher income than before the pandemic. This has a positive effect on the economy of the country of origin. Social consequences for third countries are therefore to be expected, but cannot be assessed in monetary terms.
Conclusion
The development of territories at the present stage has an implicitly ordered form, which is predetermined by the geospheric development of an anthropo- and technogenic nature that has developed over a long period. Accounting for human activities in order to preserve individual natural conditions of territories is based until recently on financial reporting on various activities, which is an economic category and does not always reflect the state of the environment. In most cases, the technogenic load is recorded as a result of an inventory taking place from case to case and giving an incomplete and mostly stochastic picture of the impact of regular and permanent human activity on the natural environment and, in particular, on land resources. As a result of the study, the authors and performers of it received various evidences of the continuously existing practice of interaction between various economic and management structures with varying degrees of responsibility, their technical and material equipment, information insecurity and inconsistency with modern conditions for ensuring the adoption of managerial strategic decisions. The need to create an apparatus for making management decisions interrelated with the development perspective based on local territorial basin monitoring (LTBM), which includes environmental monitoring, environmental management and audit, has been identified. With the economic justification of these procedures, an ecological account of the territories is formed. The closest to
human nature and natural is verbal and non-verbal visualization both as part of geographic information systems and independently [1] .
Systematization of the results of LTBM development areas using international experience of interpretation for the purpose of a more detailed predictive and harmonized prospective sustainable agricultural use of the territories presupposes the availability and processing of Landsat images [1-5].
The environmental analysis shows that digitization and the use of new technologies enable the use of production to be optimized, which can be assessed positively for the company from both a financial and an economic point of view. At the same time, the optimization of production processes serves to protect resources and consumers, so that the broader population is fundamentally positive about digitization in agriculture.
The acquisition and use of the technologies is currently only economically viable for most companies thanks to investment subsidies from the federal and state governments. Whether the calculated profitability actually occurs, taking into account the environmental factors such as weather or the year of yield, can only be proven with difficulty by a recalculation, because the influence of the named environmental factors on the yield predominates.
With technological progress, the range of intelligent machines and robots is constantly increasing. If the operations manager invests in the new technology, this must be tailored to his operational structures. The amount of physically strenuous work in organic farming can thus be reduced.
The effects on the production factor labor can therefore be assessed positively across the board. However, most of the technology in the product life cycle is still in the introductory phase, which means that technical errors and risks during use cannot be ruled out. Farmers must therefore have a certain technical affinity when using the new technologies and must not be discouraged by setbacks due to technical errors. Those with a pioneering spirit can lead their farm into the future with the help of digitization.
Nevertheless, there is a lack of empirical values from dealing with security risks, for example from cyber attacks, which makes risk-consequence assessments difficult to draw up.
Society is open to agriculture 4.0 in the field of arable farming. It is difficult to assess the individual social impacts of the digitization of agriculture in Germany, the EU and third countries over time.
There is still a long way to go. First of all, the understanding and openness for new technologies for the digitization of Agriculture 4.0 must be created on farms. As part of training courses, farmers must be made aware of the legal framework as well as the potential and risks associated with the use of digital technology. Interest in the technologies can only be further increased through intensive educational work.
However, it is certain, that agriculture is facing major challenges in terms of resource protection through initiatives to promote biodiversity, water and
climate protection, and the preservation of biodiversity. In this context, the first experts are already talking about Agriculture 5.0 [31].
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