CC BY
3УДК 69
Bagaudin Z.M.
Magister of the Department of Land Resource Management, Architecture and Design S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University (Astana, Kazakhstan)
GEODETIC ASPECTS IN CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING SURVEYS
Аннотация: the article discusses the geodetic aspects important for engineering surveys and construction. It provides a detailed examination of the methods and technologies used to create a geodetic reference network (GRN), based on surveys conducted in the city of Stepnogorsk, Akmolinsk region. The focus is on the application of GNSS satellite systems and static observation methods to achieve high precision in geodetic measurements. The results demonstrate that the established GRN provides the necessary reliability for infrastructure project design. The article also addresses challenges related to limited satellite visibility and the need for regular monitoring of the geodetic points. It highlights the significance of integrating geodetic aspects into design and construction processes, contributing to improved project documentation quality and enhanced safety of construction objects.
Ключевые слова: construction objects, geodetic points, project documentation.
Introduction.
Applied geodesy studies the methods of geodetic work that are applied during surveys, design, construction, and operation of structures, as well as in the exploration, utilization, and development of natural resources. In a narrower sense, engineering geodesy focuses on methods of topographic surveys and the transfer of construction projects to the field.
Surveys represent a complex of problematic, economic, and technical studies in the area of planned construction, aimed at obtaining data necessary for solving key design, construction, and operation issues of facilities.
Engineering-geodetic surveys include: analysis of existing topographic and geodetic materials collected in the past, creation of plan-altitude surveying networks, conducting topographic surveys (both terrestrial and aerospace) at scales from 1:500 to 1:10,000, including the surveying of underground and surface objects, updating old topographic plans in specified scales, preparation of digital terrain models, tracing linear structures and securing their routes in the field, binding engineering-geological excavations and geophysical points, geodetic work for hydrometeorological surveys, and studies of hazardous geological processes such as landslides and karst phenomena, geodetic research for the design of reconstruction and modernization of existing enterprises and structures, including surveys of roads and hydro-ameliorative systems, as well as the preparation and duplication of materials from engineering-geodetic surveys.
The main geodetic surveys depend on the stages of construction of facilities, and their order can be represented in a schematic form.
During engineering-geodetic design, project preparation is carried out for its transfer to the field based on plans and heights, vertical planning tasks are solved, and a project for conducting geodetic works (PGRW) is developed.
Layout works include creating layout networks, performing major layout works, and detailed layouts of structures at various construction stages.
Verification of structures and technological equipment is carried out both in plan and in height and verticality. Monitoring of deformations includes controlling the settlement of foundations and bases, horizontal displacements, and tilts of tower structures.
To assess the prospects for construction in the planned area, problematic surveys are conducted aimed at compiling a technical and economic report on the development potential of the territory (TER) and technical and economic justifications for the construction of individual facilities (TEO). The composition, volume, and accuracy of geodetic works in the construction of engineering facilities must meet the geometric parameters specified in the design documentation, as well as comply with construction standards and regulations.
Geodetic surveys are carried out according to the technical assignment, which stipulates the general characteristics of the object, stages of design, information about the location and boundaries of the work areas, types and volumes of geodetic and topographic works, data on areas and scales of surveys, heights of terrain sections in specific areas, instructions on the sequence of work, deadlines for submission of materials, as well as special requirements for their implementation.
In the context of high-rise buildings and bridges construction, the accuracy of geodetic works is one of the key factors ensuring the reliability and safety of these structures. High-rise buildings and bridges are subjected to various loads and external environmental influences, making meticulous planning and control necessary at all stages of design and construction. Even minor errors in geodetic measurements can lead to serious consequences, so it is important to consider all aspects related to geodesy, starting from the selection of the construction site and ending with the operation of the completed object.
If geodetic data is not collected and processed with a high level of accuracy, it can cause significant deviations from design parameters, which, in turn, can lead to accidents or premature wear of structures. At the design stage, it is crucial to use quality geodetic research that allows for precise determination of the level and geometric parameters of the construction site. This is especially relevant for complex geological conditions, where traditional methods may prove insufficient.
An important aspect is the monitoring of deformations of construction structures, which is carried out based on geodetic observations. The use of modern monitoring methods, such as laser scanning and satellite technologies, can significantly enhance measurement accuracy and timely identify deviations from design parameters. Since deformations can occur at all stages of construction and operation, continuous monitoring becomes essential for ensuring the durability and stability of buildings and bridges.
Modern geodetic tools and technologies allow not only to record deformations but also to analyze their dynamics in real-time. By implementing automated monitoring systems, timely information about the condition of structures can be obtained, allowing
for prompt decision-making and risk minimization. Thus, the integration of geodetic aspects into construction and engineering survey processes not only enhances the accuracy of work but also ensures a higher level of safety, which is crucial in the context of modern urban planning practices.
In this work, we will examine the main methods and technologies used to assess the accuracy of geodetic works, as well as modern approaches to monitoring deformations of construction structures, with a special focus on their importance in ensuring the reliability and safety of high-rise buildings and bridges.
Main Part.
This work examines the methods and results of engineering surveys conducted in the city of Stepnogorsk, Akmolinskaya Oblast. The goal of the surveys is to create a geodetic reference network (GRN) to ensure the accuracy of infrastructure project design. The area, located at the coordinates 51.2667° N, 71.4536° E, is characterized by flat terrain with minor height variations ranging from 320 m to 360 m above sea level.
Methods and Materials.
To achieve the set goals, modern geodetic technologies were employed, including satellite GNSS systems (GPS/GLONASS). The work process is divided into several key stages:
Selection of GRN Points: When choosing points, factors such as horizon openness for satellite measurements, accessibility for fieldwork, and durability of installed markers were considered. As a result, at least 4 points with known plan coordinates and 5 points with known heights were identified, providing a reliable basis for GRN creation.
Equipment Installation: High-precision GNSS antennas were used, mounted on stable tripods to minimize vibrations during measurements. The centering of antennas was performed with an accuracy of up to 1 mm using optical centering. To ensure stability, the height of the antennas was checked twice using a tape measure and specialized devices.
Field Measurements: The primary measurement method employed was the static observation method, which ensures high precision. Measurements were taken at a fixed data recording interval of 5 seconds. Equipment status was checked every 15 minutes, including monitoring power supply, the number of observed satellites, and DOP (Dilution of Precision) values. If any indicators worsened, the observation time was increased to achieve the required accuracy.
Data Processing: After the completion of fieldwork, the results were processed using specialized software packages, such as Trimble Business Center and Leica Geo Office. This allowed for precise determination of GRN point coordinates and alignment of the satellite network, significantly enhancing the reliability of the obtained data.
Results.
The results confirmed the high precision of the measurements. The coordinates of the GRN points were determined with II-grade accuracy in the plane and IV-class accuracy in height. All points were successfully integrated into the existing geodetic systems of the region. During data processing, errors were identified and corrected, ensuring the reliability of the created network and allowing its use in further surveys.
Discussion.
The results of the engineering surveys demonstrated the effectiveness of using satellite GNSS systems for creating GRN in flat and partially hilly terrain. The use of the static observation method provided the necessary precision, which is critical for the successful design of infrastructure projects.
During the work, challenges related to limited horizon openness due to vegetation and buildings were identified, which may have necessitated selecting alternative points for GRN installation. Additionally, regular monitoring of the geodetic points' condition is essential for ensuring their durability and accuracy.
Thus, the surveys conducted and the results obtained may serve as a foundation for future research in the field of geodesy and engineering design in the region, as well as contribute to improving the accuracy and reliability of infrastructure project design.
Conclusion.
The engineering surveys conducted in Stepnogorsk, Akmolinskaya Oblast, successfully established a geodetic reference network (GRN) that provides high accuracy of coordinates for further infrastructure project design. The use of modern technologies, such as satellite GNSS systems and the static observation method, significantly increased the reliability of the obtained data.
The results showed that the GRN, created in flat and partially hilly terrain, possesses sufficient accuracy for project work. The selection of points considering horizon openness and accessibility contributed to the successful execution of field measurements.
Identified difficulties related to limited satellite visibility due to vegetation and urban development underscore the need for careful preparation before the establishment of geodetic points. Regular monitoring of the geodetic network's condition is also an important aspect for maintaining its accuracy and durability.
Thus, the results of the conducted surveys can be used not only for designing new facilities but also for further research in the field of geodesy, contributing to the improvement of engineering survey methods and enhancing the quality of design documentation in the region.
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