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Вестник РУДН. Серия: Инженерные исследования RUDN Journal of Engineering Research
2023;24(1):86-94
ISSN 2312-8143 (Print); ISSN 2312-8151 (Online) journals.rudn.ru/engineering-researches
DOI: 10.22363/2312-8143-2023-24-1-86-94 EDN: EEDRTQ
UDC 550.8+550.4+550.3
Research article / Научная статья
Geochemical features of granitic rocks using x-ray spectral fluorescence
in the Miass region, Southern Ural
Mohammed Abdalla Elsharif Ibrahim3 , Vladimir N. Kuleshovb , Alexander E. Kotelnikov" , Alexey F. Georgievskiy3 , Samia Abdelrahman Ibrahim0
a RUDN University, Moscow, Russian Federation bGeological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation cUniversity of Khartoum, Khartoum, Republic of Sudan ^ mohammedelsharif7@gmail.com
Article history
Received: December 14, 2022 Revised: February 25, 2023 Accepted: February 28, 2023
Keywords:
geochemistry, magma process, high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous
Abstract. The goals of the research are the geochemistry and identification of granite rocks. The granitic rocks are part of the Syrostan massive, which is located in Southern Ural. Understanding the magma process and probable mineralization deposition can be gained by classifying granite and determining geochemical characteristics. X-ray spectral fluorescence analysis was used to collect samples from outcrops for geochemical analysis. The results indicate that the rocks belong to the high-K calc-alkaline to calc-alkaline series. The granites are metaluminous to slightly peralumi-nous and are classified as I-type granites, with A/CNK values ranging from 0.73 to 1.01. The majority of the rock samples are trondhjemite to slightly tonalite in composition. The most observable samples in the normative Na2O-k2O-CaO scheme have defined a continuous range, varying from tonalite/trondhjemite to granodiorite. The findings provide valuable information about the petrogenesis of the rocks and their composition.
Acknowledgements
This paper has been supported by the RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Program.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no know competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the study presented in the paper.
For citation
Ibrahim MAE, Kuleshov VN, Kotelnikov AE, Georgievskiy AF, Ibrahim SA. Geochemical features of granitic rocks using
x-ray spectral fluorescence in the Miass region, Southern Ural. RUDN Journal of Engineering Research. 2023;24(1):86-94.
http://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2023-24-1-86-94
© Ibrahim M.A.E., Kuleshov V.N., Kotelnikov A.E., Georgievskiy A.F., Ibrahim S.A., 2023
licc^ (D® I This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ik^KZMIiK https://creativec0mm0ns.0rg/licenses/by-nc/4.Q/legalc0de
Геохимическая характеристика и классификация гранитов с использованием рентгеновской спектральной флуоресценции Миасского района Южного Урала
М.А.А. Ибрахим , В.Н. Кулешовь , А.Е. Котельников3 , А.Ф. Георгиевский3 С.А. Ибрахимс
Российский университет дружбы народов, Москва, Российская Федерация ^Геологический институт Российской академии наук, Москва, Российская Федерация сУниверситет Хартума, Хартум, Республика Судан ^ mohammedelsharif7@gmail.com
История статьи
Поступила в редакцию: 14 декабря 2022 г. Доработана: 25 февраля 2023 г. Принята к публикации: 28 февраля 2023 г.
Ключевые слова:
геохимия, рентгеноспектральная флуоресценция, магматический процесс, высококалиевый, известково-щелочной, металлургический
Аннотация. Основные задачи исследования - геохимия и идентификация гранитных пород. Гранитные породы входят в состав Сыростан-ского массива, расположенного на Южном Урале. Понимание магматического процесса и вероятного отложения минерализации можно получить путем классификации гранита и определения геохимических характеристик. Рентгеноспектральный флуоресцентный анализ использован для отбора проб из обнажений для геохимического анализа. Результаты показали, что породы относятся к известково-щелочной серии. Граниты - от металлуминозных до слабоглиноземистых - относятся к I типу со значениями A/CNK от 0,73 до 1,01. Большинство образцов пород имеют состав от трондьемита до слабого тоналита. Наиболее наблюдаемые образцы в нормативной схеме Na2Ü-k2Ü-CaO определяют непрерывный диапазон от тоналита/трондьемита до гранодиори-та. Находки дают ценную информацию о петрогенезе горных пород и их составе.
Благодарности
Работа выполнена при поддержке Программы стратегического академического лидерства РУДН. Заявление о конфликте интересов
Авторы заявляют, что им неизвестны конкурирующие финансовые интересы или личные отношения, которые могли бы повлиять на представленное в статье исследование.
Для цитирования
Ibrahim M.A.E., Kuleshov V.N., Kotelnikov A.E., Georgievskiy A.F., Ibrahim S.A. Geochemical features of granitic rocks using x-ray spectral fluorescence in the Miass region, Southern Ural // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Инженерные исследования. 2023. Т. 24. № 1. С. 86-94. http://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2023-24-1-86-94
Introduction
Different deposits and mineralization were discovered associated with granite intrusions, such as gold deposits, tin, tungsten and several deposits of rare earth elements [1; 2]. Type, origin, and pedogenesis of granite is significant key in formation of specific deposits. Some studies revealed that, various of rare earth elements deposits related to highly fractionated granite intrusions. Also, the Syrostan massive in the southern Ural linked with many deposits such as gold, rare earth elements, and skarn deposits. Therefore, determine the type of granite, identification the magma evolution process, and the geochemistry of granite could lead to a potential ore deposit.
Although, several research were conducted in the Syrostan massive and intrusions in southern Ural looking for potential mineralization [2-6]; however, the massive area was not covered with the investigation of the petrogenesis and the geochemistry and conducted them to the mineralization. The aim of this study is to identify geochemical characteristic and type of the granite in order to connect them with type of mineralization and use the result for future researches.
Geology of the study area. The Syrostan massive locates in the southwest of the Miass city, southern Ural in the zone of the main Ural deep fault. The massive is among metabasites, shales of several composition and fragment of metamor-
phosed oceanic crust and the crust of passive margin of the Ural paleocean. The massive is formed in the lower carbonian and has three phases: the first is granodiorite and quartz diorite, the second is double feldspar and plagiogranite, and the third is vein complex [6-8].
The location of the study area almost 15 km northwest of the Miass city (Figure 1). The area of
the massive consists of metamorphic complex and marble body lies in the form of lenses crossed by several granite veins and the marble mainly in contact with diorite. The magmatic complex includes quartz diorite, granodiorite, biotite granite, and leu-cogranite [6; 9; 10]. After intensive of petrographic investigation, nine samples have been selected for major oxides analysis.
Figure 1. The Syrostan granite massive's modified geological map, which includes the Dark Kingdom of Marble Deposit:
1 - gneiss; 2- mica quartz schist; 3 - marble limestone; 4 - quartzite; 5- shale; 6- marble; 7- carbonaceous shale; 8 - quaternary sediments; 9 - granodiorite, quartz diorite, diorite; 10- porphyrlc biotite granites; 11 - pink porphyrlc biotite granites; 12-veined granite and plagiogranlte; 73-pegmatites; 14 - serpentinltes; 15-tectonic faults; 16-occurrence of niobium
1. Analytical methods
Determination of the concentration of major oxides in the samples was executed by x-ray spectral fluorescence analysis (XRF) on a sequential vacuum
spectrometer (with wavelength dispersion), model Axios mAX manufactured by PAN alytical (Netherlands). The analysis was performed at the Center for Collective Use of the IGEM RAS (Moscow, Russia).
2. Results and discussion
2.1. Petrography and mineral compositions
Microgranite is composed primarily of quartz (15-25%), microcline (20-50%), plagioclase (2040%), and biotite (5-10%) and has a medium to coarse grained texture (Figure 2, a). Recrystallized quartz has two generations. This indicates that there
has been deformation. Sericite and muscovite are discovered after plagioclase. Plagioclase exhibits sericitization and epidotization as a result of hydrothermal activity [11; 12]. Plagioclase zoning shows epidote and sericite from core to rim (Figure 2, b). Furthermore, chlorite, epidote, and calcite are secondary minerals. Accessory minerals include opaque minerals such as zircon and apatite.
Figure 2. A microscopic examination of granitic and diorite rocks
a - granitic rocks with quartz, plagioclase, and biotite (analyzer out); b - plagioclase grain partially mixed with a sericite aggregate (analyzer in)
2.2. Geochemical properties and granitic rocks types
Table 1 shows the major oxides and geochemical compositions of granitoids rocks. Classification of granitoids rocks using TAS diagram [13] shows that most rocks are granite and one sample is syeno-diorite (Figure 3, a), similarly the classification based on Middlemost diagram [14], total alkali vs. silica demonstrate the rocks as granite, monzodio-rite, and monzonite (Figure 3, b). The investigated granite samples have a high SiO2 contents ranging from 76.15 to 59.55 wt.%.
Diorite shows and silica content about (52.9 wt.%). Granite samples have high total alkalis K2O + Na2O ranging between (7-10 wt.%), moderate K2O/Na2O ratios ranging from 0.35 to 0.85, and low to intermediate CaO (0.5 to 6 wt.%), that followed by low content of P2O5 (0.01 to 0.5%). The LOI (loss on ignition) values ranging from 0.6 to 2 wt.% which is reflect low value. On the K2O with SiO2 diagram [15], the investigated samples fall into the
high-K calc-alkaline series to slightly calc alkaline series (Figure 3, c).
Similarly, the AFM diagram (A = K2O + N2O, F = FeOt, and M = MgO) [16], demonstrates the evolution of magma form tholeiite into calc alkaline series (Figure 3, d).
Al saturation index A/CNK molar (Al2O3/ CaO + Na2O + K2O) vs. A/NK molar (AhO3/ Na2O + K2O) diagram is plotted and shows the samples plot within the metaluminous field to slightly peraluminous (Figure 3, e) based on the SiO2 vs. FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) diagram (Figure 3, f), determine the samples are magnesian. Both diagrams indicate the type of granite as I-type granite which is related to igneous origin and absence of involving of sedimentary materials.
The result of CIPW norm present in Table 2, norm of granite shows quartz ranging from 5 to 30 wt.%, that indicates the granite standard. The investigated samples have a high albite with values ranging from 37.5 to 50.5 wt.%, and mode-
rate orthoclase content, with values ranging between, 14.5 to 21.5 wt.%. The norm of corundum in most sample shows 0 value and the rest of samples shows values less than 1 in the average of 0.5 wt.%. These result implying, I-type granite [17; 18]. Using
the normative result with more than 10% of Quartz, Ab-An-Or diagram has been plotted (Figure 4, a). the diagram shows the trondhjemite as dominant plutonic rock type, granite and tonalite represent the rest of the samples.
Table 1
Compositions of whole rock major oxides in granitoid rocks
Major oxides, wt.% Samples
MG1 MG2 MG3 LG1 LG2 LG3 BG1 BG3 D1
Si02 70.64 70.45 69.85 73.43 76.17 74.62 69.52 59.54 52.89
AI2O3 14.62 15.17 14.82 12.71 12.89 13.84 15.38 17.3 17.95
Na20 5.29 4.89 4.94 5.98 5.84 5.63 4.42 5.33 5.34
MgO 0.53 0.46 0.75 0.19 0.1 0.08 0.82 1.65 3.95
K20 3.47 3.43 3.45 2.44 2.47 3.61 3.67 3.5 2
CaO 2.06 1.81 1.99 2.77 0.95 0.53 2.23 4.81 6.37
Ti02 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.39 0.66 1.18
MnO 0.043 0.037 0.038 0.015 0.022 0.007 0.033 0.093 0.096
Fe203 1.93 1.82 1.98 0.28 0.52 0.36 2.51 5.02 7.61
p2o5 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.28 0.53
LOI 0.81 1.19 1.58 2.13 0.83 1.13 0.64 1.34 1.08
SUM 99.71 99.55 99.68 99.98 99.84 99.85 99.75 99.52 98.99
A/NK 1.17 1.29 1.25 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.37 1.38 1.64
A/CNK 0.902 1.01 0.957 0.725 0.92 0.979 1.005 0.812 0.796
K20/Na20 0.655 0.701 0.698 0.408 0.422 0.641 0.83 0.656 0.374
Na20/K20 1.52 1.43 1.42 2.45 2.36 1.56 1.2 1.52 2.67
Table 2
CIWP norm for investigated samples
Mineral, wt.% Samples
MG1 MG2 MG3 LG1 LG2 LG3 BG1 BG3 D1
Quartz 22.45 24.5 23.05 25.95 31.25 27.01 24.15 5.15 0
Corundum 0 0.23 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
Orthoclase 20.5 20.3 20.5 14.5 14.5 21.5 21.5 20.6 11.8
Albite 44.7 41.5 41.8 50.5 49.5 47.6 37.4 45.1 45.2
Anorthite 5.8 8.5 8 0.63 1.66 1.83 10.15 12.94 19.10
Diopside 2.4 0 0.59 1.02 0.53 0.43 0 5.57 3.85
Wollastonite 0 0 0 4.89 0.92 0.03 0 0 0
Hypersthene 0.2 1.14 1.594 0 0 0 2.04 1.53 1.67
Olivine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.47
llmenite 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.071 0.3 0
Hematite 1.9 1.82 1.98 0.28 0.52 0.36 2.51 5.02 7.6
Sphene 0.5 0 0.41 0.008 0.02 0.03 0 1.4 2.89
Rutile 0 0.17 0 0 0 0 0.35 0 0
Apatite 0.2 0.16 0.16 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.33 0.66 1.25
Pyrite 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16
Sum 98.9 98.4 98.11 97.85 99.02 98.73 99.13 98.20 98.02
d
e
f
Figure 3. Plots and classification of the Miass granitoid's major oxides: a - total alkali silica of plutonic rocks [13]; b - TAS diagram for granitoid classification [14]; c- Si02 versus K20 diagram [15], showing the presence of granitoid rocks among the hlgh-K calc-alkallne series; d- AFM diagram with A = (k20 + Na20), F = FeOt, and M = MgO [16], showing rock samples from the calc-alkallne series with high k20 + Na20; e - Al saturation index A/CNK molar [AI203/(Ca0+Na20+K20)] versus A/NK molar (AkCVfNa^+Ki))] diagram, indicating metalumlnous to peraluminous samples; f- as a result of the SI02vs FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) diagram, all of the samples are magnesian
b
a
c
3000
2500-+ 2000 -
+ 1500 -
rt u
<£>
Il 1000 -500 -
u T---1---1---1-■-
-1000 0 1000 2000 3000
Rj = 4S1 -11 (Na + K) - 2(Fe + Ti)
c
Figure 4. Classifying the igneous rocks using the norm and cations: a - normative Ab-An-Or ternary plot and classification of rocks In the study area using Barker's scheme (1979) [20]; b - Na20-K20-Ca0 ternary plot for Southern Ural studied rocks, Barker's (1979) [20], calc-alkallne (CA) and trondjhemitic (TR) differentiation trends are represented by dashed curves; c - the classification of plutonic rocks using the parameter R1 & R2 after [19] caculated from mlllication proportions, R1 = 4Si - 11 (Na + K) - 2(Fe + Ti), R2 = (Al + 2Mg + 6Ca)
On Na2O-k2O-CaO diagram (Figure 4, b) define a continuous range from tonalite/trondhjemite to granodiorite as the most observable samples.
Using the categorization diagram (Figure 4, c) from [19], for plutonic igneous rocks based on their millications or cation proportions, that widely use and more accurate in classification of plutonic rocks. The plotting parameters RI and R2 are used
to plot the data on an x-y bivariate graph. R1 is defined as [4Si - 11(Na + K) - 2(Fe + Ti)] and is displayed on the r-axis. Fe stands for total iron. R2 is shown as a plot along the j-axis and has the formula R2 = (Al + 2Mg + 6Ca). The samples define a continuous range from granite to alkali granite, granodiorite, and syenodiorite, with granite being the most common.
Conclusion
Granite is silica-enriched with SiO2 ranging between (~76.14-59.54 wt.%) however, diorite shows intermediate chemical composition of SiO2 (~52.89 wt.%). The studied samples show high total alkalis K2O + Na2O = (7.34-9.24 wt.%), K2O/Na2O display moderate ratios ranging from (~0.83-0.37). Low CaO (0.53-6.37 wt.%), and P2O5 (0.01-0.53 wt.%) contents. The rocks belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series to slightly calc alkaline series, and they are metaluminous.
The results show that the majority of the rock samples are classified as trondhjemite to slightly tonalite. The samples in the normative Na2O-k2O-CaO have defined a continuous range as the most observable samples, ranging from tonalite/trondhjemite to granodiorite.
The petrography investigation of this study revealed ore minerals and indications of hydrothermal solution suggesting mineralization process. The massive associated with many deposits and mineralization such as gold, skarn, and rare earth deposits.
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About the authors
Mohammed Abdalla Elsharif Ibrahim, PhD student, Department of Mineral Development and Oil & Gas Engineering, Academy of Engineering, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation; ORCID: 00000002-5634-5695, Scopus Author ID: 57200327978, eLIBRARY SPIN-code: 8757-5907; mohammedel-sharif7@gmail.com
Vladimir N. Kuleshov, Doctor of Sciences (Geochemistry), chief researcher, Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 7 Pyzhevskii Pereulok, Moscow, 119017, Russian Federation; ORCID: 0000-0003-4925-5154, Scopus Author ID: 8073984000, eLIBRARY SPIN-code: 5867-2758; vnkuleshov@mail.ru
Alexander E. Kotelnikov, PhD in Geology, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Mineral Development and Oil & Gas Engineering, Academy of Engineering, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation; ORCID: 0000-0003-0622-8391, Scopus Author ID: 57205586833, Researcher ID: O-3821-2019, eLIBRARY SPIN-code: 6280-5070; kotelnikov-ae@rudn.ru
Alexey F. Georgievskiy, Doctor of Sciences (Geological and Mineralogical), Associate Professor of the Department of Mineral Development and Oil & Gas Engineering, Academy of Engineering, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation; ORCID: 0000-0003-4835-760X, Scopus Author ID: 57212305311, eLIBRARY SPINcode: 1308-9195; georgievskiy-af@rudn.ru
Samia Abdelrahman Ibrahim, PhD in Geology, Head of the Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Al-Gama'a Avenue, Khartoum, 11111, Republic of Sudan; samiaibrahim125@gmail.com
Сведения об авторах
Ибрахим Мохаммед Абдалла Альшариф, аспирант, департамент недропользования и нефтегазового дела, Инженерная академия, Российский университет дружбы народов, Российская Федерация, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6; ORCID: 0000-0002-5634-5695, Scopus Author ID: 57200327978, eLIBRARY SPIN-код: 8757-5907; mo-hammedelsharif7@gmail.com
Кулешов Владимир Николаевич, доктор геолого-минералогических наук, главный научный сотрудник, Геологический институт, Российская академия наук, Российская Федерация, 119017, Пыжевский пер., д. 7; ORCID: 0000-00034925-5154, eLIBRARY SPIN-код: 5867-2758; vnkuleshov@mail.ru
Koтельников Александр Евгеньевич, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук, доцент, директор департамента недропользования и нефтегазового дела, Инженерная академия, Российский университет дружбы народов, Российская Федерация, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6; ORCID: 0000-0003-0622-8391, Scopus Author ID: 57205586833, Researcher ID: 0-3821-2019, eLIBRARY SPIN-код: 6280-5070; kotelnikov-ae@rudn.ru
Георгиевский Алексей Федорович, доктор геолого-минералогических наук, доцент департамента недропользования и нефтегазового дела, Инженерная академия, Российский университет дружбы народов, Российская Федерация, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6; ORCID: 0000-0003-4835-760X, Scopus Author ID: 57212305311, eLIBRARY SPIN-код: 1308-9195; georgievskiy-af@rudn.ru
Ибрахим Самия Абдельрахман, кандидат геологических наук, директор департамента геологии, факультет естественных наук, Хартумский университет, Республика Судан, 11111, Хартум, пр-кт Аль-Гамаа; samiaibrahim125@gmail.com
