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Yulchiyev Qahhor Vahobovich, Research fellow of Ferghana State University E-mail: [email protected]
Genesis and poetics of triplets
Abstract: The article consiteres genesis and poetics of Uzbek triplets. The author investigates pre islam period of Uzbek literature and folklore and realises that triplet of modern Uzbek literature has deep roots. Keywords: triplets, poetics, genesis, detail, composition, tercet, terzarima, image.
Triplet is the most addressed type of short lyric genesis in modern Uzbek poetry of recent years it is called "Uchchanoq" by Anvar Obidjon, "uchlik" by Farida Afruz, "hoku" by Abdulla Sher and "Uchlik" by Ulug'bek Hamdam. But Anvar Obidjon's "Uchchanoq" is more completed and durable from the Art point of view. At first sight its soft, ironical, "stinging", sarcastic smile peculiarities have philosophical content, allegorical social-publicistical expression, effeiciensy and they attract reader's attention. If Farida Afruz's triplet (tasbeh) has lyric, sensible — philosophical content and free rhythm but Abdulla Sher's "hoku"s is meaning fully close to Japanese poetry and differentiates with artistic — aesthetic load or being more graceful. Ulug'bek Hamdam's "uchliklar" has less number 's, title and different rhythm. This kind of varieties of short lyric genres of Uzbek poetry is the result of investigation of certain Methodical form.
But during the process of comparison with World genres such as tercet, haiku, sichjo, ajuk daje, it is defined that Uzbek triplet is at the stage of development. As well hoku renge, sidjo henga as trios of Italian Folklore have their ancestors genres and it makes us to discuss about genesis of Uzbek trios.
On this bases we can say that triplet genre is not encountered in the history of Uzbek poetry but works in the Form of triplet which were encountered in Uzbek Folklore and in the example of pre islamic literature. For example Aprinchur Tigin's one of two poems which have been preserved to us "was written in the form of triplet" [12; 7]. Also poems 1,7,12,14,21,23,30,33,46 from "Race inscription " [13; 134-142] are the independent poem's which were written in the form of triplet: A fellow Found Cuckoo feather, He said: great abundance, You know: It's good!
As scientist Nasimhon Rahmon points out, this free rhythm poem was developed in IXth century. The foundation of race inscription contains delivery ideas of good and evil, differences between white and brown to people. The bird was risen to cult degree in Turkish mythology. As a result a bird in a dream and details concerning to it has good interpretation, If we pay attention to the composition of the poem its first and second lines is thesis and last line is a conclusion. This is also peculiar to Anvar Obidjon's uchchanoqs:
Saying God desire I gave a penny to a beggar A beggar prayed me [15; 290].
First and second lines of his certain triplet come as a thesis the last one is a conclusion. But this poem differs from "Irq bitigi" (Book of dream interpretations) poem by its meaning, rhythm and rhyme.
Musallas is a poem of Uzbek literature which has three lines in each stanza. Its initial example of Uvaysiy's devon has the beginning below:
God spare me, save me from beauty, Badakhskhan rudy tormented my soul Save, release soul from body Save hart from regrets. [22; 148].
Musallas has 7 stanza and was written in ramali musamman of mahzuf rhythm. Its rhythm a-a-a; b-b-b; c-c-c; d-d-d; e-e-e; f-f-f; g-g-g. The theme of seperation is a leading in Musallas. The theme of frustration and misguidance in the world is also encountered. Poem is perfect and ripe from poetics side.
Poems which has three lines in each stanza were written by poets such as Hamza [29; 29, 39, 53], Chulpon [31; 512, 513], Oybek [16; 104, 152, 185, 194, 198, 199, 217, 235, 25o], Rauf Parfi [19; 72], Anvar Obidjon [154, 246, 344], Hurshid Davron [31, 8, 12, 13, 15, 33, 77,
157], Vafo Fayzullo [26, 27, 52], Faxriyor [28, 21, 202, 205]. They are close to the Italian terzarima which became popular in Europe later [10; 330].
Terza rima (Italian terza rima- third line) — is a poem of Italian poetry which has three lines in each Stanza Terza rima is a form of a poem with three line 'stanza aba bcb cdc ded ...Form which first and third lines rhyme between. Terzarima poem finishes with one separate line and it rhymes with the second line of last section: in this order poem has rhythm and intonation completeness.
Famous Dante Alighieri's "Divine comedy" was written in the form of Terzarima and it has become the standard of certain form of stanza [10]. There is the term of Tercet which is connected with triplet in poetry. Tercet is a stanza that consists of three lines, thous Terza rima is a form of poem which has three lines but tercet is a form of stanza. There is no data in the definitions of certain terms concerning three line independent form of poem.
A. N. Veselovskiy pointed out the theory of borrowing of plot, motive and forms. Because at the time of external influence certain peculiarities changes happen during the borrowing process. That's why triplet was a song in Ancient Sicily. During agricultural works someone devised "stornello" and sang it. This form of poem contains two or three lines its first line doesn't relait to the next line meaning fully, sometimes it has the name of a flower.
Fior della cannal
La canna e lunga e tenerella,
La donme ti lusinga e poi t'inganno,
Thin reed is supple
You don't believe it
Also a girl, she can deceive [4; 86-123].
First line expresses here inner feelings of lyric character. Reed and girl are compared in next line. Spiritual parallelism is occurred here. When reed is ready it becomes beautiful and strong and people make various things from it. They used for many years. But raw reed is fragile and it is useless. A teenage girl is also changeable and not reliable. It is important to nate that Italian Folklore has triplets. They were bases of Terza rima and Tercet. Thus the genesis of tercet relaited to Italian Folklore. Poems with stanza of three line are encauntered in Uzbek Folklore [1; 374-377].
Moreover, R. Nosirov's in his monograph "Composition of Folk songs" [14; 130, 132] gives data concerning folk songs with three line stanza due, to this we can conclude that three line poems of Uzbek poetry have two types. First one is a poem of three line stanza with
several stanza, the second one is three line independent poems.
At once, investigating poems which have three line stanza and whole three line poems by Anvar Obidjon, Rauf Parfi, Farida Afruz, Abduvali Qutbiddin, Faxriyor, Hurshid Davron we find out the differences they have.
R. Nosirov relying on V. M. Jirmunskiy's opinion said, " The main composition unit is stanza" [14; 22]. He investigates peculiarities of folrk song composition (Thesis+thesis=synthesis) and it concerns to Anvar Obi-djon's Uchchanoqs:
Rifle has no mercy:
Beggar or nobleman were,
Killed with the same bullet [15; 61]
First line of this poem reveals the quality of character of the detail-image of rifle. Last line is given as lyric character's last conclusion acquired due to the quality of character. As Triplet is similar to stanza from compositional point view and it causes mis understanding on triplets.
This kind of condition is encountered in F. Salayev and G. Qurboniyozov's books. Author call "musallas" three line poems and poems of three line stanza [21; 151; 152].
There is significant place of riddle, proverb, Folk song genres of Uzbek Folklore in triplet development. Folklorist Zubayda Husainova indicates three line proverbs: "If we consider items' quality, sigh " similarity, details in this case riddle is developed of % or more lines. Whereas sarcastic words and metaphorical images of the riddle are multiplied the same happens with riddle lines, together with that producing various verse, rhymes are also reflected.
Sometimes there is three line riddles: Long-long run along it, Singing swallow, Tip is in my hard [24; 162].
4+3=7 type footing of a poem, rhyme of the first two lines (qoch- qaldirgoch), the third line is left open, composition form of (Thesis +thesis= antythesis), the image of kite is developed on the bases of meaning full conflict, melodious sounds of U, Z in first line, repetition of the sound R in next line, harmony of the sound M-N-L give the riddle artistic -aesthetic effectiveness and it is similar to uchchanoq peculiarities.
Also, through epithet ("uza" and "Sayrab turgan") hidden items main peculiarities deliver to the listener and it makes get artistic -aesthetic enjoyment and think I have a lovely friend If someone looks at him It smiles back (Mirror). [24; 124]
Artistic issue of this riddle is different, footing in the first and the third lines is 4+3=7, in the second line is 3+4=7 and rhyme is a-b-a type. This certain condition of a form changes the composition of a poem and the sequence of the meaning. Particularly, the riddle below is similar to Anvar Obidjon's uchchanoq with its rhythm and rhyme:
Don't say lifeless If small eyes are appeared And gentle feather says tweet-tweet [Egg chicken] [2; 75]. 4+3=7 type of footing 7 syllable finger rhythm, a-a-b order of rhyme is observed here. Three line proverbs are encountered but not many
First time — acquaintance, Second time — companion, third time — relative [25; 268]. Active use of metaphors, logical sequence and reiteration of the second "Sh" give the proverb singularity.
T. Basaganova published three line poems of Kalmyk Folklore and did research on it. [8]. She states that the meaning of triplet form genre is constructed as there is triplet on the foundation of everything. The name also is similar — there is trios in the world — three things, event, description of the whole qualities is given. Human life general description is given on the base of real events in narration if there whiteness:
When you grow up your teeth are turning white, When you become elder- your hair is turning white When you die your bones are turning white. Thus, poems which based on triplet form is similar to Turk nations especially Uzbek Folklore. Later it is transferred to Uzbek poetry. But how it is transferred to written literature and what is the place of triplet as a small lyric genre. It is issue.
A. Rahimov's views on seperation of artistic works in the genres, general and specific sighs of genres, issue of genre identification is important. "Genre is an aesthetic category where an integral unit of a form and content and hedonistic and communication functions are integrated".
This ideas is also similar to Lyric Uzbek works. [20; 9]. Because formation aspect of these certain works of unity and triplet poem' genre issues are not taken into consideration in Uzbek literature, but issues on their artistic -aesthetic and communication functions, construction of form and meaning, genre potential are considered. For example: U. Hamdam's triplet: I built a mountain from my sorrow. Somewhere I realised There is treasure in mountain. [23; 202].
Poetic syntactical norms acted in this poem and the sentence which displays the main idea is given in last line. At first, it seems that first line is not related logically to the second line. Because it has lyric Fellow's sorow, dissatisfaction which forms mountains and stays unfinished. Marks of omission at the end of the line refers to it. The second line defines lyric fellow's ideas concerning books he read. But the meaning is unfinished. That's why it is necessary to pay attention to the third line. Because its meaning with the first line together has specific meaning. Lyric fellows ovill, hope for future is defined here. It embodies the idea of hope in any difficult situation. If it is poem's artistic-communicative function and the metha-phorical link of this word "tog'" (mountain) with the word "hazina" (treasure) the repetition of the sounds in first line d, t, r, in second line a, m in third line l, r, h, q gives aesthetic pleasure to the reader. But we agree that if we change last line to "Toglarda bularkan hazina?" artistic -ideological, sensitive-emotional influence will arise.
Consequently, the poet uses content formula of sorrow- book mountain- treasure = subject to express lyric feeling in his poem it is very important his thinking here. First word "sorrow" means life problems, unfulfilled dreams, obstacles. But before next stanza there is three dots at the end of the line. Which tries to deliver certain reflection to the reader. Besides it to give chance to review deeply and change the nature of emotional experience. Next line reflects it. The word mountain used twice and each time express's different intention. The peculiarity of poem structure is that poet's ideas continue in reader's consciousness. Firstly three dots refer to it. On the other side, there is associative thinking and lyric poem describes the world of subject's hart. but the reader should realize the rest.
In another triplet "Сен бормидинг" (I did) the poet describes enjoyment, communicative function of traditional love through modern method
I did not know were you or not? I have lived my life not knowing your love, Intoxicated by your charms, didn't even smile. [23; 201] This poem informs lyric subject's feeling of love and its different condition, mood. if we pay attention to the first line it emphasizes that lyric character doesn't know whether he has a lover or not. The meaning of this line seems unlogical but next line explains revelation through "I could not displace your love from my hurt".
In classic poetry human hart was born with love and to identify whom this love belongs lover should live obeying the nature of his/her love. He/she must care
the beauty of his/her lover which is turned into ideal in his/her hart.
Furthermore " genre is related to the character of described events and its inner construction and architectonics. When an author defines genre to therefore he/she defines its construction, theme, characters, conflict and also the reader. that's why when we talk about genre it is considered how problem which inspired the author is ar-tisticly constructed [20; 9]. So, poetics of triplets consist of proportionality of internal and external possibilities which forms typological structure of genre.
For example the author in order to determine the issue of estimation of close people he gives easy and real example in triplet below. He takes examples from the past where people were sarcificed for different ideas. Wait! Don't say "idea", If miracle melts in the Sun By the name a human At first it seems journalistic topic but person who is working in extremly hot weather is compared to the melt metal. Here the meaning and the rhyme of "sim sim" and "tilsim" are very close. The poets main goal is to address to ideologists who sarcifice human for wealth and transient ideas. Here metaphor provides poem's inner artistic construction. Rhyme provides external possibility which means pre independence system people who were misguided to form a utopian system.
First line (sen bormiding, g'oya deysan) or last word (tog'larda) are taken as title in triplets above. The poet sees the key which opens the meaning of poem here. But poem below has no title.
Give my hart as a bread, To the dog- world, I'll kidnap you... [219] "yurak — non", " Dunyo — it " as used to provide art. If we look at the construction of the poem there is 7 sullables finger rhythm and rhyme of "etib yedirib". The third line is open. The first line has 12 sullable and completely rhymed with redif and the second has 9 complicated and last two lines are rhymed.
As a result, Ulugbek Hamdam's triplets give the reader aesthetic mood and artistic information. It proceed theme of enernal love and social justice and traditions of expression Classic East poetry. He gives them in triplets but not in genre of rubai or gazelle. We can call it content- form modification which occurred as a result of new artistic-aesthetic thinking. It also defines the origine of small Uzbek lyric genre — triplets.
In order to identile individual genre peculiarities of Anvar Obidjon's uchchanoq it is possible through analyz-
ing different forms of poems and comparing them with each other. If we take authors poem which has three line in each stanza. its form is familiar to uchchanoq but they are not uchchanoq.
From all shouts From all bulkts Save me my fate
From all hate, From all slander Save me my Fate! [15; 3] The main theme of the first stanza of this certain poem is repeated differently in next stanzas. All next stanzas define and explain the first one. In first stanza the author explains all his ideas. He addresses to the God when he sais "charh" in the line "Omon saqla meni, charh" he believes in God's power.
This particular line reveals whole meaning of the poem. The rest lines of the stanza open lyric characters thoughts, ideas. The next stanzas refer to the music and rhythm of poem composition and form. In conclusion, Uchchanog's differ from triplets with their strong peculiarities.
Poets such as Raufparfi [18; 151-185], Abdulla Sher [52], Farida Afruz [27], Faxriyoe [28; 27], Abduvali Qutbiddin [11; 5], NodirJonuzoq [7; 51-52], Begim [5; 22], Abdunabi Boyquziyev [3; 34] have the same poems as Anvar Obidjon's.
For example, Rauf Parfy's triplet Killed my sounds, 4+5=9 sullable
Leaden frosty sounds, 4+4=8 sullable
Shiver me moan month. 4+5=9 sullable
Poem has strong symbolism and the sound and the moon symbolize cold and oppressive reality. People communicate through sounds. Lyric character hears nature and sounds but can not find the answer. The moon which is compared with beautiful woman is classic poetry reflects character's delicate thoughts and deep feelings. When the sound repeats twice it strengthens theses of first line. It becomes synthesis in the third line. The lyric character is shivering from these sounds.
So, there is difference between stanza of three lines and triplets.
1. Three line independent poems have roots in Uzbek Folklore, Uzbek classic literature. Triplets is a genre which is formed by certain poets' practice of last XXth century on the bases of traditional forms and achieve-nunts of modern poetry.
2. Triplet is a poem of independent genre which has different content form structure. Triplet has become
an individual genre of Anvar Obidjon's literary career. Three line stanza is a part of an independent poem.
3. Triplet gives shallow discription of a reality, three line stanza poems give more real discription.
4. Triplet hits reader's world outlook, ideas, feelings, thoughts, but three line stanza poems give definite
theme, sometimes with notes.
5. Triplet has paremic and aforistiki features. Three line stanza poems do not have these features. Triplets such as Anvar Obidjon's have rhythm. Words and sighs are compressed and thick in triplets. Three line stanza poems have opposite.
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