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Section 7. Philology and linguistics
https://doi.org/10.29013/ESR-21-5.6-51-54
Koberidze Mariam, Doctor of Philological Saiencec, Professor Georgian Science of Language Gori State Teaching University, Georgia E-mail: maikoberidze@gmail.com
GENERAL-LINGUISTIC ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF NEO-GRAMMARIANS IN THE GEORGIAN LINGUISTICS
Abstract. This article analyzes the concept of neo-grammarians (A. Leskin, K. Brugman, H. Osthof, H. Paul...) related to the key issues of theoretical linguistics: the problem of the subject of linguistics, the question of the existence of language, methods of language learning, the study of living languages. Here are the opinions and assessments about this linguistic school in Georgian linguistics (Arnold Chikobava, Konstantine Chrelashvili, Besarion Jorbenadze, Svetlana berikasvili, Levan Menabde .). Linguistic assessment of the concept of neo-grammarians by Georgian linguists is relevant to modernity.
Keywords: Neo-grammarians, Georgian linguistics, Conception. Hermann Paul, Carl Brugmann, Dialectology, Phonetic, Linguistic geography.
I. Intruduction
An important period in the history of linguistic thinking is the 70-80 s of the XIX century. A new generation came to the field of action with original theoretical principles, who with their different views opposed the comparativists (Franz Bopp, Rasmus Rask, August Schleicher, Jacob Grimm ...). This new linguistic school has been called "neo-grammarians" in Georgian linguistic literature. The formation of this current took place independently and was connected with the names of such great linguists as in Germany: August Leskin, Hermann Ostof, Hermann Paul, Carl Brugmann, Bertold Delbrück. Carl Werner, Wilfelm Thomsen worked in Denmark, Graciadio Isaiah As-coli in Italy, Ferdinand de Saussure in Switzerland. The formation of this movement was moving inde-
pendently and was connected with the names of such great linguists as in Germany: August Leskin, Hermann Ostof, Hermann Paul, Carl Brugmann, Bertold Delbrück. Carl Werner, Wilfelm Thomsen worked in Denmark, Graciadio Isaiah Ascoli in Italy, Ferdinand de Saussure in Switzerland. In Russia, the linguistic schools of Moscow and Kazan were distinguished: under the leadership of Phillip Fortunatov and Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay.
The general linguistic assessment of the concept of neo-grammarians is given in the works of Georgian linguists: Arnold Chikobava, "The Problem of Simple Sentences in Georgian" (1968), "General Linguistics" (1983); Levan Menabde "Focuses of Old Georgian Writing" (1980); Konstantine Chrelashvili "History of Linguistic Doctrines" (1990); Svetlana
berikasvili "The Principles of Classification of the Declension system in Ancient and Modern Creek".
II. Method of research
Traditional methods of linguistics were used in working on the scientific paper: historical-comparative and descriptive. Problems and ways to solve them were raised for linguistic evaluation of the research issue. Diachronic and synchronous analyzes were performed.
III. Main part
The scientific views of neo-grammarians were not uniform. The difference was observed in a number of theoretical issues. For example, a substantial difference was observed between the theoretical views of Italian and Russian neo-grammarians. This new movement was founded by the linguists of the University of Leipzig (A. Leskin, K. Brugman, H. Osthof, H. Paul, B. Delbrück ...), so they were often called the Leipzig School. It was here where the theoretical-methodological principles were developed and formed in its classical form, which founded neo-grammarian concept [1, 107].
The linguistic concept of neo-grammarians was formed by: K. Brugman and H. Osthoff's "Introduction to Morphological Studies" ("Morfologische Unter sungen") and P. Paul's "Principles of the History of Language" ("Prinzipen der Sprachgeschichte"). Young scholars paid great attention to the study of language development. In their opinion, linguistics is a historical linguistics and cannot be different. They do not deny the existence of descriptive linguistics, but point out that description must also involve attitudes towards language events [2,42-43].
Arnold Chikobava analyzes the linguistic concept given in Herman Paul's paper. For Paul, the principle of historicism represents the basis of the whole theoretical concept. For him, linguistics is the same as the history of language. In his view, the non-historical is unscientific. Among the historical sciences he distinguishes the natural sciences and the cultural sciences. Linguistics belongs to the cultural sciences. A significant feature of objects of
cultural sciences is the participation of mental factors [3, 70].
According to Paul, "the conditions for the development of any field of culture can not be studied with such precision as the conditions for the development of language; Therefore, there is no other cultural science whose method is as perfect as that of linguistics " [2, 42-43].
Arnold Chikobava notes: "From the second half of the nineteenth century, linguistics, as far as the case concerned to the descriptive methodology, changed its orientation: the orientation to logic gave way to the orientation to psychology... The influence of this psychology is also evident in Paul's definition: he, as a psychologist, had to establish a proposition on psychological reasoning " [4, 29].
Paul then asks the question: What is language? Language is a mental phenomenon. What causes language changes? Linguistic changes are caused by: terminological, grammatical rules ... Here the term linguistic habit (usus) comes in. Paul's concept is based on psychologism and individualism [5, 131].
From Ferdinand de Saussure's concept, it is important to introduce the concept of value into theoretical linguistics. According to one of the founders of modern linguistics Ferdinand de Saussure, value is a feature of a sign - to be that, what distinguishes it from another sign.Even the signs of the same events and objects in different language systems always have different values [6, 31; 7, 49].
"The factors such as estabilishing the territorial boundary and territorial and religious unifications can have the influence for the development of the language. The language can be developed within the groups of different structure; meanwhile any form of the human society similar to the social forms known up to now can be kept only within the people with the common language" [8, 40].
Other researchers give a similar qualification to the theoretical concept of neo-grammarians. V. Zvegintsev notes: "According to the concept of neo-grammarians, language is a psychophysical
(or psychophysiological) action. According to these grammarians, every linguistic change occurs during the ordinary performance of the individual" [9, 145].
According to N. Kondrashov: "Individualism and psychologism are the premise of neo-grammarians in determining the essence of language" [10, 75].
According to neo-grammarians' opinion, understanding of complex historical processes of mechanism of language is possible only by relying on psychology. "If historical linguistics and psychology are more closely linked to each other than it has been uccured until present, then we must assume that this connection will reveal many important provisions of linguistics" [9, 148].
Neo-grammarians have aimed one of the major tasks of linguistics the study of living dialectical speech. "A thorough study of dialects is a prerequisite for a deeper understanding of the language, a thorough presentation of its history and development " [11, 2].
"it is possible only by this way to observe the natural development of languages and draw appropriate historical conclusions. They saw well that in terms of grammatical structure, pronunciation and vocabulary, dialects are as systematic and as useful for communication as literary language" [12, 52].
S. Berikashvili discusses K. Brugman's "Greek Grammar" ("Griechische Grammatik"), which first published in 1885 [1, 107-110]. From the phonetic phenomena during declining we must pay special attention to the ablaut, the alternation of vowels [13, 25].
They were the first to raise the question of the creation of precise linguistic methods. The new
methods of research introduced by them are undoubtedly progress in the history of the development of historical-comparative linguistics. There are many important discoveries related to their work. The most notable of these are: 1. Phonetic law is unexceptional; 2. The principle of analogy; 3. The advantage of studying living vernacular languages and their dialects [5, 140].
It is unacceptable for neo-grammarians to think about two stages of language development. They resolutely reject the separation of two periods in the development of languages: the "youth" or previous historical period and the "old age" or the historical period of the degradation of the structure of language. Therefore, they deny the existence of an era of the decline or collapse of languages [5, 140].
IV. Conclusion
Thus, the general linguistic concept of neo-grammarians has a great importance for theoretical linguistics. Neo-grammarians have collected innumerable factual material from many languages; They processed and arranged them. This kind of work contributed to the development of the applied aspect of linguistics, which gave impetus to the creation of new fields. The diachronic method of genetic comparison of languages reached its peak even in the works of neo-grammarians. It was also their merit that they shifted the emphasis of their research from ancient languages to modern languages. Due to neo-grammarians, dialectology and linguistic geography were originated, phonetics achieved great success.
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