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the baby's organisms are mainly formed. In the event of early birth (7 to 8 months before), she is fully capable of living, but requires careful care.
The uterus is enlarged during pregnancy, its walls are stretched under the influence of the special hormone of pregnant female ovaries. This hormone reduces the uterine excitability and facilitates its duration. By the end of pregnancy, the hormones' functioning decreases and the amount of hormone that increases the abnormalities of the uterus increases. Some of the muscle fibers in the uterus under the influence of this hormone, and then the uterus itself shorten (at birth). Thanks to uterine contractility, the body is also pushed out of the uterus through the uterus due to the periodic strengthening of the abdominal muscles. Patients accept obstetrician-gynecologist or obstetrician. They control the condition of the woman at birth and help to give birth, and accept the newborn child.
Reference:
1. Альмазов В.А., Благосклонная Я.В., Шляхто Е.В., Красильникова Е.И. Метаболический сердечно-сосудистый синдром. СПб.:Изд-во СпбГМУ,1999. 208 с/
2. Каюмов У.К, Адилова М.С, Хатамова ДТ. Результаты многолетних исследований метаболического синдрома // V Конгресс Ассоциации кардиологов стран СНГ и Ассоциации кардиологов Узбекистана, Ташкент, 2005. - C. 92.
3. Ройтберг Г.Е., Метаболический синдром. М., 2007.
УДК 334.02
Sibayeva D.
Business School, Kazakh British Technical University
Tazhiyeva A.
Business School, Kazakh British Technical University
Svambayev K.
Business School, Kazakh British Technical University GENDER DIFFERENCES IN JOB SATISFACTION:
CASE ON HAIRDRESSING AND BEAUTY CARE SPHERE IN
KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract:
This research is on the job satisfaction among employees, who work in a typical and atypical occupations for their gender. The typical and typical occupations by gender are defined by the genders of major participants of certain job. The study used the hair dressers for sampling, 30 men and 30 women. The stated question was whether the significant difference of job satisfaction between genders exists, using the extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The results gave a picture of only one variable, showing the significant difference. It resulted that men, who work in barber shops tend to be more satisfied regarding the given opportunity for usage of skills and abilities.
Keywords: organizational behavior, genders, job satisfaction, occupation
1 Introduction
The job satisfaction among genders is being raised in the past decade more and more frequently as the significant evidence of the difference in job satisfaction between the genders in the various Hofstede's cultural dimensions were found. For instance, the British women perceive a higher level of job satisfaction comparatively to men (Sanz de Galdeano, 2002), while the situation in the more masculine societies like Pakistan gives the opposite results (Nayab Fatima et al., 2015).
It is explained due to the United Kingdom being more feminine, which means the genders are perceiving each other equally, and as mentioned before, countries like Pakistan have a masculine culture with a high power distance between genders. The key factors of the higher satisfaction in feminine cultures is women find it easier to leave the job when they are not satisfied with conditions, resulting in the remained women having higher average satisfaction. Women in the second type of culture tend to have lesser rights and the glass ceiling effect would not allow them to reach the top positions, while still fighting a considerable problem of discrimination. Moreover, they cannot change their job frequently (Pinar et al., 2011) and tend to receive lower opportunities for promotion.
The job satisfaction is correlated to the personal and cultural factors within the organization and within the country as well (Lim, 2010). The previous researchers have found for Kazakhstani females it is important to have a job safety, have a good relationship with the management and opportunity to use their skills and abilities. However, the listed factor were not as important for male employees, the crucial factors were the job being meaningful and the opportunity to build a career (Economou and Mitoula, 2014). The research compared Kazakhstan to the US and main aim was to show the differences between societies. Nonetheless, the occupation of job was not mentioned and is still not deeply researched in Kazakhstan therefore there is a gap, which the given report is aiming to fill.
Kazakhstan is considered a mixture of feminine and masculine features (Becher et al., 2011) as there is a certain level of equality between genders, however, the traits of masculinity as power is still considered a key factor for recognition in the society. Moreover, Kazakhstan is recognized as closer to the high context culture (Hofstede, 2001) and comparatively to low context cultures people may perceive informational and situational factors differently and the gender relations tend to be differentiate from most Eastern cultures. Even though it shares the cultural context with most of them, the society structure is much impacted by the post soviet mentality.
Following confluence of cultural and historical elements, Kazakhstan has a unique cultural background with its mixed attitude towards what is the job satisfaction.
The paper presents the levels of job satisfaction for women and men in the hairdressing and beauty care occupations. It contributes to the literature by usage of its theoretical background and attempts to fill in the gap regarding the gender differences in the job satisfaction in the service industry. Moreover, as sphere like beauty care and hairdressing has been filled with the man-oriented services like barber shops just recently, it is still considered non-traditional to be men occupied. Due to insufficient such researches in Kazakhstan the gap in research on job satisfaction between genders the research would give a better understanding of the changes in the attitudes within the given industry.
2 Literature Review
2.1 Finding on the job satisfaction gender differences
The extant research gives a contradiction view upon the phenomenon of job satisfaction. For instance, many researchers have found women tend to be happier with their workplace even though in many countries they receive lower wages and go thought barriers as glass ceiling and in some cases sexual harassment (Kifle, Desta, 2012). The evidence from Gallup World Poll (Gallup World Poll, 2009) has reflected women to be happier than men in the countries with well-developed economy and satisfaction variables were almost indifferent in the countries with less developed economy.
However, the discrepancy of opinions gives the dualistic view on the topic. For instance the country stage of development is not an indicator for women being happier that men as the research even gave the opposite results (Zweig, 2014). The ground behind the opposition in opinions as it was described was the differences in the methodology used. Zweig mostly used telephone surveys and the coverage was 73 countries in three years (2005-2008), while the other authors used Cantril's ladder of life question (Graham and Chattopadhyay, 2013). Women in the developing countries were on average happier than men and the ones in the advances stage of development tended to show the indifferent result between the both. Also, according to Zweig the gap has declined to an indifferent in the recent decade, as before the results were truly showed women in the North America and Western Europe having a considerable gap in happiness regarding men.
From the monetary side of the view the researchers have found the women, who live in the more liberal countries regarding the equal pay and women rights, were less satisfied with their jobs than the ones, who were from more conservative societies (Lalive, Stutzer, 2010). They described this phenomenon as different perceptions of social norms on the well-being because women in the more conservative societies were more internal factors oriented the ones in the less conservative.
Regarding variables including caring ethics and self-actualization opportunities reflection on job satisfaction between genders J. Carlson and S. Mellor presented the results of women identifying themselves as more associated with carriers of ethics. The women shown the higher levels of satisfaction bounded with ethics of care, while men were more satisfied with the job in case of
having a greater opportunity for self-actualization (Carlson, Meller, 2004).
It also explains the reason men in many cases have lower job satisfactions than women (Magee, 2013). Magee explained male's tendency to put on the "golden handcuffs" as they would have rather stayed in the job with the higher payments even if there was no internal satisfaction, which gives the higher satisfaction than external ones (Smerek, Peterson, 2006). For women doing their job well was more valuable than for men. Since organizations seek for greater performance, satisfaction is easier obtainable by women rather than men as the monetary reward is limited and as the result less evenly distributed (Magee, 2014).
However, the case with Chinese urban representation shows women there are less satisfied with their job than men. It is explained by an underrepresentation of them and the structure of the society. China is traditionally patriarchal society and hence women usually get inferior job. Moreover, due to significant changes in the Chinese economy from communistic to mixed in the last decades, facilities as social packages were cut off (Zhang et al., 2008). It affected the women employment rates and increased levels of discrimination (Luo, 2014). Moreover, nowadays women are as likely as men to achieve a higher educational level and adding the glass ceiling effect, the picture of the lesser job satisfaction of female employees' comes out.
The interesting finding is the increase in working hours to increase in level of men's job satisfaction. It is resulted again, in the society structure as longer working hours are majorly associated with the expectation regarding genders in China (Loscocco, Bose, 1998).
2.2 The job satisfaction regarding an occupation
Occupation, where women are outnumbered by men are considered male-occupations. The characteristic of the male-type occupations are reflected through material and rather rambling basis. The masculine occupation tend to have the given features with the supreme relation to men, while in female occupations the features are more feminine and the way they aim their goals as well.
The occupation defined by their masculinity or femininity are the gender occupations (Wright, 1997).
Most of the women prefer to work in the female-occupied spheres with the limit of the work day duration and duties to be done to maintain the work-life balance as in most societies women have an additional burden, including household routines (Chang, 2004). However, there are more and more women, who step in the male-occupied jobs as engineering and police. And in the case of second type of occupation for women, the working hours increases and the flexibility decreases, putting the household duties into the conflicting situation with the work.
Furthermore, in case with women working in either female- or maledominated occupations the variables showing the higher levels of satisfaction have given results as the opposite pictures regarding the intrinsic and extrinsic variables of satisfaction (Smart, Ethington, 1987). Women, who worked in the female-
dominated sphere tended to be more satisfied with the extrinsic values like reward and recognition. Conversely, women, who worked in the male-oriented occupations had the higher intrinsic satisfaction, which are the content of job, social aspects (Memon, Jena, 2017).
The women, who work in the male-type highly qualified occupations are usually more career-oriented and tend to focus on the traditionally women's duties less than the ones, who work in the female-oriented jobs (Ollenburger and Moore, 1992). Due to male-type occupations giving the higher monetary reward along with increased responsibility, it also growths person as a professional. However, it also means an increase in workloads and pressures, respectively (Moore, 2009). It might sequence in the deficiency of time for household duties and the consequence is redistribution of them or outside services as an alternative, the first one has a high possibility to be criticized in the Kazakh society.
Nonetheless, according to the recent researches on the household activities in the modern couples, the structure has considerable changed. The link between spouse's occupation whether its atypical or typical was founded. For instance, if husband had a female job, he would also share the household duties with his wife more than the one, who works in the male occupation. For women, factors of the household distribution are both their individual occupation the spouse's (Clintock, 2017). A person can choose between these two strategies or an alternative is a mixed-type occupation. In the given occupation the amounts of female and male workers are equal. Most of them require an academic education for, as example, professors and lawyers. Numbers of women in the counted occupations has increased nowadays, equation the proportion to a balance between women and men (Wharton and Loy, 2006).
Moreover, considering shifts in job occupation gender structure, in the last couple of decades the percentage of young men entering traditionally female-occupied jobs increased (Hardie, 2015). It is described as a sequence of decrease of male-occupied jobs as nowadays there is lesser demand for the, for instance, manufacturing workers, and the demand for the jobs, having characteristics of the female approach (Michaelides and Mueser, 2012). The researchers in the 200th have found, that people first start having thoughts on the job in the childhood, with the adaptation to the specific zone, within which alternatives could be accepted, regarding the gender and the social class of their families and later on accepting the specific roles in the labor market, derived from their formulated model (Gottfredson, 2002). However, these days more men are encouraged to step in the female-occupations.
Moreover, men, who are operated within the service jobs, have some type of protection from emotional overflows, occurring due to the nature of the job time to time. It is explained by the trait, naturally attributable to the masculine character. The research in the US of nurses has shown the male-nurses indeed had lesser deep acting regarding emotions than women. However, the work satisfaction and turnover levels had no significant differences for both genders (Cottingham et al.,
2014).
Also, concerning the situation of men working in the atypical are, women's attitudes towards it arises. The study of German men in the female-occupations was conducted in the year 2011 and the aim was to show whether female-colleagues impact negatively on male job satisfaction by an attitude towards masculine characters (Sobiraj et al., 2011). The results have shown the job-satisfaction of men in the non-traditional occupations are not significantly correlated with the female-colleagues attitudes towards them. Moreover, men, who step in the feminine occupations have to adapt to the essentials of the femininity of their job tasks. The result might be an increase of role conflicts.
Simultaneously, there is a feminization of some occupation, as women have the superior nurturing abilities than men do. The example is funeral services, nowadays they prefer to hire more women due to their feminine traits as being supportive, having a greater empathy and caring (Donley and Baird, 2017).
2.3 The Kazakh cultural reality
As previously mentioned in the introduction, Kazakhstan is closer to the high context and is similar in cultural aspects to arabic countries. Moreover, with a closer look through Hofstede's (Hofstede, 2001) cultural dimensions the model includes five issues. They are the following:
- The power distance;
- Uncertainty avoidance;
- Individualistic or collectivistic;
- Feminine or masculine;
- Short- or Long-Term oriented.
According to Hofstede, countries can be measured on each trait independently and for our research we will concentrate on three most suitable dimensions for the comparison between male and female employees.
Firstly, we would like to address the dimension as the power distance. The differences between the high and low power distance is in the nations with the higher power of distance, the ones who have a lesser power are ready to accept the inequality in the distribution of power and accept the role in the hierarchical model without individual justification. In the Kazakh society the high power distance is implied (Nezhina and Ibrayeva, 2012) and for many companies, the strict hierarchical structure is applied, regardless of being public or private.
Then we would like to consider difference between the Short' and Long-Term orientations. Societies, who are measured as low regarding the given scale, are more conservative and prefer to maintain traditions and have low levels of trust towards changes. As Kazakhstan is a conservative country and people do not like changes (Dadabaev and Komatsu, 2017), it is sequentially considered a long-term oriented. However, regarding the fact that we are dealing with youth and moreover, the beauty care salons, people might not consider their current work as the main rather transitional.
As previously mentioned, Kazakhstan has a mix of feminine and masculine
traits. Women are supposed to be equal to men in rights and life choices, however it is different for regions. Regarding masculinity, Kazakhstani are also a monetary oriented due to the economy's development level.
3 Methodology
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the levels of job satisfaction for women and men in the hairdressing and beauty care occupations. This study was conducted Kazakhstan, Almaty city characterized mostly as a country with primarily conservative views and is considered a mixture of feminine and masculine features. Kazakhstan must some extent a certain level of equality between genders, nevertheless, the traits of masculinity as power is still considered a key factor for recognition in the society.
According to Zweig (Zweig, 2014) in recent decades the results have shown women in the North America and Western Europe have a considerable gap in happiness regarding men, however nowadays this gap decreased to an indifferent level. Woman in developed countries tended to show less job satisfaction than men comparatively with developing countries, where women are happier with their job. As Kazakhstan is emerging country, neither developed nor developing economies, it is difficult to say whether this is applicable to the country which this research was conducted in.
However, Kazakhstan, depending on regions, is the country with changing of views, despite it is conservative. Kazakhstani young and modern people are flexible for changes, making Kazakhstan more flexible.
According to Zhang, women usually get inferior job, deprives from cutting of the social packages and the increased level of discrimination in China, due to the traditionally patriarchal society and changing Chinese economy from communistic to mixed. This is not applicable to Kazakhstan however Kazakhstan is the country with changing society even though it is conservative to some extent. Kazakh society is less conservative and less patriarchal than Chinese, thus Kazakhstan's women are treated better and have more rights and freedom. Women in Kazakhstan equally with men can choose where to work, be respected and get paid on the same level. Nevertheless, who has a higher job satisfaction: women or men is still open, why this research was undertaken.
We employed cross-sectional data collection method from March to April 2018. Cross-sectional study design was used for this research project. Cross-sectional research is used to examine one variable in different groups that are similar in all other characteristics.
Beauty care is a huge industry with rapidly developing of new technologies, techniques and procedures. The competition in this industry is tremendous as well, not a boundary for people to open new beauty salons, barber shops and other organizations, that aim to make people look good. It is interesting that there is an increased number of male representatives working in beauty industry, causing their satisfaction with their current job. The target population of the research were people working in beauty industry. The main purpose of this paper was to
investigate the levels of job satisfaction for women and men in the hairdressing and beauty care occupations. Women working in beauty salons and men working in barbershops were surveyed to find out who are most satisfied with their current work.
The simple random sampling was used for this research. A simple random sample is a subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen. The sample consisted of 60 people. 30 male and 30 female hairdressers were surveyed to see the level of job satisfaction and the factors influencing it. The average age of the men participants was 27.5 and women average age was 23.7.
We defined that Dependent Variable of our research is Job Satisfaction. The independent variables were selected from a rich data source as indicators: feeling of self-completeness, meaningfulness for the society, work-life balance, level of stress etc. All the independent variables were tested and correlate with the dependent variable.
Chosen by us independent variables are vital factors for determining the job satisfaction. Nowadays rapidly changing reality, people striving to earn more to satisfy their basic needs and needs of their families, sometimes forgetting that family need attention and appropriate treatment rather than intensive financing. Therefore, people struggling from work-life balance, which leads to conflicts and decreased level of satisfaction with their job. Frequently used word stress decreases the level of job satisfaction in modern world and can be caused by the plenty of various reasons. Alternatively feeling of self-completeness is a good indicator of level of satisfaction with the job. When the job brings the strong feeling of self-fulfillment and self-actualization this leads to better job performance and consequently directly connected to the job satisfaction.
As for the meaningfulness for the society, the belief of making the positive difference for other people cannot make anyone indifferent. As a consequence the meaningfulness for the society is highly correlated to job satisfaction. People who identify themselves as persons that have a meaning for society tend to have higher job satisfaction as compared to those who have a feeling of meaninglessness for the society.
Thus, our study has positive as well as negative independent variables which serve as an indicator for the job satisfaction for both males and females.
Intervention study commonly used in vast majority of research papers is not applicable for this research. The most essential step in research is to identify data collection method. Thus, we decided to use questionnaire within the survey strategy to obtain data and conduct research considered a quantitative method. The respondents were asked to mark the most appropriate option. The demographic details of the respondents included age, gender, qualification, the duration of working in beauty industry. Data collection took place between March and April 2018. We explained the main objectives of the study to the respondents and assured them of the confidentiality and anonymity of data.
The aim of the questionnaire was to find the difference of how important certain factors are for both male and female genders in the female-type environment. The demographic factors were the gender, age and how long person have been working for the organization. The survey below has a five-items likert scale measurement. Questions which asked participants to select one response within a five point scale and the answers were the following:
Completely Disagree - 1; Disagree - 2; Neutral - 3; Agree - 4; Completely agree -5_
Gender: Age:
How long have you been working for the company (in month):
# Question
ni I feel support regarding taking initiative to try something
Q new on work
Q2 My job give me feeling of self-completeness
Q3 I have enough instruments and tools to do my job well
Q4 The job clearly defines the quality standards
Q5 If the client is unsatisfied I can solve the problem myself
Q6 My job gives me opportunities to use my skills and abilities
Q7 My opinion is important in the decision-making
Q8 Taking into account all the factors, how satisfied are you?
Q9 I build new skills and learn new
Q10 The company is interested in my professional development
Q11 I am rewarded for the quality of my job
Q12 I am valued for the company
Q13 My job is meaningful for the society
Q14 I am supportive to my clients needs
Q15 During the week I feel stressed frequently
Q16 I feel the stuff of company is perceived as individuals
Q17 The job gives me a work-life balance
As we have identified all variables for our analysis, collected necessary data through survey questionnaires now we can conduct the data analysis. We ended up with 60 respondents from workers from beauty salons and barbershops ( 30 male, 30 female).
First, a descriptive analysis was undertaken concerning characteristics of the study population. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize and describe responses of beauty industry workers. Furthermore, a descriptive analysis of job satisfaction scale and the variables' correlation were conducted. To evaluate the extent of effect of each factor influencing job satisfaction we used 'Likert Scale' and used 1 to 5 scale. So 1 rate represents the complete disagreement and 5 the complete agreement also 3 in the neutral one. Moreover, 2x2 chi-square test calculated by the formula given below was carried out, for the purpose of testing the hypothesis:
HO: Job satisfaction of male and female differs significantly
H1: Job satisfaction of male and female differs slightly
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Findings
We have found four questions, having considerable differences over other, which where Q3, Q4,Q6, Q7 and Q13. We assumed the relation between the given variables on the ground of their meanings, clustering them into two sets of Q3, Q4 and Q6, Q7 and Q13. And the first three stated whether the goals are clearly defined, whether there were enough opportunities to professional growth and a person has enough instruments to fulfill the goal. The seventh and thirteens question were internally oriented and of a feminine nature, like giving back a benefit to the society and being listened.
We made a 2x2 chi-square tests for the five listed above questions. Where Group 1 was included female participants and Group 2 of male participants. The outcomes were the following: first meant the participant agreed with the statement and second meant participant strongly agreed with the statement. For the given and following chi-square tests we used only the results of "agree" and "strongly agree" variants due to the small amount of participants answering "neutral", "disagree" and "strongly disagree". The properties for all chi-square tests were the same.
Q3, "I have enough instruments and tools to do my job well".
Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Total
Chi-square with Yates correction
Chi squared equals 0.868 with 1 degrees of freedom.
The two-tailed P value equals 0.3515
The association between rows (groups) and columns (outcomes)
is considered to be not statistically significant.
Picture 1
Contrary to our expectations, the results of the test on the question three has not shown statistical discrepancies. It means both female and male-participants are satisfied with their tools with the statistically insignificant difference between genders. However, there is disclaimer below (graph 3), which justifies why more men have strongly agreed and more women have just agreed with the statement.
Q4, "The job clearly defines the quality standards"
Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Total
Chi-square with Yates collection
Chi squared equals 0.083 with 1 degrees of freedom.
The two-tailed P value equals 0.7728
The association between rows (groups) and columns (outcomes)
is considered to be not statistically significant.
Picture 2
The picture 2 also gave the result as significantly indifferent. For both genders "strongly agree" was almost twice as much as "agree". However, the chi-square result is 0.083, which is almost 10 times smaller than the results of question three with the chi-square being equal 0.868. It means the difference between genders in the case with the satisfaction defined quality standards of the job is more equal between male and female than in case with the instruments.
Q6, "My job gives me opportunities to use my skills and abilities "
Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Total
Chi-square with Yates correction
Chi squared equals 7.200 with 1 degrees of freedom.
The two-tailed P value equals 0.0073
The association between rows (groups) and columns (outcomes)
is considered to be very statistically significant.
Picture 3
The result of the chi-square test on the question six was the only one to accept the hypothesis of genders being significantly different in levels of satisfaction. It states the group two, consisting of male participants being more satisfied with their opportunity to use skills and abilities. The chi-square equals 7.200 and the "outcome 2" is twice as much higher for male participants comparatively to the female, considering the fact that numbers of participants of both genders, who answered "agree" or "totally agree" was equal.
Q7, "My opinion is important in the decision-making".
Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Total
Chi squared equals 0.168 with 1 degrees of freedom.
The two-tailed P value equals 0.6823
The association between rows (groups) and columns (outcomes)
is considered to be not statistically significant.
Picture 4
For the question seven participants of both genders have given the answers not being significantly different between male and female. However, as the chi-square resulted in 0.168, the gap is wider comparatively the definition of quality. Moreover, the proportion of female agreed to strongly agreed was 0.84 and for male 0.56. It means more men had the highest levels out of scale of women. It could be justified as barber shops tend to have lesser stuff than beauty salons in Almaty. It results the weight allocation of an opinion per person in barber shops is greater than in salons.
Q13, "My job is meaningful for the society".
Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Total
Chi squared equals 0.907 with 1 degrees of freedom.
The two-tailed P value equals 0.3410
The association between rows (groups) and columns (outcomes)
is considered to be not statistically significant.
Picture 5
The chi-square for question thirteen has given the result of differences not being statistically significant. However, the value of chi-square was close to 1 and we can see the sets of female being indifferent between agree and strongly agree. Simultaneously, the rate of men, who have strongly agreed was two times higher than agreed, alike the question seven. It means more men consider their job meaningful for the society as women. It could be explained through perception, for example, in the US culture barber shops have taken an important place as the "men zone" and moreover, the initiation of boys into the manhood (Shabazz, 2016).
4.2 Justification of the results
■ I have enaugh imtruvnents and taab ta da my Jalh well Marked as '"agree" B I [have enough instruments and taab la da my ja b well Marked as " strongly j^ree'
Graph 1
We have also visually interpret the question regarding the supply of instruments and tools, also counting the age of participants. We clustered them into two subcategories per gender, they were the participants in age between 18 and 25 and the second subcategory was older than 25. We have chosen to cluster them in the given age range grounding on the US labor reports (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017) and the age distribution in the data we have collected.
Consequently, we could see the male population being a little more satisfied with the provision than female. The answer here is in industry and the different attitude towards instruments. The previous researchers have found the diversity of tools for barber shops not overcoming the variety of female-oriented beauty salon uses (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986). Furthermore, the rate of female-employees in the age from 18 to 25 being lesser satisfied with the supply than the male-employees of the same age. However, for older ones the situation is vice versa. It might be due to the opinions on the safety of the new techniques and tools. For example with the technological progress the amount of electrical devices in the beauty care industry increased and the electrical risk increased as well and moreover, the probability of older employees being reluctant to learn new techniques exists. (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2014).
However, the proportion can be interpreted as every fifth employee agreed with the statement of having enough tools and instruments and nine out of ten people being generally satisfied with the supply.
Graph 2
Graphs illustrates results of poll of participants and assessment of a possibility of use skills and abilities in work. The research was conducted among men and women of two age categories: are more senior and are younger than 25 years.
Data show that, however with female workers, most of the men have estimated this question as "strongly agree". Concurrently, numbers of women, who are less satisfied with a possibility of use of the abilities one and a half times bigger in both age groups. However, men, judging by data, have more opportunities for self-manifestation with age. It can be caused by the fact that in beauty shops there are more methods of using skills and creativity, but many female clients are afraid to experiment with the appearance. Therefore, talented workers are forced to create standard looks. Listen to their needs and provide the experience they need. (Michelle Campbell, 2017). In barbershops there are fewer ways to experiment, but men change their looks easier, because it is faster for them to return to an original form (a beard, short hair). Generally, there are more number of employees of barbershops, who have answered positively, than numbers of workers of salons. Following total counting of votes, numbers of the participants having an opportunity to use the abilities at work are twice more in both ages and genders.
Graph 3
Data from the graph show that interviewed of both genders have estimated the importance of the opinions in work as "strongly agree". It means workers have
an opportunity to express their opinion freely and to offer the ideas which could be considered in working process. However, such tendency is observed only among male interviewed, whose opinion is almost twice more powerful than opinion of women. Therefore, such situation prevails in barbershops. It should be noted most of the interviewed women were aged younger than 25 years, and their prevailing number have answered a question as "agree". Simultaneously, the absolute value of women is older than 25 years can freely shares the ideas that could be considered. However, for male workers the situation is vice versa. Judging by the graph, the age of male workers in the beauty sphere is older than 25 years. This group of the interviewed people have the high level of value of their opinions. However, men, who are younger, also have authority among employees. Proceeding from such data, a conclusion follows employees of barbershops are more authoritative, than female workers of salons. Such distinction is explained by bigger popularity of salons, than barbershops in the city of Almaty. As salons work rather long time, their quantity grows rapidly. As the result, number of workers with small experience grows quickly. Comparatively, with salons, barber shops became popular not so long time ago. Therefore, numbers of workers in this sphere aren't enough, but their high experience marked them as professionals in beauty sphere. It causes high authority of opinions of male workers in barbershops than female workers in salons.
® My jab a imeaningful far the 3 a curly Marked as 'agree'
B My jab b mean ingful far Uhe society Marked as "strangy agree'"
Graph 4
The graph showing data of poll about the importance of job in beauty sphere gives the opportunity to consider more detailed information about a difference in opinions on this matter among men and women of two age categories. It is obvious that at equal quantity interviewed of both sexes, men, in difference from women, estimate the importance of their work a little above. Simultaneously, the opinion of women has shared on equal quantity. It is important to note most of the interviewed women have turned out aged from 18 to 25, and most of the men working in this sphere are older than 25 years. Besides, number of the man of this age category sure that their job is significant in society. That opinion could be explained by male fashion that has begun to develop promptly from ninetieth years. Even in ancient times there were barbers whose work was appreciated among men. Moreover, longer hair among men came into fashion, and men who
preferred to have their hair professionally groomed increasingly visited beauty shops. "Unisex" salons, usually featuring limited services common to the hair styling needs of both sexes (haircut, permanent wave, and shampoo), spread. (Horst Brand, 1986). However, despite a difference in opinions of the both sexes, general review of the obtained data from the graph shows employees in beauty sphere note incredible importance of salons and barbershops for society, but this value not much more surpasses number interviewed, who marked this question as "agree".
5 Conclusion
The research in survey among male and female employees of two age categories, who work in hairdressing and beauty care spheres, has provided the valuable data for assessment of a question about gender differences in job satisfaction in Kazakhstan. The analysis of tables and graphs created by results of survey revealed :
• Most of the women have marked as "Agree" on questions about the equipment, a possibility of using skills and the importance of the work for society. Also in the question about use of skills and abilities at work, many female participants have been less satisfied than men (>78%).
• Variables "Agree" by most of the men was observed in a question of obtaining new knowledge and experience in job. It means employees of barbershops don't think that they study something new at work. However, the answer of "Agree" (>53%) on the question about feeling of a stress within a week gives information that, comparatively with women, they are happier with these work conditions.
• Judging by data, men are completely satisfied they are rewarded for the quality of job
• Women marked as "Strongly agree" the fact that their work is important for society. Conversely, for men this point was satisfactory too.
• There are many questions in which opinions of both genders became identical. As data show, workers of both genders are completely satisfied their initiative to make something new in working process is approved and supported. Besides, workers have an opportunity to gain new skills and knowledge. Simultaneously, participants feel good that they are perceived as individuals. Comparatively, assessment of a "Strongly Agree", by which both genders have marked the question "During the week I feel stressed frequently", means that regardless of gender and age, people are tired at work strongly.
• Also, the most employees have agreed in opinion that they aren't totally satisfied how the quality of their work is encouraged and as far as they are sensitive to clients needs. The mean is valued as 4 on three given questions lets the conclusion that these points of working process have been estimated by other participants with less positive reviews.
The next step needed in the research of this area is to find explanation of why some factors contributing to job satisfaction are more important for male employees than for females. It will allow employers to develop the most optimal working conditions for female employees. The assessment with most "Agree" prove women aren't satisfied with much more working conditions than men. Especially, females with different age categories had identical opinion about many questions. Male were more indulgent with this condition and representatives of more advanced age accept most working conditions.
From all obtained and analyzed data, a conclusion follows for women quality of tools, an opportunity to show the skills and abilities and the importance for society are important.
Consider that barber shops became popular in Kazakhstan not so long time ago, comparatively with beauty shops. They were open by people, whose skilled here and think over the concept of business in details, therefore, they allow the high quality of working process. While beauty shops work already at an extent of long time, so, as consequence, working by the adjusted business plan, they are opened by people, who are, in the same time, skilled, and less skilled here. Perhaps, judging by data of survey of the woman in older age have been more satisfied with working conditions from this reason.
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UDK 801.8
Xaydarova M. G. assistant
Tashkent Architecture - Construction Institute
Uzbekistan, Tashkent city METHODS OF USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Annotation: In this article described innovative pedagogical technologies and methods of using ICT the role of quality of education in foreign language lessons.
Key words: innovation, pedagogical technology, lesson, information, methods, quality of education, foreign language.
We all know that the 21st century will become an information age. This is due to the rapid development of Internet technologies and the rapid expansion of their accessibility. According to the World Internet Statistics Center, one or four out of every four people on the planet use the Internet for their daily lives. It is even possible that Internet is becoming an additional form of communication. In Uzbekistan, information and communication, Internet technologies are developing rapidly.
There is no single criterion for the materials to be placed on the World Wide Web today. It is crucial to evaluate the information and source available. It is desirable to focus on the following aspects when evaluating Internet resources for educational purposes.
First of all, it considers the level of complexity of the instru- ment material, ie the presence of words, grammatical structures, phrases, which can cause difficulties for students in the chosen Internet resource. It also emphasizes the importance of the text in terms of the level of students' knowledge.
Another important aspect is the reliability of a site source. What is the purpose of the site is to search for answers to questions such as whether or not the information is relevant, up-to-date, or out-of-date, whether it promotes the personality of the learners, enrichs their outlook, or whether they are informative. In addition to university professors, the Internet can also be found in a material created by a young child. Therefore, it is desirable that the selected material corresponds to the level of language and spiritual-enlightenment of a particular group of learners, which is slightly higher than the level of language and content of learners.
It is important for pupils and students to focus on three important aspects in analyzing and evaluating Internet sites. First, the content of the site, second, the
