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56ECONOMIC SCIENCES
FUNCTIONING OF THE RUSSIAN PUBLIC SECTOR OF ECONOMY IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Gersonskaya I.
Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Economy and Finance Department, Russian Academy of national economy and public administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Lipetsk branch, Russia
Abstract
The article substantiates the importance of the public sector of the Russian economy in the process of social development. The elements of the state sector of the Russian economy are presented. The main indicators of the functioning of state-owned enterprises and the public administration sector are analyzed. The influence of the public sector on the growth of social welfare is established.
Keywords: public sector of economy, public corporations, investments, public administration, social sphere, public goods
In modern conditions of Russia's development, the state sector of the economy is assigned one of the key positions. This sector is a part of the national economy and is characterized by a combination of enterprises, institutions and organizations of various industries that are controlled by the state and are its property. At the same time, the state is not only the owner of property, but also the subject of management of all objects in the public sector of the economy. In Russia, this sector of the economy includes all state-owned companies and corporations, budgetary institutions, organizations and various state institutions whose property is in Federal ownership, the property of the subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities. The state sector of the Russian economy today is a «multi-component, multilevel and multi-functional complex that operates on the basis of state property in different areas of the econ-omy» [4, p. 41]. This is why such a sector of the Russian economy is managed both at the Federal level and at the regional level. The Federal administration covers the military-industrial complex, space development, aircraft construction, shipbuilding and automotive industry, extraction and processing of strategic raw materials, nuclear energy, transport, communications and telecommunications. Regional authorities are responsible for managing municipal property and developing the production of public goods.
The public sector performs important tasks for society, including stabilizing the processes taking place in the national economy. Today, this sector of the economy comprehensively covers the system of various «enterprises, institutions and organizations operating on the economic and legal basis of state ownership in order to implement the functions of the state in the economic, social and political spheres» [3, p. 2028]. The performance of the public sector is characterized by various socio-economic indicators.
The public sector of the economy has three main functions: efficient allocation of production and financial resources, redistribution of income , and stabilization of the national economy. Implementation of the functions of the public sector of the economy «is carried out primarily in the formation and execution of
budgets» [1, p. 8]. Therefore, the public sector in the process of carrying out its activities disposes of a certain set of resources, including financial ones, which are accumulated through the state budget.
Recently, the number of public sector enterprises in Russia has been declining. The number of unitary enterprises decreased by 11.8%, business companies - by 10.8%, state institutions-by 2.9% [7, p. 405]. According to Rosstat, only 98.8 thousand state-owned companies operated in 2018 [5, 6]. In comparison with the level of 2010, their number decreased by 20.6 thousand or 17.3%, and in comparison with 2017, the decrease was by 4.3 thousand or 4.2%. Such changes are caused by the reorganization of enterprises and organizations in the public sector, as well as by the privatization processes that are still characteristic of the Russian economy. A similar pattern is observed for companies with municipal ownership. In 2018, there were 189.9 thousand [5, 6] such enterprises and organizations in the regions of the Russian Federation, while in 2010 - 246.4 thousand, and in 2017 - 195.9 thousand. Thus, their steady decline is observed annually.
However, despite the decrease in the number of Russian companies with state participation, investments in fixed assets are steadily increasing, which expands the production potential of enterprises and contributes to their innovative and high- tech development. Total investment in Russia is steadily increasing, which has a positive effect on economic development. At the same time, investments in fixed assets in the public sector also tend to grow. The next element of the public sector of the Russian economy is state corporations. Today, the public sector is making innovative development of strategic sectors of the economy. Currently, the sphere of activity of Russian state corporations is quite diverse. The business sector of the state is 9.8% and it consists of state corporations that carry out their economic activities in strategically important sectors of the national economy. These include the military-industrial complex and the space sector, oil and gas production, precious metals and stones, and rare earth metals, as well as the fuel and energy complex, shipbuilding, air-
craft and automobile manufacturing, mail and communications, and transport infrastructure. The military-industrial complex accounts for 42.2% of state corporations in Russia, or the absolute majority of innovative sectors of the economy. For the space sector - 18.6%, and for shipbuilding and marine equipment - 12.7%. This is the second and third place for innovative development. About 10% is accounted for by the energy sector. Production and processing of raw materials takes 5.9%, and transport and infrastructure - 4.9%.
Today, the innovative development of the economy in Russia is supported by organizations that perform fundamental research and development. Such organizations are also part of the public sector of the economy, providing innovative and technical and technological development of the most important sectors of the national economy. Recently, the Russian Federation has seen «...positive changes in the development of University science and the activation of the position of regional authorities in relation to scientific and technological development» [7, p. 489].
In Russia, the public sector of the economy also includes objects of the social sphere, the operation of which is designed to ensure the production of necessary public goods. The state is called upon to solve social problems aimed at increasing the welfare of the population and significantly improving the quality of their living standards. Such social objects of the national economy primarily include educational organizations and medical institutions, institutions of culture and art, as well as public services and environmental organizations. The current structure of public spending in recent years indicates significant funding for priority areas of the national economy. The majority of public spending, namely 59.5%, is spent on financing social and cultural events.
The activities of the public sector of the economy are aimed at solving important socio-economic problems and relieving social tension in society, reducing unemployment and the population living below the poverty line, improving the quality of life of all members of society, that is, has a positive impact on improving the level of public welfare. We present the dynamics of the main socio-economic indicators of the population's standard of living in Russia for the analyzed period. Data from Rosstat in recent years reflect a steady positive trend aimed at increasing the quality of life of the population. There is an increase in the average per capita and real disposable income of the population, an increase in social transfers and other payments to citizens. In General, in 2018, the population's income and pensions in real terms amounted to 100.1 and 100.8% of the level of 2017, respectively [7, p. 334]. At the same time, social transfers in 2018 increased to 8087 billion rubles, and expenses of the state administration that provides individual services - to 7654 billion rubles, and other social payments amounted to 11102 billion rubles [5, 6].
In modern conditions of development of the national economy, financial investments by the state in the development of human capital, as well as in the innovative development of the national economy, namely «in science, education, including their material and
technical base, are considered not as current expenses, but as the most effective type of investment» [2, p. 271]. Therefore, the state sector of the Russian economy makes comprehensive use of financial resources for the production of public goods and services, such as education, medicine, social protection of the population, culture and art, development of public transport, territorial infrastructure, environmental safety, etc. The Expansion of produced public goods largely contributes to improving the quality of life of the population and the development of human capital. The state sector of the economy finances basic scientific research, implements projects to ensure public security, makes capital investments and investment projects, and provides financial support to strategic sectors of the national economy.
The public administration sector in Russia has a special status and occupies a special position, as it is necessary for state regulation of processes occurring in the national economy, coordination of public sector entities and creation of prerequisites for sustainable economic growth. The public administration sector provides a system of functioning and «... optimization of economic processes, norms and rules of economic activity of economic entities, citizens, consolidation of their initiative and opportunities for mastering the productive forces and their use...» [2, p. 271-272].
The activity of the public administration sector is characterized by various indicators, namely the dynamics of the number of public servants, expenditures on public administration, etc. recently, the change in the number of employees of public authorities has a multidirectional character. Rosstat data [5, 6] show that until 2017, the number of employees of state authorities in Russia increased annually due to the expansion of public sector functions. But 2018 is characterized by the optimization of the number that had declined in 2017 year by 16.6 thousand persons, and in particular at the regional level by 16.5 thousand people downsizing in government is connected first of all with the optimization of the control system, as well as processes of digi-talization taking place in the public sector. At the same time, the number of Federal bodies in 2018 decreased by 10.7 thousand people, in state bodies of the Russian Federation subjects by 2.9 thousand people and in local governments by 3.0 thousand people.
The functioning of the public administration sector in Russia requires quite significant expenditures. Therefore, we present data on the use of GDP for public administration. The data of Rosstat [5, 6] indicate that expenditures on public administration in Russia tend to grow and in 2018 they formed at the level of 18049 billion rubles, which is more than in 2010 by 9378 billion rubles and in 2017 by 1400 billion rubles. A positive point is the fact that in 2018 the growth rate of expenditures on public administration is 8.4% lower than the GDP growth rate. At the same time, government spending on individual goods and services in 2018 amounted to 7654 billion rubles, and spending on collective services - 10395 billion rubles. In the structure of GDP, the share of public administration spending is fairly constant. In 2018, the GDP structure decreased to
17.5%, including spending on individual goods and services to 7.4%, and spending on collective services to 10.1%.
Thus, the functioning of the public sector of the economy is aimed at meeting public needs and sustainable socio-economic development. Through the structures that make up the public sector, the government regulates the national economy, produces the necessary public goods that the business sector of the economy cannot meet, and creates the prerequisites for sustainable economic growth. Today, the Russian public sector includes state corporations, public administration bodies, and social institutions. The public sector produces the necessary goods for society and provides social services, as well as carries out state regulation of the national economy. The state sector of the economy largely contributes to the increase of the country's national wealth, creates prerequisites for dynamic socio-economic development and sustainable growth, and also helps to overcome the crisis phenomena that periodically arise in market relations. The state supports commercial projects and private enterprises that are important for the national economy, as well as guarantees the fulfillment of social obligations to society. With the direct participation of the state sector of the economy, social development aimed at improving the level of well-being takes place.
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УДК 338.4.62.
THEORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURES: CONCEPTUAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE WORK OF UNIVERSITIES IN THE PERIOD OF THE SIXTH TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Glushchenko V.
Dr. tech. Sciences, associate Professor, Moscow, Russia
ТЕОРИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ УКЛАДОВ: КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЙ В
РАБОТЕ УНИВЕРСИТЕТОВ В ПЕРИОД ШЕСТОГО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УКЛАДА
Глущенко В.В.
Д-р техн. наук, доцент, Москва, Россия
Abstract
The aim of this article is the prediction of the conceptual transformations in the work of universities in the period of the sixth technological structure in terms of recovery from the global crisis, the object of this article is the sixth technological structure, the aim is to increase the quality of education in universities during the development of the sixth technological structure, to achieve the goals the following tasks: develop foundations of the theory of technological modes; clarify the concept and structure of the conceptual foundations of the functioning of post-industrial universities; forecasting of conceptual features, characteristics and specifics of economic entities of the sixth technological order; projecting possible trends and characteristics of transformation a conceptual framework for the functioning of universities in the conditions of the sixth technological structure, scientific methods in the article are deduction and induction, search, normative logic and heuristic forecasting, historical, comparative and systematic analysis, synthesis, scientific novelty of work is determined by the formation of the project of conceptual transformations in the work of universities in the development of industries of the sixth technological order and what is happening world-system and socio-economic changes.
Аннотация
Предметом статьи выступает прогнозирование концептуальных трансформаций в работе университетов в период шестого технологического уклада в условиях выхода из глобального кризиса, объектом статьи является шестой технологический уклад, целью работы является рост качества образования в университетах в период развития шестого технологического уклада, для достижения поставленных целей решаются следующие задачи: развиваются основы теории технологических укладов; уточнения понятия и структуры концептуальных основ функционирования постиндустриальных университетов; прогнозирова-
