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psychological and medico-biological problems ofphysical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 160-170.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_225
FUNCTIONAL STATE CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AMONG SPORTSMEN WITH DIFFERENT ORIENTATION OF THE TRAINING
PROCESS
Olga I. Kolomiets - candidate of Biology, associate professor Nadegda P. Petrushkina — doctor of Medicine, senior researcher
Evgeniy V. Bykov — doctor of medicine, professor Irina A. Yakubovskaya - candidate of Biology, associate professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Ordjonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
E-mail: Kolomiec o@mail.ru
Annotation. The problem of physical loads influence on functional state of sportsmen's nervous system is still urgent. From the point of view of the theory of functional systems, in adaptation provision, the main role plays central nervous system. The main characteristics of nervous system determine functional and psychological readiness of sportsmen, which is responsible for sports effectiveness, especially in situational kinds of sport (sports games and combat sports). Material. The strategy estimation of adaptation to physical load on the basis of nervous system characteristics diagnostics, which determine speed qualities of a sportsman. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, tapping test, tiredness coefficient determination, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The characteristics of nervous system were studied, which determine speed qualities of a sportsman and the strategy of adaptation to physical load; two groups of sportsmen (age, anthropometric indices, qualifications and the period of going in for sports almost identical) were examined. In order to estimate the main characteristics of nervous system, which condition speed qualities of a sportsman, tapping test was used. Calculated on the basis of tapping test results tiredness coefficient helped to estimate the variant of adaptation strategy to physical load. Most qualified sportsmen had a strong type of nervous system and a high level of the studied characteristics. Sportsmen from both groups had tiredness coefficient lower than 0,25 and it proves high level of resistance to tiredness and tolerant strategy of adaptation to loads. Conclusion. Examination of qualified sportsmen, who go in for acyclic kinds of sport (ice hockey and taekwondo), using tapping test helped to give a complex estimation of the functional state of sportsmen's nervous system and determine the strategy of adaptation to maximum intensity work.
Keywords: sportsmen, tapping-test, nervous system, strength, mobility, lability, endurance, adaptation strategy.
The problem of physical loads influence on functional state of sportsmen's nervous system is still urgent. From the point of view of functional systems theory, in adaptation provision, the main role plays central nervous system. The main characteristics of nervous system determine functional and psychological readiness of sportsmen, which is responsible
for sports effectiveness, especially in situational kinds of sport (sports games and combat sports).
Speed indices, or the quickness quality, necessary in these kinds of sport, in physiology are determined as the ability to fulfill different actions with maximum tempo. Quickness is characterized by the duration of motional
reactions and it is conditioned by the ability to start maximum quickly and fulfill a single movement and also by the ability to fulfill movements with maximum frequency. These quickness aspects are connected [1-2].
An integral index of quickness is maximum frequency of movements. The ability to fulfill quick movements is genetically determined (morphofunctional characteristics of muscular apparatus, mobility and lability of nervous processes) and is conditioned by many factors: age and sex, weight and the amplitude of the object movement, motion plane, the level of training and interference of nervous centers. However, the speed of movements fulfillment is mainly conditioned by central nervous processes.
For the main characteristics of nervous system diagnostics, which determine speed qualities of a sportsman, including his mobility, lability and endurance, corresponding equipment is effectively used
[3].
At the same time, very often a sportsman's state in extreme conditions is necessary. In this case simple methodologies application is effective (available in fulfillment and estimation). The base of these methodologies is speed qualities of an individual determination. Thus, solving the problems of a sportsman's functional state diagnostics and the characteristics of adaptation to stress factors it is reasonable to use as the indicator maximum tempo of movements (tapping test). Functional state estimation of nervous system according to the range of different its characteristics helps to define the strategy of the definite sportsman adaptation and then estimate the effectiveness of the training process, determine timely tiredness and take rehabilitation measures.
The aim of the research work: the strategy of adaptation to physical load estimation on the basis of nervous system characteristics diagnostics, which determine speed qualities of a sportsman.
Material and methods. The research was held in accordance with the items of Helsinki Declaration of ethical principles for the research works, where people are involved.
Ethical permission was received in the Ural State University of Physical Culture ethics Committee. The examined sportsmen gave their written informed consent to take part in the research. They were informed about the aim of the research and the peculiarities of the used methodologies.
In order to estimate the strategy of adaptation to physical load and diagnose the main characteristics of nervous system, which determine speed qualities of a sportsman, two groups of sportsmen were formed from the students of the Ural State University of Physical Culture. They were of the same age range and had similar anthropometric indices (body length- 177,3±6,2 cm, weight -66,1±2,11 kg), qualification and the period of going in for sports.
The first group included 20 sportsmen, who played ice hockey. The second group included 20 sportsmen, who went in for taekwondo.
In order to reveal the characteristics of nervous processes classical tapping test was used. A sportsman tapped on the sheet of paper with the pencil making dots with maximum speed (letter size). The sheet of paper was divided into 6 squares. Movement from square to square was fulfilled each 5 seconds from left to right in a clockwise direction on command. After 30 seconds, when the work was over, the sum of dots in each square was calculated.
During the dynamics of maximum tempo of movement analysis several types were defined, which corresponded to the strength of nervous processes: strong, average, weak, medium-weak [4]. For this purpose the difference between the number of movements fulfilled each 5 seconds and the number of movements which were registered during the first 5 seconds of work, was determined. Nervous system was estimated as strong if the indices were higher than the initial level and the sum of deviations had the sigh "±". If the indices didn't change, the strength of nervous processes was estimated as the average and in case of considerable decrease during the work - as weak one.
Further in order to estimate the characteristics of nervous system and the
degree of tiredness calculations were fulfilled according to corresponding formulae [4-5]. The value of tiredness coefficient helped to estimate the variant of adaptation strategy to physical load [5-6]. Tiredness index lower than 0,25 showed tolerant variant and a high index (more than 0,5) showed resistant variant.
The received results according to each group of students were handled with the help of methods of traditional biostatistics [7]. Mean values calculation and mistakes of the average and distribution of the examined students in percentage. As the values distribution inside each group was estimated as normal, validity of differences according to average group values was determined according to Student criterion (t) and in characteristics distribution -according to Fisher's ratio test (F). 95% level of validity was adopted (t>1,96 u F>4,09).
Results and their discussion. During the strength of nervous processes estimation most sportsmen had strong and the average type, 75% and 25% in the group of hockey players and 80% and 20% - in the group of
According to the results of endurance individual estimation, mobility and lability of their nervous system level was estimated (high, average and low) and then - distribution of the
those, who go in for taekwondo.
The sum of strikes, fulfilled during the test, characterizes dynamic muscular working capacity. It turned out to be high enough and almost the same in the group of hockey players and those, who go in for taekwondo, 151,7±2,52 and 149,6±3,18 (t=0,55). The absence of differences between the groups according to the value of maximum frequency of movements is conditioned by the same level of qualification and training of sportsmen in both groups.
The same results were received during other characteristics of nervous processes estimation among the examined sportsmen. Mean values of such kind of indices, as endurance, mobility and lability are presented in table 1. Mean values of these indices had no valid differences. Calculated level of endurance among hockey players was 108±4,41, among those, who go in for taekwondo - 110±1,56 (t=0,43); The level of nervous system mobility - 119±4,22 and 112±1,85 (t=1,52); the level of lability-105±1,21 and 106±1,47 (t=0,74).
respondents according to these estimations. As it is seen from the results presented in table 2 no statistically valid differences between the groups of sportsmen were revealed.
%
Level Feature, groups, percentage, Fisher's test value
endurance mobility lability
hockey taekwondo F hockey taekwondo F hockey taekwondo F
High 75 80 0,14 65 70 0,11 50 60 0,41
Average 25 20 0,14 30 25 0,13 40 35 0,11
Low 0 0 0 5 5 0 10 5 0,37
Table 1 - Mean values of the studied indices (M±m) in the examined groups of sportsmen
Indices Variation-statistical indices
hockey taekwondo Student criterion
The level of endurance, c.u. 108±4,41 110±1,56 0,43
The level of mobility, c.u. 119±4,22 112±1,85 1,52
The level of lability, u c.u. 105±1,21 106±1,47 0,74
Table 2 - Distribution of sportsmen according to the levels of the studied characteristics, in
Most sportsmen had a high level of the studied characteristics. It is obvious, that among the sportsmen with strong nervous system the tempo of movements increase during tapping-test is connected with the high level of ability of nerve centers to liability and nerve cells to sum up stimulation.
A low level of nervous system mobility had one hockey player and one sportsman, who went in for taekwondo, a low level of mobility had two hockey players and one sportsman, who went in for taekwondo.
In order to define the strategy of adaptation to physical load the value of tiredness coefficient was calculated for each sportsman. Most sportsmen from both groups had tiredness coefficient lower than 0,25 and it proves a high level of resistance to tiredness and reflects a tolerant strategy of adaptation to loads.
The results of tapping-test give an integral estimation of nervous system and reflect a functional state of a respondent [3]. The results of tapping-test analysis and interpretation help to estimate the power of nervous processes and working capacity of nervous system. Only strong nervous system is able to bear the load, which is stronger than weak one.
Among people with a strong nervous system the increase of movements tempo during tapping-test is connected with the ability of their nerve cells to sum up stimulation and their nerve centers to increase lability in terms of volitional mobilization. As expected, most examined sportsmen had a strong and average type of nervous system, a weak and average -weak types were not stated and it is conditioned by a high level of hockey players and those, who go in for taekwondo qualification.
All actions in situational kinds of sport are determined by the mechanisms of difficult reactions, such as reaction of choice, reaction to a moving object, anticipation reaction and others. At the same time, these reactions depend on quickness and accuracy of perception and timely fulfilled reciprocal movements. The main role here play the
characteristics of nervous system. The level of excitability determines the speed of a sportsman reaction during current moment; mobility determines the speed of switching from one tactical action to another, tranquility and endurance determine accuracy and adequacy of technical-tactical actions choice during current competitive moment [1-2]. In this connection, the level of sportsmen's (players and combatants) central nervous system functional state estimation is very important.
The held study of nervous system power, endurance, mobility and lability proved a high level of the studied characteristics among the examined sportsmen. It is obvious, that among sportsmen with a strong nervous system the tempo increase of movements during tapping-test fulfillment is connected with a high level of nerve centers ability to lability and nerve cells to sum up stimulation. A low level of nervous system mobility had one hockey player and one person, who went in for taekwondo, a low level of mobility had two hockey players and one athlete, who went in for taekwondo. This fact proves the necessity of an individual approach to athlete's functional state estimation, which will help to reconstruct the training process and improve each characteristic of nervous system and motional qualities, which are under their control.
The problems solution of stress resistance diagnostics is provided by the knowledge of different adaptive changes regularities formation, which condition tolerant or resistant scenario of adaptation.
It is known, that during moderate and intensive work the main reasons for tiredness are connected with visceral systems and vegetative regulation of their functioning [810]. During maximum intensity load (as during tapping-test fulfillment) tiredness is conditioned by out-of-limit inhibition development, which appears in nerve centers [1-2].
It should be noted that high tiredness coefficient was among the same athletes, who had a low level of nervous system mobility
(two hockey players and one person, who went in for taekwondo) and it proves resistant strategy of adaptation among them. As tapping-test reflects endurance of nervous system (but not organism endurance in general) this factor can be explained, not by tiredness development among the individuals, but mostly by other factors influence, it means that the reason of the revealed disorders specification and the corresponding measures realization is necessary.
Conclusion. Thus, examination of qualified athletes, who go in for acyclic kinds of sport (ice hockey and taekwondo), using tapping test helped to give a complex estimation of the functional state of athlete's nervous system and determine the strategy of adaptation to maximum intensity work. There were no valid differences between the groups according to the studied indices and it is conditioned by high qualification of athletes and by the peculiarities of sports activity, which demands a high level of indices, characterizing nerve processes: strength, mobility, endurance, lability. Most athletes showed high level of resistance to tiredness and tolerant strategy of adaptation to loads.
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Submitted: 05.05.2017 Received: 08.05.2017
Olga I. Kolomiets - candidate of Biology, associate professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Ordjonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia, E-mail: Kolomiec o@mail.ru Nadegda P. Petrushkina — doctor of Medicine, senior researcher The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Ordjonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
Evgeniy V. Bykov — doctor of medicine, professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Ordjonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
Irina A. Yakubovskaya - candidate of Biology, associate professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Ordjonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
For citations: Kolomiets O.I., Petrushkina N.P., Bykov E.V., Yakubovskaya I.A. Functional state characteristics of central nervous system among sportsmen with different orientation of the training process, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 170-175.
DOI 10.14526/01 2017 226
FACTOR STRUCTURE OF SPORTSMEN ENGAGED IN APPLIED UNIFORM SPECIES LIMBONS MOTOR DICHOTOMY
Oleg A. Chemerchey - competitor "UralState University of Physical Culture" 1, Ordzhonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia Alexander V. Eganov - doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor "UralState University of Physical Culture", 1, Ordzhonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia South Ural State University (National Research University), 62, Sonya Krivoi str., Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia
E-mail: eganov@bk.ru
Annotation. The article reveals the problem of extremities motor dichotomy among sportsmen, which is the regulator of tactical-technical actions fulfillment in terms of competitive activity. Materials. Sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats (judo, karate, sambo-wrestling, kickboxing, hand-to-hand fighting and others) took part in the research. In order to study the components of extremities motor dichotomy structure among sportsmen the method of open questioning according to 10-points scale was used. The received marks were handled with the help of factorial analysis method with the main components rotation according to varimax criterion. Research methods: pedagogical literature analysis, questionnaire, interpretation. Results. In the factorial structure of sportsmen's extremities motor dichotomy 8 orthogonal factors were defined with 76,33% of general sampling variance. In particular, the defined components in the structure of motor dichotomy show monodirectional right-side asymmetry of the upper and lower right extremities during throws fulfillment from the right stand. The following components are defined: preference to strike a blow with the left hand during the combat, preference to fulfill throws over the left shoulder, with the left
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