CC BY
12«MEDICINE, SCIENCE AND EDUCATION», № 2, 2023
UCD: 613.955 DOI: 10.24412/1609-8692-2023-2-10-16
IRSTI: 76.33.43.
FREQUENCY OF TRANSMISSION OF HELMINTHIASIS
*Sh. Svetlanova, A. Ryskulova, A. Nurbakyt
LLP Kazakhstan's Medical University «KSPH» Almaty, Kazakhstan
Summary
Currently, the incidence of helminthiasis among children is still gaining high indicators. The frequent spread of helminthiasis among children is often a sign of weak immunity, as well as frequent morbidity. The spread of helminthiasis among the child population is a problem for the field of medicine. According to the World Health Organization, helminthiasis is an annual disease-causing damage to the population. In addition, the importance of this disease in pediatric practice is its rapid prevalence as well as its significant impact on the child population. most often, helminthiasis is masked under other diseases since the child has an allergic reaction. Parasitic diseases are directly related to household infotainment and the behaviour of residents, sanitary and hygienic and natural conditions. The most common type of helminthiasis is enterobiasis. The mechanism of spread of this helminthiasis in most cases depends on the violation of sanitary and hygienic conditions, as well as on areas located in low epidemiological conditions. On the one hand, an indicator for assessing the incidence of enterobiasis at a high level indicates the incidence of helminthiasis in this population. According to the conclusions of our review, the problem indicates that it is worth reviewing the prevention of helminthiasis.
Key words: helminth, soil helminths, nematodes, ascarids.
Introduction. At the moment, about 256 species of helminths are known among humans, of which 98 species are common in Russia and adjacent countries. The causative agents of the most important human helminthiasis are helminths belonging to the Class Nematoda (nematodes-roundworms), Cestoda (Cestodes-tape-worms), Trematoda (trematodes-suckers).
Nematodoses-caused by round helminths. These include ascariasis (the causative agent of Ascaris lumbricoides), Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis), Trichuris trichiura (Trichocephalus trichiuris), hookworm (Ancy-lostoma duodenale) and Necatoriasis (Necator Americanus), trichinella (Trichinella spiralis). Cestodoses (invasions caused by tapeworm helminths) develop during human infection with bull or unarmed, echinococci (Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis). Nematodoses (invasions whose pathogens are suckers) are from the cat or Siberian, dioecious
(Opisthorchis felineus) [1]. Almost all of the above are considered worms, which are often found among people. Depending on the source of an infestation, routes of infection, and transmission factors, all human helminthiasis is divided into three main groups: Geohelminthoses are ascariasis, trichocephalosis, strongyloides, and hookworm. Biohelminthoses - taeniarhyn-chus and taeniasis, opisthorchiasis, diphyllobo-thriasis, clonorchiasis, fasciolosis, paragonimi-asis, trichinosis.
Contamination of helminths - hymeno-lepiasis, enterobiasis, in some cases, strongy-loidiasis and cysticercosis [2]. Ascariasis is anthroponosis geohelmintiasis. The causative agent is the human roundworm (Ascaris lum-bricoides). According to WHO, more than 1 billion people worldwide suffer from ascariasis every year, most of them are children of preschool and school age. Ascariasis is distributed all over the world, except the Arctic Circle. In
o^EBMETTIK wo^ymp
places with high humidity, ascariasis can be infected all year round. As a source of infection, only a person with ascariasis is considered. The mechanism of transmission of the pathogen is faecal-oral, and the routes of transmission are through food, water, and household contact. Infection can enter the human body through vegetables, fruits, or water. Well, people are considered to be more susceptible to infection.
The main part. Enterobiasis - oral infectious helminthiasis, anthroponosis. The causative agent is the worm (Enterobius ver-micularis). Enterobiasis is widespread across the globe. The only source of infestation is humans. The transmission mechanism is faecal-oral. Infection with enterobiasis occurs from contaminated hands, household items, and bedding, as well as from the ingress of helminth eggs into the human body. The fact that the infection has entered the human body, as well as its development in the body, can be observed by the appearance of itching in the oral cavity. Susceptibility to invasion is universal, but children get sick more often [3]. In 2019, according to studies conducted by Linovitskaya A. the frequency of occurrence of ascariasis, the most common in children and adults among the population of Moscow and Ryazan regions, showed 2950 cases. The author believes that this is due to the lack of sanitary enlightenment among the population, as well as full-fledged prevention [4]. Nematodes are geohelminths, which means that the development of eggs occurs in the soil. Infection of a child with nem-atodes occurs through the faecal-oral route (through the mouth), soil (in the country, in the sandbox), contaminated objects (toys, clothing, shoes, bedding, floors), food (berries, vegetables, fruits), insects (flies, cockroaches), contact with animals (dogs, cats). In children's collectives (kindergartens), a child can be infected by other children through toys, and bedding. Infection with helminthiasis eggs is possible from the age when the child «hatched», that is, from 6-7 months. The presence of animals at home, especially outdoors (they bring worm eggs to their paws and hair) increases the likelihood of infection with helminths, and children at an even earlier age, 1-2 months, can become infected. Especially possible is the infection
of children with direct contact with the Earth and sand. The probability of infection with helminths in preschool children is about 100%. Children of this age category have not yet developed hygiene skills, and knowledge of the environment often occurs through the mouth. In addition, babies have poorly developed defence mechanisms against the invasion (insufficient acidic environment of the stomach, insufficient immunity). It should be noted that children over 7 years old are not less likely to become infected with helminths than pre-schoolers [5].
According to the results of studies conducted in 2013 by Shaizadina F. M., the incidence rate of helminthiasis in central Kazakhstan showed the following results:
1. Enterobiasis in the parasitic structure in central Kazakhstan, the disease occupies a leading position and accounts for 39.9% of cases per 100 thousand population.
2. Ascariasis is the second most common helminthic infestation in central Kazakhstan, the incidence rate is 29.7% per 100 thousand inhabitants, which exceeds the national average by 2.9 times.
3. In the total amount of biohelminthia-sis, the specific weight of echinococcosis was 49.4%, opisthorchiasis - 45.6%, and taeniar-hynchus - 3.8%.
4. In general, on the territory of the Center in Kazakhstan, there is a steady tendency to reduce the level of parasitic morbidity, with a decrease in the incidence of enterobiasis by 15.8%, ascariasis by 21.4%, opisthorchiasis by 62.9%, echinococcosis by 13.3% [6].
Such indicators indicate the intensity of growth of ascariasis with enterobiasis, which is most common in Kazakhstan. According to the results of the research conducted by R. M. Husainova, the situation in the Republic of Ta-tarstan consists of the following indicators:
The most common parasitoses in the Republic of Tatarstan are enterobiosis, giardiasis, ascariasis and toxocariasis. In the period from 2015 to 2016, the Republic of Tatarstan occupied a leading position in the incidence of helminthiasis compared to the Russian Federation. In a third of the people who applied to the clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory and were examined, various forms of parasitosis, types
of giardiasis with a minimally invasive predominance in their structure, and medium-invasive types of blastocystosis were identified. Among those tested, children under 7 years of age predominate, at the same time, the highest detection of parasitosis was observed in adolescents and adults [7]. According to R. M. Uma-rov's research in the Chechen Republic, the incidence of children and adults who come to the following level is sharply different and the most common is children who go to Primary School. The assessment is that the likelihood of implementing a contact-household transmission route deserves special attention, especially in organized groups of children. Different age groups of children are not equally affected by helminthiasis. The incidence of helminthiasis among children aged 1-3 years was lower, and more invasive than in children aged 14 years, and the incidence of children under 14 years was higher than in other age groups. Ascariasis and enterobiasis it was more common among children attending educational institutions than among those who did not attend them. Preschoolers attending children's institutions were more common than children who did not attend them. Ascariasis is equally common among children attending and not attending school [8]. According to the results of a study conducted by Nikolaeva A. T. in the Republic of Sakha, after analysing the data obtained by the «Centre for hygiene and health», enterobiasis is a dominant disease-its share 76.4% of all helminthiases. In the period from 2014 to 2016, the incidence of enterobiasis remained at a very high level. 2014-2015 In the period from 2016, there was a frequent incidence among children. At the same time, according to the author, a high incidence rate was observed most often among children under 17 years of age. In particular, especially among collectivized collectivists living in rural areas, they were more common than in urban residents [9]. Conclusions made by Abdulazizov A.I. on the detection of trichuriasis among the population in the Republic of Dagestan the presence of the following cases of Trichocephalosis in Makhachkala indicates a low sanitary and hygienic situation, along with which it is possible obtain entry into the human body through favourable climatic conditions
and maturation of Vladislav eggs to the invasive stage [10]. Mukhitdinov Sh. T., Zhuraeva F. R. according to the results of the conducted research, 50% of cases of children with helminthiasis were indicated when receiving questionnaires from doctors in the primary link, who came to the following conclusions. During the training of laboratory assistants for laboratory diagnostics of helminthiasis in cities and districts of the region, it was shown that the rate of helminthiasis in laboratories in cities is 4.9 times higher than in districts.
The most common type of helminthiasis in the Bukhara region in terms of incidence of helminthiasis among children under 14 years of age is enterobiasis, in second place is hymen lipidosis, and in third place is ascariasis and in fourth place is taeniarhynchus. It was concluded that helminthiasis was most common among children under 4 years of age, and among girls and children, the level of invasiveness was the same [11]. At the same time, it is impossible to detect helminthiasis at the initial stage, and this can manifest itself with other diseases. This means that the detection of helminthiasis can be a problem for the doctor, and helminthiasis in most cases is no symptom. The authors believe that the main criterion in the process of detecting helminthiasis is the examination of faeces [12]. In general, the detection of the presence of helminth in the body should be noted for the occurrence of allergic reactions. At these times, regardless of the location of the pathogen, the patient develops a fever, swelling and rashes on the skin [13]. Recently, scientists have noted that among children with helminthiasis, the release of insulin and collagen has decreased. The appearance of these symptoms can be seen in children with a disorder of appetite for food, improper absorption of useful things in the intestines and, finally, improper physical development [14]. In 75.3% of cases, the stomach is accompanied by various lesions of the intestinal tract due to the presence of parasites in the body. Intestinal helminthiasis can be characterized by abdominal pain, dyspeptic symptoms, and a low digestive process [15]. In addition, under the influence of helminths, in most cases, disorders of the nervous system and rapid agitation can occur, and behaviour can also change
[16]. One of the things that can lead to parasitic disease is the consumption of raw meat or unwashed foods, as it affects the hygienic illiteracy of children [17].
The main risk factor for this disease is:
- Pre-school children;
- School-age children [18]. Thus, it should be noted that the problem of helminthiasis is still relevant. The main reason for the attention paid to this disease is that it affects the growth and development of the child [19]. According to a resolution issued by the World Health Organization, frequent deworming of risk groups has also determined the importance of undergoing chemoprophylaxis [20].
Conclusions. Thus, it can be concluded that helminthiasis among children is a common phenomenon. And, it is often found among children 3-7 years old. The peculiarity of the disease of helminthiasis is often com-
mon in the summer period. Also, according to our review, it can be concluded that, due to helminthiasis in children, the organs of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the immune system as a whole may suffer. pronounced clinical cases of helminthiasis are tumours in the muscles and joints, as well as an increase in regional lymph nodes. In addition, there are 3 main causes of the development of helminthic invasion:
- The use of low-quality water and food;
- The use of other people's items;
- Poor processing of vegetables and
fruits.
The problem indicates that it is worth reviewing the prevention of helminthiasis. According to the conclusions of our review, hel-minthiasis is often found among the children population because children do not follow the rules of sanitary hygiene.
ГЕЛЬМИНТОЗДЬЩ ТАРАЛУ ЖИ1Л1Г1
* Ш. Светланова, А. Рыскулова, А. Нурбакыт
«^ДСЖМ» ^азакстандык медициналык университет ЖШС Алматы, ^азакстан
Тушндеме
^аз1рп уакытта балалар арасында гельминтоздьщ кездесу жишп элi де жогары болып тур. Балалар арасында гельминттердщ жш таралуы кебшесе элаз иммунитеттщ, сондай-ак жш сыркаттанушылыктыц белпа болып табылады. Балалар арасында гельминтоздыц таралуы медицина саласы Yшiн мэселе болып табылады. ДYниежYзiлiк денсаулык сактау уйымыныц мэлiметтерi бойынша жыл сайын аурулардыц арасында халыкка зиян келтiретiн аурудыц бiрi гельминтоздар болып табылады. Сонымен катар, бул аурудыц педиатриялык тэжiрибеде балалар арасында теза таралуымен оларга айтарлыктай эсер етуiн атап еткен. Кебшесе гельминтоздар баска аурулармен шатасугы бешм болып келедi, ейткенi балаларда ец алдымен аллергиялык реакциялар пайда болады. Паразиттiк аурулар бул тшелей турмыстык инфрокурлыммен жэне тургындардыц мшез-кулыктарына, санитарлык-гигиеналык жэне табиги жагдайлармен байланысты. Гельминтоздардыц арасындагы ец кеп тараган тYрi бул энтеребиоз болып табылады. Бул гельминтоздыц таралу механизмi кеп жагдайларда санитарлык-гигиеналык жагдайлардыц бузылуынан сонымен катар эпидемиологиялык темен жагдайларда орналаскан аудандарга байланысты болады. Энтеребиоздыц жогары децгейде кездесушщ бiр жагынан аурушацдыкты багалаудыц индикаторы бул тургындардыц гельминтозбен ауруын керсетедi. Бiздiц шолуымыздыц корытындылары бойынша гельминтоздыц алдын алуды кайта карау керек екенiн керсетедi.
ТYШндi свздер: гельминт, топырац гельминттер1, нематодтар, двцгелек цурттар.
ЧАСТОТА РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ГЕЛЬМИНТОЗА
*Ш. Светланова, А. Рыскулова, А. Нурбакыт
ТОО Казахстанский медицинский университет «ВШОЗ», г. Алматы, Казахстан
Аннотация
В настоящее время частота встречаемости гельминтоза среди детей остается высокой. Частое распространение гельминтов среди детей часто является признаком слабого иммунитета, а также частой заболеваемости. Распространение гельминтозов среди детского населения является проблемой для сферы медицины. По данным Всемирной Организации здравоохранения ежегодно среди болезней наносящий ущерб населению является гельминтозы. Кроме того, важность этого заболевания в педиатрической практике является быстрая распространенность а также значительное влияние на детское население. Чаще всего гельминтоз маскируются под другими заболеваниями, так как у ребенка появляется аллергическая реакция. Паразитарные заболевания это напрямую связано с бытовым инфразвуком и поведением населения, санитарно-гигиеническими и природными условиями. Наиболее распространенной формой среди гельминтозов является энтеребиоз. Механизм распространения этого гельминтоза во многом зависит от нарушения санитарно-гигиенических условий, а также от районов, расположенных в эпидемиологически низких условиях. С одной стороны, высокий уровень энтеребиоза является индикатором оценки заболеваемости что свидетельствует о заболеваемости населения гельминтозом. По выводам нашего обзора проблема указывает на то, что стоит пересмотреть профилактику гельминтозов.
Ключевые слова: гельминты, почвенные гельминты, нематоды, круглые черви.
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Conflict of interest. All authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interest requiring disclosure in this article.
Contribution of the authors. All authors have made an equal contribution to the development of the concept, implementation,processing of results and writing of the article. We declare that this material has not been published before and is not under consideration by other publishers.
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Information about the authors
Corresponding author. Svetlanova Shnara Muratkyzy - 2nd year master's student in the specialty «Medical and preventive care », LLP Kazakhstan's Medical University «KSPH», Almaty, Kazakhstan, E-mail: sshnara99@mail.ru, ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4546-1452.
Ryskulova Alma-Gul Rakhimovna - candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of Department of Population Health and Social Sciences, Kazakhstan's Medical University «Kazakhstan's School of Public Health», Almaty, Kazakhstan, E-mail: r.alma@bk.ru, ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-4799.
Nurbaxyt Ardak Nurbakytkyzy - LLP Kazakhstan's Medical University «KSPH», Almaty, Kazakhstan, E-mail: ardaknur@mail.ru, ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3751-7308.
Article submitted: 13.03.2023.
Accepted for publication:.27.04.2023.
