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ДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ИНФОРМАТИЗАЦИИ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
FOSTERING TOLERANCE DURING LIFE-LONG LEARNING VIA MEANS OF INFORMATIZATION
S.G. Grigorev1, V.V. Grinshkun2, O.V. Lvova2, L.A. Shunina2
1 Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Chair 2 Department of informatization of education Moscow city pedagogical university Sheremetyevskaya str., 29, Moscow, Russia, 127521
Approaches to increase in effectiveness of educational work with young people in the Internetmedia are discussed. The approaches include means of information and telecommunication technologies very popular among youth.
Key words: life-long learning, tolerance, means of informatization
Nowadays the problem of fostering and development of tolerance is becoming very acute because of many reasons. It is evident that in modern world co-exist and are to be in close contact countries with different:
— political systems;
— level of economic development;
— national and cultural traditions;
— religions (or religious trends, sometimes even controversial).
Moreover listed above differences except the first one can be observed in one and the same country and this practice is being widely spread all around the world, for instance, the Russian Federation (a new state appeared after decay of the Soviet Union in 1991). Great amount of people (not only Russian by nationality but also Russian-speaking) started to move from republics of the former Soviet Union to Russia. We can consider this as a large-scale process of migration. Current events in countries around the RF or in vicinity of it and with which Russia has had friendly and good-neighbourly relations for a long period of time also add a lot to the problem of fostering and development of tolerance.
This is the main reason why state and society try to develop activity on fostering tolerant mentality and behavouir, development of religious tolerance, peacefulness, intolerance to extremism. Peculiarity of this problem for Russia is based on the fact that elder people
having lived in the former Soviet Union possessed positive experience of intercultural and interethnic relations gained during the war or other severe trials in the history of the state and peace-building but young people born after decay of the Soviet Union not. This adds specificity to the problem of fostering tolerance among young people in Russia what is the main focus for pedagogical Higher educational institutions.
The concept of tolerance, as well as system of ideas about ways of its formation are not unambiguous. Despite its actuality the term has appeared in Russia rather lately and has some definitions. In the article tolerance is considered as active moral position and psychological readiness for tolerance for the sake of understanding among peoples, social groups, positive interaction with people of different cultural, national, religious or social environment.
It is obvious that fostering tolerance as well as educating people of different ages is a rather complicated task. To solve it effectively one can use traditionally applied in education means of informatization [1; 2]. Meanwhile it should be stressed that total informatization of the society adds to problems relevant to fostering and development of tolerance. On one side, widely spreading information and communication technologies (ICT) catalyzed processes ofglobalization, when economic, political, and cultural activity is beyond territorial jurisdiction and, accordingly, beyond the nation States. Modern information technologies give a powerful impetus to increase access to education and training and to create new effective individualized methods of training and education, but the dissemination of information technologies threatens to dehumanize society and the replacement of spiritual values with technological concepts and principles. In this situation, all sectors of education should play a key role in countering the "virtualization" of the world. The approach of nearing training and education to the user with individualization of programs of training and education through the use of means of informatization are becoming a widely spread trend [3].
On the other hand modern computer technologies along with wide and very rapid spread of global and local telecommunication networks have created ways of sharing quality information, giving new opportunities for the development of tolerance in humans everyday life. The development of Internet resources and other effective means of information is one of the strategic reserves of the state, the use ofwhich has already almost exceeded, at least among young people the use of traditional resources. In such conditions, it is important to foster positive attitude, to counter hostile propaganda and agitation, which became widespread on the Internet, and not only to control the public mood.
According to research of GfK (Omnibus GfK is regular surveys ofpopulation of Russia at the age of 16 and more according to representative national survey, total amount of survey of Omnibus GfK in 2015 was 11000 respondents), application of smartphones increased more than two times in the year. Thus in 2014 17,6% of Russians at the age up joined Internet via smartphone and 8,4% — via tablet, by the end of 2015 these values had been 37,2% and 19,2%, respectively. It was promoted by rapid development of access points to wireless computer networks and mobile Internet packages offered by major mobile operators.
Today, 42% of the adult population of Russia (about 50 million people) have access to the Internet from mobile devices. The most active Internet subscriptions through mobile devices are performed by young people. In 2015, the highest part of Internet users with smartphones (70%) and tablets (35%) were among people aged 16 to 29 years [5].
It should be noted that in 2015 the increase in the number of Internet users in Russia was mainly due to the increase in the share of people in middle and older age, because the number of Internet users among the young respondents (16—29 years), according to GfK, is now 97% (i.e. reached maximum values in previous years). These and many other factors are to be taken into account within the creation and improvement of systems of tolerance. Its formation involves the solution of many problems, including:
— determine general goals and specific activities;
— review the system of scientific knowledge about nations and their relations, the rights and freedoms of individuals and peoples, races and religious denominations;
— fostering conscience, civil and human feelings;
— development of positive experience of cultural communication with people of different religions, races, nations [6].
To solve these and other problems it is rational to use means of information, the wide distribution ofwhich along with methods of training and education focused on the learner, promotes the growth of number of people with access to modern technology. Computerization within the tolerance allows to cover more effectively the training problem groups and also contributes to development of training based on ICT in combination with traditional methods of training and education, to compensate for the lack of human interaction when learning with the use of only means of information. Such various tools are already widely used in the framework of distance learning. Experience of application of modern means of informatization for education of tolerance among people of different ages (lifelong learning throughout life) is being accumulated in many countries.
To spread in Russia the best European experience in December 2013 in the framework of the Tempus programme a research project (duration 3 years) "Learning throughout life, aimed at promoting multicultural education and tolerance in Russia (ALLMEET)" started. One of the participants in this project is the Institute of mathematics, Informatics and natural Sciences of Moscow city University. The project involves several European and Russian partners with recognized professional groups in the field of training and education of people of different age groups:
— University of Bologna (Italy) — project coordinator, playing a key role in ongoing research;
— European centre for VPL (Valuation of prior knowledge and skills) (Holland);
— College of social Sciences, University of Glasgow (UK);
— The center for sociological education at the New University of Lisbon (Portugal);
— Institute of pedagogy and psychology RAO (Kazan);
— Kazan (Volga region) Federal University (branch in Naberezhnye Chelny);
— Institute of pedagogy and psychology, Mari state University;
— Institute of pedagogy and psychology Northern (Arctic) Federal University;
— Institute of pedagogy, psychology and sociology Siberian Federal University.
The project partners have developed and are implementing the idea of intercultural
educational platform (IEP), operating using the latest pedagogical approaches and techniques. Such platform has three main focuses:
— physical: research, training centers;
— virtual space;
— informational-propaganda space: action in public spaces with the aim of reaching target groups in their social and cultural environments.
Each Russian partner created one of the six platforms (the number of the Russian participants of the consortium) working in the area that is closest to scope of scientific interests of the partner and is of great demand in the conditions of the region concerned. There is no doubt that the staff of the Moscow city University involved in the project, focuses on the development of theoretical and methodological bases of use of means of informatization for developing tolerance among the youth taking into account need for fostering it for people of any age and throughout life.
In existing publications there are the following key tasks for multicultural education:
— to promote comprehensive and deep mastering by the students the culture of its people to successfully integrate into the other cultures;
— to develop students understanding of the idea about the diversity of cultures in the world and Russia, to foster a positive attitude towards cultural differences, contributing to the progress of mankind and serving as the condition for self-realization;
— to create conditions for integration of pupils in the cultures of other nations;
— to form and develop skills of effective interaction with representatives of different cultures;
— to educate students in the spirit of humane inter-ethnic communication, tolerance and peace [7].
It is necessary to consider that the formation of information culture, which is an integral part of modern educational process, especially in higher education institutions, should result in ability of learner when using information and telecommunication technologies to:
— to rely on his own, and not just on outside judgments;
— to make conclusions and generalizations on his own;
— to be critical to the received information;
— to assess learned facts from point of view of personal attitudes;
— to apply actively mental operations in educational activity;
— to express himself in research and problem exploration.
Growing popularity of social networks, blogs, forums and other telecommunication services creates new mechanisms of influence public opinion and consciousness, and especially of young people, when mentors with their ratings, feedback and reviews are users of the Internet, recognized as authoritative and competent in the virtual world. Formation of a new zone of influence is taking place and new ways of expression and opinion are often imposed outside the control of state. Currently sufficiently meaningful way to communicate for the most active and educated part of society are social networks, which has become the place of expression of the civil position, where the process of public opinion formation takes place, which subsequently may affect officials in the adoption of those or other political decisions.
Taking into account that, on one hand, information culture includes two main components: ideological and technological, and ideological component, in turn, consists of ethical, psychological, social, aesthetical and emotional characteristics, and reflects the value of attitude to the work with information, while, on the other hand, the Internet space is the most powerful and effective means of mass impact, especially on young people one should pay particular attention to the possibility ofusing various means of information for fostering tolerance. Institute of mathematics, Informatics and natural Sciences of the Moscow city University is widely represented in social networks and other
telecommunication media that allows to extend its expertise in the use of means of informatization, including and expanding on the process of fostering tolerance in the framework of lifelong learning.
Mentioned services of telecommunication networks play an essential socio-political, socio-psychological, moral and economic role, acting as an organizer, educator, unifier, or, conversely, perform disintegrating and disjoining function.
Recently Internet has become not only means ofmass information and communication, but has transformed into an information space that threaten to certain individuals or groups, and statehood in general. Emotional methods of formation of public opinion based on interpersonal communication, mechanisms of self-realization and inclusion are applied. The authors actively express their position, which is automatically sent to the reader's mind. Young people and older people prefer social networks where there is a rapid interpersonal communication at the level of viewing photos, liking and placing a brief review of news (not for all), for some it has become not only a daily habit, but a kind of addiction. Exchange of views takes place, usually, on a popular political sites where readers can leave their comments, usually confined to insulting remarks, while the practice of using blogs where in need is to think, to reason or to justify position, is not very popular. Most of information in the online resources are freely available, and these resources can be looked through by children, teenagers and young people, where they can easily be psychologically impacted for the mercenary purposes.
Of particular danger, it has become in recent years, when materials of criminal organizations have become widespread. It is clear that the role of social networks in the process of development and fostering tolerance is significant, and it forces focusing on running the processes. Scientists around the world have already started to analyze the behavior ofvarious strata and to study the mechanisms of influence used in these resources According to Wikipedia, social networking is a platform designed to build, reflect and organize social relationships, which are the visualization of social graphs [8]. The free dictionary gives a broader definition of social network: interactive multi-user website, the content ofwhich is filled with its visitors, with the option of specifying any information about the individual through which other participants will be able to find the user's account in the network [7]. In the framework of the registration in the social network is created a profile (account) of the participant, which is filled depending on professional, games, personal needs and contains information about age, education, place of work, marital status, interests, etc. the presence in the profile, blogs and news subscriptions allows to form a deeper view on the owner and set his preferences, as a result, monitoring social media can be an effective source of information of different levels in relation to how individuals and entire organizations.
For example, such social networks as My World, Classmates, Vkontakte, Facebook, are widespread among young people, contain user profiles, photos, personal videos and many other information indicating their interests, attitudes, preferences.
On one hand, law enforcement agencies use social networks as a database where you can get a variety of information that can help not only in the detection and prevention of crime, but also to serve as evidence in trials. So, for example, using the YouTube video sharing many crimes around the world were investigated and prevented. On the other hand, such information is widely used in the creation of a fictional image, which can be
used to obtain the necessary information on a specific person, using the methods of psychological influence, but also for various kinds of fraud.
In his book "Social networking technologies" M.V. Sazanov highlights the power of social networks from the point of view of philosophy and social psychology. From the standpoint of the philosophy social networking technologies are able to replace the well-established knowledge to the new paradigm. From the point of view of psychology user of social networks feels himself a significant person, who defines the problem (using help of community) and finds a solution. In addition, the user is under control of social status in the network hierarchy. Socializing nature of social media creates a community of like-minded people who are closely linked through online and offline communication that leads to cohesion of the network and concerted action, as a result, increases the likelihood of the formation of structure of society with the changing political orientation [8].
One should keep in mind that "tolerance is a special relationship that is formed (and as every other relationship) based on the evaluation of some object (often another person) thanks to constant contact with the object [9].
Research on the impact of the Internet on formation of public opinion, in particular, tolerance can be divided into three main models:
— limited impact;
— moderate impact;
— strong influence [10].
In the model of limited effects media do not increase the motivation of the target audience, and only reinforce already formed opinions.
The essence of the model of moderate impact is that the impact of telecommunication resources and services, particularly social networks, is not determined by the nature of information but by ways of its delivery. The degree to which the audience is determined by individual differences of recipients, the intensity of social tension, as well as the number and centralization of information functions that run this social network.
The model of a strong impact suggests that information located on social networks, may encourage the subscriber to certain actions, including revision of his attitudes, beliefs and values by the individual under their influence. For example, the smaller the subscriber, and the more a guest knows about the complexities and contradictions of the discussed phenomena, the greater will be the change in his plants [11]. Among the factors influencing fostering tolerance are:
— personal factors (physical and emotional state of the audience);
— social factors (level of social security and protection);
— cultural factors (ethnicity, religiosity);
— psychological factors (psychological engagement);
— scientific and technical factors (level of scientific-technical progress).
Among potential positive social networking opportunities one can highlight their ability to become an instrument of transformation of the public sphere, for example, relevant in their use for various social or religious strata, to promote the popularization of scientific-technical and other knowledge, as well as the organization of collectives and other social movements, contributing to fostering and development of tolerance, resolution or withdrawal of interethnic and interreligious conflicts. From the point of view of the individual capabilities social networks can be used for self-realization, and is aimed at
meeting a variety of needs such as: education and perfection of spirit, development and, for example, fostering tolerance, solution of interethnic problems.
Nowadays in many countries expression in social networks has become to large extend struggle against the current government that is quite often result of hostile activity of opposition forces and external to the state institutions. It is clear that the creation and development of such structures, which would be responsible for constant supervision of telecommunication services and the adoption at state level oflaws against foreign influence in different countries will not solve this problem. It is necessary to implement the educational function of education in this area. As mentioned above, it is necessary that applying information and telecommunication technologies, in particular social networks, the learner could:
— rely on his own, and not just on outside judgments;
— make conclusions and generalizations on their own;
— be critical of the received information;
— assess learned facts from the point of view of personal attitudes.
Thus in social networks the implementation of reflexive control acquires the features of a confrontation of two points of view, which is categorical and the persistence of arguments in favor of any position, for an optimal transition from negative views to positive, preferably, and this is already the case in business practice, the use of so-called agents of influence (by the example of e fashion bloggers that are currently used by almost every self-respecting fashion house). The main objective of such groups or persons is the introduction of mass discussion, where so-called independent and objective persons, presenting views of abstract nature, with no lack of critics give convincing arguments in favor of one party. The purpose of this impact serves as a leveling of the effectiveness of hostile point of view. It is important to observe the basic rules of this interaction, which in general are reduced to communicating with users adhering to the peace statement of the thoughts, loyal to the opposing party in order to allay possible suspicion, involvement in discussion doubting some users.
Use means of information and appropriate social technologies for formation of public opinion, particularly in area of tolerance, enables to bring together separate strata, and ultimately the whole society, in general, against information intervention, to consolidate disparate expressions of citizenship, as well as to neutralize the negative lesions, which can result in destructive influence on political decisions and the situation.
Experience shows rather high efficiency of use for fostering and development of tolerance of such innovative tools as situational vocabulary and quasi-corpora, which became available due to the widespread use and development of information and telecommunication technologies [12]. The appropriate use of such tools in social networks can improve the efficiency of methods of fostering and development of tolerance through the creation of relevant linguistic environment, which in turn, according to the laws of neurolinguistics forms a philosophical position, a positive or negative attitude towards certain events and phenomena.
Described in this article examples along with many other significant factors convincingly demonstrate the feasibility and the necessity of developing approaches to fostering tolerance in the framework of systems of education for long-life education to be based on use of modern means of informatization of education. The authors are convinced that the use of such means will near the factors that are important for tolerance to all age
groups, especially young people. However, studies that help to identify the appropriate tools and methods are now just being started. This very actual and promising direction of scientific and practical activities will definitely get popular in the nearest future.
LITERATURE
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[2] Григорьев С.Г., Гриншкун В.В. Цели, содержание и особенности подготовки педагогов в области информатизации образования в магистратуре педагогического вуза // Вестник Московского городского педагогического университета. Серия «Информатика и информатизация образования». 2013. № 1(25). С. 10—18.
[3] Олейникова О.Н., Муравьева А.А., Аксёнова Н.М. Обучение в течение всей жизни как инструмент реализации Лиссабонской стратегии. М.: РИО ТК им. Коняева, 2009. 131 с.
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[10] Бондырева С.К., Колесов Д.В. Толерантность (введение в проблему). М.: Издательство Московского психолого-социального института, 2003. 240 с.
[11] Брайант Д., Томпсон С. Основы воздействия СМИ. М.: Издательский дом Вильямс, 2004. 432 с.
[12] Львова О.В. I-культура или полное бескультурье? // Магия ИННО: новые технологии в языковой подготовке специалистов-международников: материалы научно-практической конференции к 70-летию факультета международных отношений (Москва, 4—5 октября 2013 г.). М.: МГИМО, 2013. Т. 1. 410 с.
ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ ПРИ ОБУЧЕНИИ В ТЕЧЕНИЕ ВСЕЙ ЖИЗНИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СРЕДСТВ ИНФОРМАТИЗАЦИИ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
С.Г. Григорьев1, В.В. Гриншкун2, О.В. Львова2, Л.А. Шунина2
1 Кафедра информатики и прикладной математики
2 Кафедра информатизации образования Московский городской педагогический университет Шереметьевская ул., 29, Москва, Россия, 127521
В статье обсуждаются подходы к повышению эффективности воспитательной работы с молодыми людьми в наиболее привычной для них интернет-среде с применением популярных среди молодежи информационных и телекоммуникационных технологий.
Ключевые слова: обучение в течение всей жизни, толерантность, средства информатизации
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