CC BY
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Оригинальное исследование
УДК 159.938
DOI: 10.18413/2313-8971-2023-9-3-0-10
I.I. Zapparov
Formation of professionalism of 12-14-year-old hockey players: interdependence of psychophysiological characteristics with the effectiveness of forwards in hockey_
Ak Bars Ice Hockey Academy 55 A Shevchenko Str., 423450, Almetyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
zapis07@mail.ru
Received on January 16, 2023; accepted on September 15, 2023; published on September 30, 2023
Abstract. In modern sports there is a tendency to develop the speed of movement, the speed of decision-making. The primary signal to any external influence is the response of our body. The faster the reaction rate of our body, the more successful we are in a particular sport, where these indicators are important. Hockey is no exception. It is extremely important for a hockey player to make quick and effective decisions. Considering the above, there is the question: is the speed of reaction important for the performance of forwards? The purpose of the work is to analyze the probability of the interdependence of the characteristics of psychophysiological functions during the formation of the professionalism of hockey players with the performance of forwards in ice hockey at the age of 12-14. Materials and methods - testing was carried out using psychophysiological and psychological diagnostics on special equipment. Eighty young hockey players aged 12 to 14 participated in the study. Results of the study and their discussion. The psycho-physiological qualities and performance of hockey forwards were analyzed during the research. It is very important for 12-14-year-old forwards to score goals and be able to pass to a goal, as this is a very strong argument for the scouting services. In professional hockey the need for a forward to play productively is very high. The study examined the influence of psychophysiological qualities on abandoned goals and assists, and as a result, we can offer information about the characteristics of psychophysiological functions during the formation of the professionalism of a hockey player in percentage probability. Conclusion. According to the studies, we can say that there is no direct relationship between the performance of hockey forwards and high results in the framework of psychophysiological functions. It means that if there is a need to select a high-scoring player when selecting forwards for hockey teams, these criteria are not entirely accurate to apply. Keywords: psychology; psychophysiology; hockey; reaction to a moving object; noise immunity; attention; simple visual-motor reaction; discrimination reaction; choice reaction
Information for citation: Zapparov, I.I. (2023), "Formation of professionalism of 1214-year-old hockey players: interdependence of psychophysiological characteristics with the effectiveness of forwards in hockey", Research Result. Pedagogy and Psychology of Education, 9 (3), 119-128, DOI: 10.18413/2313-8971-2023-9-3-0-10.
Заппаров И.И.
Становление профессионализма хоккеистов 12-14 лет: взаимозависимость психофизиологических характеристик с результативностью нападающих в хоккее с шайбой_
Академия хоккея Ак Барс им. Ю.И. Моисеева ул. Шевченко, д. 55 А, г. Альметьевск, Республика Татарстан, Россия
zapis07@mail.ru
Статья поступила 16 января 2023; принята 15 сентября 2023; опубликована 30 сентября 2023
Аннотация. Введение. В современном спорте прослеживается тенденция к развитию скорости передвижения, скорости принятия решений. Первичный сигнал на любое внешнее воздействие - это ответная реакция нашего организма. И чем быстрее скорость реакции нашего организма, тем мы более успешны в том или ином виде спорта, где важны данные показатели. И хоккей здесь не является исключением. Для хоккеиста крайне важно принимать быстрые и эффективные решения. Принимая во внимание вышеизложенное, возникает вопрос: важна ли скорость реакции для результативности нападающих? Цель работы - анализ вероятности взаимозависимости характеристик психофизиологических функций в период становления профессионализма хоккеистов с результативностью нападающих в хоккее с шайбой в возрасте 12-14 лет. Материалы и методы - тестирование проходило с использованием психофизиологической и психологической диагностики на специальном оборудование. Всего в исследование участвовало 80 юных хоккеистов в возрасте от 12 до 14 лет. Результаты исследования и их обсуждение. В связи с проведенными исследованиями были проанализированы психофизиологические качества и результативность нападающих в хоккее. Наиболее важно для нападающих в возрасте 12-14 лет забрасывать шайбы в ворота соперника и уметь выполнить передачу на гол. В профессиональном хоккее необходимость нападающего играть результативно очень высока. В исследовании было рассмотрено влияние психофизиологических качеств на заброшенные шайбы и голевые передачи, и в итоге можем предложить информацию о характеристиках психофизиологических функций в период становления профессионализма хоккеиста в процентной вероятности. Заключение. По итогам проведенных исследований можно сказать, что прямой взаимосвязи между результативности нападающих в хоккее и высокими показателями в рамках психофизиологических функций нет. И при отборе нападающих в хоккейные команды данные критерии не совсем точны для применения, если существует необходимость отобрать результативного игрока.
Ключевые слова: психология; психофизиология; хоккей; реакция на движущийся объект; помехоустойчивость; внимание; простая зрительно-моторная реакция; реакция различения, реакция выбора
Информация для цитирования: Заппаров И.И. Становление профессионализма хоккеистов 12-14 лет: взаимозависимость психофизиологических характеристик с результативностью нападающих в хоккее с шайбой // Научный результат. Педагогика и психология образования. 2023. Т.9. №3. С. 119-128. DOI: 10.18413/2313-8971-2023-9-3-0-10.
Introduction. The Ministry of Sports developed a federal standard that divides children's and youth hockey into the following stages of sports training:
- stage of initial training;
- training stage (stage of sports specialization);
- stage of improvement of sportsmanship;
- stage of higher sportsmanship (Tretyak, Rotenberg, Bure, 2020).
Exactly at the age of 12-14, the stage of sports specialization (training stage) takes place. At this stage coaches need to decide on the professional direction of the players, i.e., the distribution of hockey players by roles, taking into account the psychological and psychophysiological component (Dennis, 2018). The defining characteristic of a highly qualified forward player is his performance, namely the ability to score goals and give assists to his partners (Tar-asov, 1988).
V.P. Guba and V.V. Marinich (Guba and Marinich, 2014) considered the concept of selection of children in football and hockey, taking into account physiological indicators of young athletes. A comparison between different sports was also carried out by V.V. Mezentsev in his article "The comparative characteristic of indicators of psychomotility at young hockey players with the ball and the washer in the preparatory period of the year cycle" (Mezentsev, 2017). In this study, we would like to analyze the interdependence of the characteristics of psychophysiological functions with the performance of forwards in hockey.
We should note that an effective forward is one of the roles that a coach can develop in hockey players (Mayorov, 1968). At the stage of higher sportsmanship, coaches can make sports selection for each specific role (Briel, 1980). For example, no coach will make a sports selection of forwards, recruiting players only able to attack, as this will lead to an imbalance in game combinations (Kostka, 1976). In addition, with the selection described above, there will be no
forwards capable of performing defensive functions. In this regard, at the stage of sports specialization, coaches lay a certain foundation for the future roles of the forwards, their professional orientation (Smith and Smoll, 2012). It is worth mentioning that there are also different roles for defensemen (Tabrum, 2012).
The issue of the interdependence of psy-chophysiological characteristics with the performance of forwards in hockey was studied in previous articles where other methods of statistical processing were used (Zapparov, Fukin, 2021, Zapparov, 2022).
The main goal is to analyze the probability of the interdependence of the psychophysio-logical functions characteristics during the formation of the professionalism of hockey players with the performance of forwards in ice hockey at the age of 12-14. Is there a relationship between effective performance in hockey and the data of testing their psychophysiological qualities? For comparative analysis, we took the average number of goals and assists per game during the competitive season. In addition, for a deeper analysis, we considered each psycho-physiological quality separately and compared it with the average number of goals scored and assists made per game. The study examined the following terms that are used in hockey: "score"", "sniper" and "passer". A "scorer" is the player who scores the most points during the competitive period. A "sniper" is a player who shoots the biggest amount of puck to the opponent's mesh during the competitive season. A "passer" is a player who makes the most assists to his partners during the competitive season (Hardy, Holman, 2018). The study examines the question of whether there is a relationship between psychophysiological qualities and effective performance in general and separately.
Research hypothesis. The indicators of the speed of a simple visual-motor reaction, the speed of the reaction of discrimination, the speed of the choice reaction, concentration and stability of attention, noise immunity and reaction to a moving object will reveal the ability of forwards to achieve results at the stage of sports specialization in hockey.
The theoretical basis. In the course of the development of hockey players in youth sports, the process of sports selection takes place within the framework of sports training (physical, technical, tactical, theoretical and psychological). During this process, coaches need to determine the roles of the players in the team. In order to achieve high results for 12-14-year-old hockey players, the coach focuses on players who are able to score a large number of points throughout the competition. In this regard, coaches need to determine the starting points and criteria to determine the ability of forwards to score a large number of points.
In modern sports, there is a tendency to develop the speed of movement, the speed of decision-making (Savin, 2003). The primary signal to any external influence is the response of our body (Pocock, Richards C., Richards D., 2017). Moreover, the faster the reaction rate of our body, the more successful we are in a particular sport, where these indicators are important (Muller, 2001). Hockey is no exception. It is extremely important for a hockey player to make quick and effective decisions (Karandin, 1997; Brennan, 2009).
The study considered the question of the interdependence of the characteristics of psy-chophysiological functions at the stage of sports specialization. The determination of high performance is important for the performance of forwards according to the following criteria:
- the speed of various types of reactions;
- noise immunity;
- attention.
Conducting psychophysiological testing will help to correlate high performance in tests and the performance of hockey forwards in the formation of professionalism at the stage of sports specialization.
Methodology and methods. The method which makes it possible to determine whether there is a statistical difference in psychophysio-logical qualities between effective forwards with the average points per game >=1.50 (Table 2) and forwards whose average points per game are <=0.50 (Table 1) was considered in the study. The difference of one point is significant here. It plays an important role in the selection. The average number will be found for all statistical indicators. If, however, we evaluate separately the effective actions of goals and assists, then such a difference as 1 point will already be rare and, therefore, the difference will be 0.9. So the average number of goals or assists per game will be >=1.00 (Tables 3, 5) and <=0.10 (Tables 4, 6). Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 provide information on the following indicators:
- the speed of a simple visual-motor reaction (SVMR);
- speed of discrimination reaction;
- speed of choice reaction;
- assessment of attention;
- noise immunity;
- reaction to a moving object (RMO), namely the number of accurate reactions, the number of advances and the number of delays.
Forwards with an average number of points scored per game is <=0.50
Table 1
Таблица 1
Average goals + assists SVMR Discrimination reaction Choice reaction The assessment of attention Noisy immunity RMO
The number of accurate reactions %
0,10 251 331 364 315 403 30%
0,15 233 280 376 290 315 64%
0,17 217 280 371 298 353 48%
0,20 229 290 338 283 372 52%
0,21 251 336 446 310 337 46%
0,23 226 310 370 288 391 44%
0,23 221 317 366 335 397 54%
0,23 234 341 401 298 331 56%
0,25 272 273 376 298 430 64%
0,25 249 357 441 353 362 26%
0,26 213 333 342 304 350 68%
0,28 490 345 421 346 457 38%
0,28 320 297 530 361 383 22%
0,29 216 275 409 311 328 62%
0,30 234 313 411 319 378 48%
0,33 241 389 392 287 354 78%
0,33 195 217 310 279 354 62%
0,35 294 256 355 326 418 48%
0,35 234 323 407 327 421 48%
0,35 226 267 392 303 334 58%
0,39 225 323 563 277 372 38%
0,39 181 237 294 273 319 70%
0,40 266 286 339 363 391 62%
0,40 209 236 275 321 386 40%
0,40 214 265 435 309 413 44%
0,41 226 332 330 270 335 48%
0,43 185 242 270 287 458 68%
0,44 218 280 308 297 358 44%
0,45 230 261 476 299 381 60%
0,45 217 273 319 280 338 28%
0,48 211 299 352 287 346 42%
0,50 187 235 338 267 351 48%
0,50 219 317 432 350 342 48%
The average 237,4 294,4 380,3 306,4 371,5 50%
Table 2
Forwards with an average number of points per game >=1.50
Таблица 2
Нападающие, у которых среднее количество набранных очков за игру _> =1,50_
Average goals + assists SVMR Discrimination reaction Choice reaction The assessment of attention Noisy immunity RMO
The number of accurate reactions %
1,50 230 318 372 295 332 54%
1,55 227 348 452 317 345 54%
1,67 218 285 367 327 393 54%
1,68 228 275 429 301 320 52%
1,78 211 257 355 308 382 54%
1,95 230 318 468 300 367 60%
2,25 215 256 368 277 325 40%
2,31 261 309 546 314 378 50%
The
aver- 227,5 295,8 419,6 304,9 355,3 52%
age
According to the analysis results in competitive season, 33 forwards have
the average performance per game of <=0.50 and 8 an forwards an average of >=1.50.
Table 3
Forwards with an average number of goals scored per game <=0.10
Таблица 3
Average goals SVMR Discrimination reaction Choice reaction The assessment of attention Noisy immunity RMO
The number of accurate reactions %
0,00 241 389 392 287 354 78%
0,00 226 310 370 288 391 44%
0,05 251 331 364 315 403 30%
0,06 251 336 446 310 337 46%
0,07 229 290 338 283 372 52%
0,08 233 280 376 290 315 64%
0,08 234 341 401 298 331 56%
0,08 221 317 366 335 397 54%
0,08 217 280 371 298 353 48%
0,09 213 333 342 304 350 68%
The average 231,6 320,7 376,6 300,8 360,3 54%
Table 4
Forwards with an average number of goals scored per game >=1.00
Таблица 4
Нападающие, у которых среднее количество заброшенных _ шайб за игру >=1,00__
Average goals SVMR Discrimination reaction Choice reaction The assessment of attention Noisy immunity RMO
The number of accurate reactions %
1,00 243 326 359 331 374 46%
1,14 230 318 468 300 367 60%
1,25 215 256 368 277 325 40%
1,38 261 309 546 314 378 50%
The average 237,25 302,25 435,25 305,5 361 49%
According to the results of the analysis of the competitive season, 10 forwards had an average number of goals scored per
game <=0.10 and 4 forwards scored an average of >=1.00.
Forwards with an average number of assists per game <=0.10 Нападающие, у которых среднее количество результативных передач
Table 5 Таблица 5
Average assists SVMR Discrimination reaction Choice reaction The assessment of attention Noisy immunity RMO
The number of accurate reactions %
0,00 227 235 327 304 439 40%
0,00 249 357 441 353 362 26%
0,00 320 297 530 361 383 22%
0,05 251 331 364 315 403 30%
0,06 218 280 308 297 358 44%
0,08 233 280 376 290 315 64%
0,08 272 273 376 298 430 64%
0,08 217 280 371 298 353 48%
0,10 230 261 476 299 381 60%
0,10 214 265 435 309 413 44%
The average 243,1 285,9 400,4 312,4 383,7 44%
Table 6
Forwards with an average number of assists per game >=1,00
Таблица 6
Нападающие, у которых среднее количество результативных передач __ за игру > =1,00___
Average assists SVMR Discrimination reaction Choice reaction The assessment of attention Noise immunity RMO
The number of accurate reactions %
1,00 218 285 367 327 393 54%
1,00 228 275 429 301 320 52%
1,00 215 256 368 277 325 40%
1,00 218 264 367 296 335 30%
1,06 211 257 355 308 382 54%
The average 218 267,4 377,2 301,8 351 46%
According to the results of the analysis average number of assists per game <=0.10 and of the competitive season, 10 forwards had an 5 forwards scored an average of >=1.00.
Comparison of forwards by their performance
Table 7 Таблица 7
The assessment of RMO
Average goals + assists SVMR Discrimination reaction Choice reaction Noise immunity The number of accurate
attention reactions %
<=0,50 237,4 294,4 380,3 306,4 371,5 50%
>=1,50 227,5 295,8 419,6 304,9 355,3 52%
The RMO
Average goals SVMR Discrimination reaction Choice reaction assessment of attention Noise immunity The number of accurate reactions %
<=0,10 231,6 320,7 376,6 300,8 360,3 54%
>=1,00 237,25 302,25 435,25 305,5 361 49%
The RMO
Average assists SVMR Discrimination reaction Choice reaction assessment of attention Noise immunity The number of accurate reactions %
<=0,10 243,1 285,9 400,4 312,4 383,7 44%
>=1,00 218 267,4 377,2 301,8 351 46%
According to the results of the comparison (Table 7), we can say that successful forwards have a better developed simple visual-motor reaction and noise immunity. The discrimination reaction, the reaction to a moving object and attention are on the same level compared to the forwards, whose average performance is <=0.50. It is also necessary to note the fact that the choice reaction is better developed among ineffective players.
Players with the most goals scored against the opponent have a more developed discrimination reaction speed. For all other indicators forwards with the number of goals scored against the opponent's goal is <= 0.10 have an advantage.
The most logical results of the comparative analysis are for forwards who, during the competitive season, completed >=1.00 assists per game on average. For all psycho-physiological qualities the results are on average better
than those of the forwards with the average effectiveness of passes <= 0.10.
The psycho-physiological qualities and performance of forwards in hockey were analyzed during the research (Zapparov and Fukin, 2021). It is most important for forwards aged 1214 to score goals and be able to pass to a goal. In professional hockey, the need for a forward to play productively is very high. The study examined the influence of psychophysiological qualities on abandoned goals and assists, and as a result, it is possible to consider the interdependence of the characteristics of psychophysiological functions during the formation of the professionalism of a hockey player in percentage probability with the performance of forwards. So when dividing the entire list of test forwards in hockey, it is possible to use Table 8. We indicated the percentage of the probability that the list will contain a "scorer", "sniper" or "passer" for each psychophysiological quality.
Table 8
Interdependence of psychophysiological functions during the formation of the professionalism of a hockey player in percentage probability with the effectiveness of forwards
Таблица 8
Взаимозависимость психофизиологических функций в период становления профессионализма хоккеиста в процентной вероятности с результативностью нападающих
Rating (G + A) First 25% From 26 to 50 % From 51 to 75 % From 76 to 100 %
P sychophysi ologi cal qualities SVMR 0,245 0,26 0,27 0,225
Discrimination reaction 0,25 0,26 0,265 0,225
Choice reaction 0,22 0,275 0,23 0,275
The assesment of attention 0,25 0,25 0,28 0,22
Noise immunity 0,265 0,245 0,265 0,225
Reaction to a moving object 0,215 0,3 0,225 0,26
Rating (Goals) First 25% From 26 to 50 % From 51 to 75 % From 76 to 100 %
P sychophysi ologi cal qualities SVMR 0,25 0,26 0,245 0,245
Discrimination reaction 0,26 0,25 0,27 0,22
Choice reaction 0,21 0,275 0,235 0,28
The assessment of attention 0,235 0,245 0,275 0,245
Noise immunity 0,255 0,24 0,285 0,22
Reaction to a moving object 0,205 0,31 0,22 0,265
Rating (Assists) First 25% From 26 to 50 % From 51 to 75 % From 76 to 100 %
P sychophysi ologi cal qualities SVMR 0,245 0,24 0,295 0,22
Discrimination reaction 0,24 0,26 0,265 0,235
Choice reaction 0,215 0,27 0,255 0,26
The assessment of attention 0,255 0,265 0,25 0,23
Noise immunity 0,27 0,26 0,25 0,22
Reaction to a moving object 0,235 0,305 0,215 0,245
Conclusion. Based on the results of the studies of psychophysiological functions, we can say that there is no direct relationship between the performance of forwards in hockey and high performance in tests to determine the speed of a simple visual-motor reaction, discrimination reaction, choice reaction, attention assessment, noise immunity and reaction to a moving object. So, when selecting forwards for
hockey teams, these criteria are not entirely accurate to apply if there is a need to choose a high-scoring player.
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Информация о конфликте интересов: автор не имеет конфликта интересов для декларации. Conflicts of Interest: the author has no conflict of interests to declare.
Данные авторов:
Заппаров Ислам Ильдарович, руководитель научно-методической группы, АНО «Академия хоккея Ак Барс» им. Ю.И. Моисеева. About the authors:
Islam I. Zapparov, Scientific and Methodological Team Leader, Moiseev Ak Bars Ice Hockey Academy
