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ФОРМУВАННЯ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКОГО СУСШЛЬСТВА У РЕСПУБЛ1Ц1 ПОЛЬЩА
Волквський М.А.
астрант
Кшвський нацюнальний утверситет iMeHi Тараса Шевченка, фтософський факультет, вiддiлення полiтологii
Науковий КеpieHUK Кирилюк Федip Михайлович Д-р фыос. проф.
FORMATION OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND
Volkivskyi M.
PhD. Student
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, political science department
АНОТАЦ1Я
У статп аналiзуeться становления громадянського сустльства в РП, виокремлюються етапи просу-вання до демократп, характеризуются позитивш i негативш чинники, що супроводжують процес демок-ратизаци краши.
ABSTRACT
The author analyzes the process of the formation of the civil society in Poland, the main steps of the development towards democracy are сharacterized, the positive and negative factors that accompany the process of democratization of the country are examined. Keywords: civil society, democracy, the Republic of Poland, „Solidarity", religion.
Ключовi слова: громадянське сустльство, демократия, Республша Польща, "Солщаршсть", релшя.
Keywords: civil society, democracy, Republic of Poland, Solidarity, religion.
Civil society is a kind of democratic community in which citizens consciously participate in public life, are active, responsible and capable of self-organization. A positive aspect of such a society is its prevailing democracy. People themselves nurture and change their coun-
try by electing a head of state, participating in referenda, holding demonstrations, writing announcements and appeals, and many other events.
Civil society, by its very nature, is a form of organized and purposeful influence of society on the implementation of public policy through its institutions,
counteracts the bodies of state power, preventing the usurpation of power by the state.
In advanced democracies, as argued by domestic scholars, civil society is a form of human community that builds a social coordinate system consisting of voluntary primary associations of individuals (families, cooperatives, etc., apart from government and political structures). It is a set of non-state relations in society -economic, social, national, as well as the private life of people, their customs and traditions. This is the sphere of self-expression of free individuals and their associations, protected by laws from direct interference and arbitrary regulation of their activity by the state authorities [1, 15].
It should be noted that civil society institutions were formed spontaneously for several centuries under the influence of the development of capitalist relations with the relevant attributes (market, personal freedom of citizens, parliamentarism, rule of law). However, these characteristics are peculiar to the societies of the predominantly Western democracy. Eastern European countries under the influence and direct pressure of Soviet ideology in times of bipolarity failed to realize the idea of forming a civil society, as indicated by both domestic and foreign scholars.
Analyzing the history of civil society formation in CEE, analysts concluded that this process, which lasted for almost 200 years, developed in several stages [2]. The first wave, caused by the consequences of the American and French revolutions, reached its climax in the period from 1828 to 1926. The second wave covered the period 1943-1962. In all periods of civil society development characteristic of Poland was the development of a fairly powerful "third sector »- lower-level self-government systems - communes1. The third wave of the development of democracy falls on 1980-1990. The most striking events of the third wave were the revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe: the peoples overthrew totalitarian regimes and began to build democratic societies. In the CEE countries, and Poland in particular, the process of institutionalization of civil society has begun, which envisaged the establishment of socio-political institutions, legal and organizational consolidation of relevant social relations that would satisfy the majority of citizens. The forerunners of the inevitable fall of the communist regimes were civil society organizations that emerged in the former communist countries in the 1980s: such as Solidarity in Poland and the Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia [2].
It should be noted that the process of civil society formation in different CEE countries differed significantly in its characteristics. The peculiarities of the Polish experience consisted in the specific long-standing confrontation between the public self-organization and the hostile state that had been formed since the 16th-19th centuries. even during the partition of Poland. It was then that unifying activity became a tool for the national revival of the Poles. At the same time, this process took place in all spheres of public life - in economic mutual assistance and material support of each other, in the educational and cultural sphere or in religious activity, etc. A significant factor in the revival of
personalities at that time was national identification and general opposition to the hostile system.
Under the then socialist conditions, the impossibility of reforming the Communist Party and the state, as an alternative from below, in various spheres of life, appeared niches, independent formations, where citizens could recreate and realize their human vocation and responsibility for the future. Such areas were called "second (or parallel) society" or "anti-politics" (Adam Mikhnik), "islands of positive deviation" (Jan Chorno-hursky) or "parallel world" (Vaclav Benda) [4]. In the bowels of such a society, a number of self-organizations had to develop: private universities, a parallel information network (samizdat), independent religious life, independent trade unions, discussion groups, etc. In turn, this movement was to form an alternative social consciousness beyond the representations of official life: an alternative culture alongside the official culture, an alternative public sphere, an alternative, that is, another economy, and so on.
Have all these components of civil society been realized? According to the practice of Poland, in the pre-war period the signs of citizenship were only born, but did not have time to develop and become entrenched in the national consciousness of the Poles. After the Second World War, all attempts to return to democracy were suppressed by their own authorities: the brutal massacre of the dissatisfied during the events of the summer of 1956 in Poznan (speeches by citizens in defense of their rights with the slogans: "Bread!", "God!" And "Freedom!" ), meticulous control over the moods of society in 1968 related to the events in Czechoslovakia, the execution of Poles at shipyards in 1970 and 1976, the martial law of 1981-1983, etc.
At the same time, according to Polish analysts, the idea of civil society in the conditions of existence of a socialist camp and block confrontation nevertheless developed and took various organizational forms, which according to the directions of activity can be combined into such blocks: preserving the moral purity of society and organizing resistance to the existing regime [ 4].
The idea of civil society in post-war Poland was based on the desire to develop a free and responsible person who realizes his responsibility in autonomous organizations together with others who share his beliefs and interests. The concept envisaged the formation of a society that appears to be outside the state but, at the same time, not completely separated from its structures. Participants in anti-government movements hoped that in an atmosphere of independent thinking and activity, along with such concepts as pluralism, tolerance, autonomy, would "reach" the official top, thus causing radical changes to the system and expanding civil rights and freedoms. Recall that the concept and the term "civil society" entered the Polish language (as K. Marx's statement) only in 1949 through ideological pro-communist publications. The term became popular in 1989 when it was used by the ruling elite to talk about equality and a pluralistic political society, as well as the legitimacy of neoliberal transformation. As you know, the term "civil society" was an unknown and anti-communist opposition to Poland in the twentieth century. From the time of the first Solidarity, they did
not know and did not apply this definition using the concept of the struggle for "self-governing Poland" [3].
In the most developed countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and especially in Poland, dissident movements have played an important role in the formation of civil societyl. In the 1970's. dissidents began to look for new ways to counter the system. It is in dissident groups that the concept of civil society is formed, playing a leading role in the revolutionary shifts of 1989. Thus, in Poland, representatives of intellectual circles, workers and the Roman Catholic Church joined forces by building an independent trade union movement (Solidarity). which is widely recognized in the summer of 1980. Thus, civil society in Poland was represented by a powerful organization that encompassed all sections of society and provided the preconditions for the emergence of an alternative collective identity.
The illegitimate status of Solidarity in no way prevented her from becoming the nucleus of the entire independent community, which consisted of publishing houses of newspapers, societies of students and students, teachers and doctors, peasants and small craftsmen, etc. Participants in the movement hoped that Solidarity, as a nation-wide form of civil society, would become the foundation of a future democratic state. Even the church has provided strong moral support for this movement. The government was forced to recognize the strength and influence of the independent trade union on Polish society and in February 1989 to begin negotiations with Solidarity (the so-called round table talks). The movement was legalized and, as a result, won a landslide victory in the first free elections in Poland in June 1989. Thus, Poland became the first eastern bloc country to form a non-communist government headed by Prime Minister T. Mazowiecki. Later, since 1991, Solidarity split into several political components, which led to its curtailing of all Polish activity and widespread influence.
Thus, it was the Solidarity Movement that played a historic role in the development of civil society in Poland. As a result, the state has been deprived of a dominant influence on both the individual citizen and the local associations. Such an order was enshrined in the December Constitution of 1989, which included the term "civil society" in the text, though without the Specificity of the formation of civil society in the Republic of Poland, 267 additional explanations of what the term means. The introduction of the concept of civil society in the Constitution should lead to the formation of non-state social infrastructure, which would allow to cover the interests of different segments of the population, as well as to establish a link between them and the government. Collective social activity in this case should be directed to the organization and joint action of people with similar interests, a type of peculiar interest market involving mainly political parties, trade unions and various non-governmental organizations, including informal social movements.
The core component of the solidarity civil society that replaced the dictatorship was the preservation of a general anti-government orientation. The anti-communist movement in the country has promoted the
spread of a dangerous and possibly destructive approach among civic activists, emphasizing the constant confrontation between civil society and the state. Many Poles, members of the anti-communist movement in the 1980s and today continue to hold extreme anti-state and anti-government positions. They still cannot move from confrontation with the formerly despotic communist state to cooperating with constitutional democracy.
System transformations in the Republic of Poland, started in the late twentieth century. and implemented by May 2004 (the time of full membership of the European Union) were aimed at free market building and democratization. Recovery covered almost all spheres of public life and concerned: transformation of the political system (the formation of democratic institutions and the introduction of democratic reforms), economic transformations (creation of a free market based on private property), social transformations (changes in the social mentality and the adoption of new "rules of the game") .
Meanwhile, along with a rather high social uplift, directly related to the experience and activity of Solidarity, there were also negative phenomena in a predictable democratic system. In the political distribution of public forces, a component of a rather large part of the population, which has separated itself from public life and from politics in general, has increased. There is a deepening of social apathy, and individual and collective activity is concentrated mainly on the interests of a small, narrow group of people (family, friends, etc.). Thus, according to a survey conducted by the Polish Opinion Research Center: in 1982, 53% of respondents believed that there were no such organizations and associations in their interest in Poland; in 1991, only 1.1% of respondents reported their affiliation with political parties and only 3% perceived political parties as representing the interests of citizens. Only 7% of respondents stated the need for personal participation in gov-eming the state and 87% would like to be "successfully governed by the state" [5].
Analysis of the state of civil society "post-solidarity" era gives the opportunity to distinguish its characteristic features: 1) the gap between the state and society, as the confrontation between "alien" and "own" became the basis for the development of a specific school of citizenship, combined with organic activity on the basis of organic activity community; 2) confrontation of citizens with "imposed" legal and institutional order; 3) the widespread use of the experience of the Second World War, during which the activity of the Poles was concentrated in underground structures, which now finds relevant schemes in the fight for their rights; 4) the influential role of generational memory, which formed the halo of patriotism in the underground movement; 5) the victory of the democratic structures of the opposition in the communist country led to the development of civil society in present-day Poland; 6) civil society has grown up in the depths of working organizations, the independent Solidarity trade union and in the structures of the Catholic Church; 7) the interpretation of civil society by the Polish intellectual elite as a
highly moral community, which is above political systems (society is radically "socialized" and is both outside politics and outside the market); 8) the postulate of "autonomy" of civil activity, which was the only unifying longing for freedom, played an integral role in shaping the specificity of civil society formation in the Republic of Poland.
With the acquisition of membership of the Republic of Poland in the EU, that is, the accession of society to a single European family of peoples, new characteristics of Polish society were formed and revealed. It is also a disrespect for the idea of collectivism, the interests of the group, public economic or political purpose. The perception of the slogan of "creating the common European good" as alien to others - in contrast to the good of one's own self, etc. [6].
The characteristic feature of modern civil society in Poland is the quantitative growth of nongovernmental organizations, numbering more than 15,000 in the country, which can be explained both by significant financial incentives from foreign countries and by the spread of professionalization of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). To the peculiarities of the civil status we will also add subjective factors, such as the considerable disappointment of the policy of the authorities by the majority of the population, the denial of the liberal economic reforms implemented in Poland, the commitment to the social democratic principles of economic progress of the leading European countries, citizens to European values and virtual values. Polish values instead of mastering European ones and more.
In Polish terms, political and social passivity hinders the mechanisms of forming the real interests of the group, as a result, they do not create civil society institutions. The conflict of interests is quite noticeable, the intensity of which has increased with the development of the process of transition to a market economy. The main reason for this state of affairs should be sought in the growing threat to the interests of the most powerful social groups: workers of large enterprises, farmers, public sector workers, some private industries. The proliferation of civil liberties causes the blocking of economic interests. Yes, well-known political associations - Solidarity, People's Self-Defense - are looking for a means of more radical protection of their interests and put pressure on the political elite, which in turn puts pressure on the Western elite.
On the other hand, the lack of adequate group interests, developed forms of social self-organization is one of the reasons that changes in Poland are superficial and implemented from above, often in the absence of resistance, and sometimes without the consent of society. The widespread public speeches of the modern day testify to the growing dissatisfaction of society with
radical systemic changes. That is, economic change has gone so far that it has directly threatened the interests of the leading mobile public categories.
Thus, the development of the third wave of democracy - civil society in present-day Poland, compared to the previous period, can be characterized as moderate. This is due to a number of components, including: dependence on external sources of funding; inadequate dissemination of information and communication technologies; the low level of social capital required for the effective functioning of democratic nongovernmental organizations.
According to Polish experts and our observations, it follows that civil society in this country is underdeveloped, affecting only a few narrow spheres of influence, which leads to the weakness of Polish democracy (although some elements of civil society were born in the country as early as the capitalist era) [7 -141]. Thus, building a civil society in the Republic of Poland is a lengthy and rather difficult affair that is compounded by stable orientations predominantly on Western European societies governed by social-democratic governments rather than on the ideology of liberal capitalism.
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