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7FORMATION OF ACCEPTABLE SPACE-VOLUME SOLUTIONS AS A RESULT OF PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS IN EXISTING LOW-
STOREY RURAL HOUSES
Komiljon Kozimjonovich Nurmatov
Master of the Tashkent Institute of Architecture and Construction
ABSTRACT
The article provides examples of methods for the formation of optimal spatial-volumetric solutions as a result of the study of passive solar heating systems in low-rise rural houses.
Keywords: solar energy, hot box, device, battery, ecliptic, solar device, annual battery.
INTRODUCTION
In the climate of Uzbekistan, summers are very hot and winters are cold. Therefore, it becomes necessary to cool the rooms in summer and heat them in winter. The use of solar energy in heating and cooling works in low-rise rural houses is important in the national economy. After all, a lot of fossil fuels are used to heat buildings. Using solar energy can save fossil fuels [1-4].
Various devices are used to heat and cool homes using solar energy. Consider the use of these devices in solar water heaters.
The result. A hot box-type solar water heater mounted at an angle of 500 degrees to the horizon on the south-facing slope of the roof of the house serves to convert solar energy into heat. The sun's rays pass through the glass of the 'hot box' into the device, are absorbed in its black-painted boiler, and begin to heat the water at a temperature of 12-1400C, which flows into the boiler. This heats the rooms as water flows through pipes installed in the ceiling and walls of the house. The temperature of the hot water in the water heater is 60-700 0C (Figure 1). If it is not necessary to heat the room, the heated water will accumulate in the accumulator in the tank installed in the basement of the house. The collected hot water can be used on cloudy days or at night.
See battery 1- picture.
a- for hot water b- for cold water
Finally, when the solar energy is not enough to heat the water, a fuel-powered device is started.
In summer, the device is used for hot water supply during the day and for various other needs.
At night, water is drained in a thin layer from the glass-covered surface of the device. As a result, as the water evaporates, the cooling temperature drops to 12-14 0C (although the ambient temperature exceeds 200 0C) and accumulates in the tank-accumulator for cold water. The cooled water is pumped to the cooling system of the building. Pipes mounted on the ceiling and walls of the house are used as a cooling system. Thus the solar device is used for cooling at night. Accumulated cold water is pumped up during the day and used to heat rooms in winter and cool it in summer [5-9].
Experiments show that 550 x 103 kcal of heat can be obtained from 1 m of the surface of the device throughout the year. This is equivalent to the amount of heat released when burning 400 kg of coal.
Although the amount of solar energy is large, there are a number of difficulties in using it for practical purposes.
First, sunlight is scattered all over the globe. To increase its strength, it is necessary to collect it on a small surface using concentrators. Second, the sun moves visibly
throughout the year on the ecliptic, resulting in its angle of inclination varying from d = +230 271 to d = -230 271.
Table 1 shows its change by month.
Days and months 22.XII 15/I 19. II 22. III
5 -230 271 -210301 -110391 +00371
Days and months 30.IY 16.Y 22. YI 15. YII 18. YIII
5 +140451 +190051 +230271 +210321 130081
It should be noted that as the angle of inclination of the sun changes, the amount of energy falling on the earth also changes. This, in turn, has a negative effect on the heating of solar panels and solar panels. Second, because the days are longer in the summer months, the period of energy loss from the sun is also longer (lasting 13 hours). The winter months, by contrast, have long nights and short days (the surface is illuminated for 9 hours).
During the winter months, as the angle of inclination of the sun takes on negative values, its height also decreases [10-13]. This means that in order for more energy to pass through, it is necessary to change the slope of the surfaces that receive it relative to the horizon, that is, to make it more vertical relative to sunlight.
If it is not possible to change the slope of the clear surface of the solar system relative to the horizon for technical reasons, the slope angles of the transparent surfaces of solar devices, such as solar panels, are obtained a1 = 9 + 5,in winter and a2= 9 - 5 in summer, depending on the latitude.
The slope angles of devices designed to operate in the summer, including water heaters, fruit dryers, and freshwater freshwater extraction devices, are usually small.
The third disadvantage of using solar energy is that it depends on the weather. Initially, the amount of solar energy is affected by the clarity of the atmosphere. Given the absorption, scattering, and reflection of the sun's rays, we assume that the part that falls to the earth's surface is equal to Qm. If we say the solar constant (the amount at the atmospheric boundary) Q0, the relationship between them is as follows: Qm = Km .Q0
K - is the coefficient of clarity of the atmosphere, m - is the mass of the atmosphere through which sunlight passes It is known that the mass number of the atmosphere depends on the height of the sun above the horizon, for example, when a = 0 (the sun is on the horizon) is equal to m = 1. a = 300 is m = 2, while a = 900 (the sun is at the zenith) is m = 35.4.
Depending on the geographical latitude, climate, location, etc. of the earth's surface, cloudy days in places are mainly divided into full cloudy days, partially cloudy days.
From the point of view of solar technology, solar devices give very good results when the number of open and semi-open days in one place or another is 320 and more [14-17].
In the Central Asian republics, including the southern regions of Uzbekistan, the number of such days is 315-330 per year.
The 4th factor that negatively affects solar devices in summer is dusty winds. First, when dark dust rises, the amount of solar energy falling on clear surfaces is reduced, and second, dust settles on the surface of the device. The dust layer prevents solar energy from entering the device. As a result, most of the device staff spends time cleaning the bottle [18].
The fifth of the difficulties encountered in the use of solar energy is that it fluctuates throughout the day, i.e., although solar energy passes into solar devices during the day, the flow of energy stops in the evening.
Solar energy accumulation period is divided into 4: annual accumulation, periodic accumulation, daily accumulation, periodic accumulation.
Annual accumulation is the accumulation of solar energy in hot weather, in cold weather, periodic accumulation - the accumulation of solar energy in autumn (for 3 months) and use in winter (for 3 months).
It is used for daily accumulation - in winter and spring, after sunset at night, collecting some of the solar energy that enters the device during the day [19].
Periodic accumulation requires the accumulation of solar energy for 3-4 days and its use at night and on cloudy days, and when the outside air temperature rises, the battery should be disconnected and reconnected if necessary.
Solar heating systems mainly use two types of accumulators: 1) heat-absorbing batteries, and 2) chemical (isothermal) accumulators. Heat accumulators use soil, gravel, brick, water, concrete, sand, etc. as a heat-paying agent.
In the future, another convenient way to accumulate solar energy is to store it in special water basins placed at a certain height. To do this, water is pumped from the lower basin to the upper basin using special pumps at the expense of part of the energy generated by the solar power plant. As a result, the potential energy of water increases. At night, water from the upper basin is pumped back into the lower basin through turbines connected to the electric generator, and the generator begins to generate electricity [20].
Experience has shown that if the solar panel and the solar dryer have a single layer of glass or polyethylene film with clear surfaces facing south, the device will cool down quickly. Therefore, the north side of such solar devices is made of several layers of
thermal protection, and the south side is made of two layers of glass or polyethylene film with an air gap of 5-10 cm from each other.
Solar heat - the total amount of heat lost from the dryer is expressed as follows:
£Qy = Qm + Qn + Qf + Qt,
6y epga:
LQy- the total amount of heat lost;
Qm - the amount of heat lost through the glass surface;
Qn - the amount of heat lost through the opaque surface of the greenhouse;
Qf - the amount of heat lost through the foundation;
QT - the amount of heat lost through the cracks.
In such cases, a minimum amount of heat loss is achieved when the heat transfer coefficient of the total surfaces is K = 1.2 - 2.9 vT / m2 x K.
Experiments show that normal heat and humidity regimes are achieved when the thickness of the glass layer between the transparent surfaces of solar cells is 4 cm and 6 cm polyethylene film.
Thus, heat accumulators play an important role for low-temperature solar devices, especially for solar, solar, solar greenhouses.
Conclusion. We have already discussed one of the most important problems in the use of solar energy in agriculture, housing, solar cells and solar cells - ways to maintain the optimal temperature inside them at night and on cloudy days.
This is done primarily through the placement of heat accumulators in solar installations. This means that for some low-temperature solar systems, heat accumulators are a necessary and necessary device, because the temperature and drying regimes given in the example above show that, in fact, heat accumulators play the role of a separate heat source at night.
First, it is selected depending on the specific weather conditions, the service life of the device, its purpose, size, hermetic condition of the surface, and so on. For example, for solar cells designed to operate in the spring months, a soil accumulator alone is sufficient. Hence, recommending a common single type for all cases and devices is a problem [21].
Second, special attention should be paid to the economic aspects of heat accumulators, including how much the amount of heat returned at night exceeds the energy consumed by the fan, which forces the heat carrier to move. If the energy consumed by the fan exceeds the energy extracted, the device is not considered efficient.
At this point, it should be noted that in the heat accumulators of some devices, the circulation of heated air is natural, without a fan. Therefore, they do not use energy to store heat.
Third, it is necessary to take into account the cost of installing special heat accumulators in the device.
Households using solar panels should keep in mind that in severe winters, these devices must have an electric heater, otherwise a one-day cold, which is larger than the target, can waste many days of work.
Thus, although solar energy is constantly falling to the earth's surface, there are still many problems in its use.
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