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УДК: 332.871.3 ГРНТИ: 75.29.0175.31.01
Malacoubame Kolani
Master's student of the Department of Economic Theory EI «Grodno State Agrarian University» Grodno, Belarus Hanchar A.I.
Head of the Department Economic Theory EI «Grodno State Agrarian University» Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor
Grodno, Belarus
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGROECOTOURISM IN THE TOGOLESE REPUBLIC
Малакубаме Колани
Магистрант кафедры экономической теории УО «Гродненский государственный аграрный университет»
Гродно, Беларусь Ганчар Андрей Иванович Заведующий кафедрой экономической теории УО «Гродненский государственный аграрный университет» Кандидат экономических наук, доцент Гродно, Беларусь DOI: 10.31618/ESSA.2782-1994.2021.5.68.31 Summary. The content reveals the essence of the tourist potential of Togolese regions, as a combination of investment, information, science, technology, natural and other resources in the given regions, taking into account its cultural, historical and socio-economic conditions that are prerequisites for the provision of a variety of Togolese's tourist and recreational services aimed at improving the health of the population, the reproduction of labour and the development of the tourism sector in Togo.
Аннотация. В статье раскрывается сущность туристического потенциала тоголезских регионов как совокупности инвестиционных, информационных, научно-технических, природных и других ресурсов в данных регионах с учетом их культурных, исторических и социально-экономических условий, которые являются предпосылками для предоставления разнообразных туристско-рекреационных услуг Того, направленных на улучшение здоровья населения, воспроизводство рабочей силы и развитие туристического сектора Того.
Keywords. Cultural property, cultural services, agroecotourism, GDP, NDP, Togo.
Ключевые слова. Культурные ценности, культурные услуги, агроэкотуризм, ВВП, ВНП, Того.
Problem statement. Togolese tourism is a lever for the development of a large number of rural areas in the country. This is the booming sector, it helps to boost traditional economic activities and highlight local cultural peculiarities, while providing employment opportunities for rural youth, thus curbing rural exodus.
In Togo, tourism is an asset in solving the development problems of rural areas. It would be wrong to see this sector as the only possible alternative to agriculture or other local economic activity in difficulty.
A rigorous assessment, taking into account supply, demand, competition and trends in the tourism market,
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can make it possible to confirm whether the Togolese territory really has a potential for tourism development that can justify local or foreign investment.
Analysis of recent research and publications. To assess the local tourism potential, two essential phases are essential: analysis of the existing tourism situation where the supply, demand, competition and trends of the Togolese market are examined; diagnosis, which, by confronting the results of the analysis of the situation, will allow to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the territory, determine the opportunities and risks, and ultimately decide on the relevance of develop or not tourism in Togo.
These two phases involve the collection, processing and exploitation of internal and external information of localities. The marketing approach provides a whole set of methods for carrying out this work. Supply, demand, competition and tourist trends (the expectations of the Tourist).
Selection of previously unsolved parts of the general problem. Despite the existence of multiple and substantial research on the subject, there are currently several comprehensive approaches to solving the current situation in rural areas but practical recommendations are almost impossible, which justifies the failure of research methods and theories.
The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristics and present the place that tourism occupies in the Togolese national economy; develop an approach for a comprehensive diagnosis of protection of tourist sites and practical recommendations to improve its effectiveness.
Methods and materials. The study is based upon the principles of a systematic approach and has been carried out using statistical analysis methods in terms of identifying trends.
Presentation of the basic material. The analysis of the tourist offer should in particular concern: the organization of tourist activity in Togo; commercialization of national tourism; initial and continuing training in the field of tourism; existing cooperation and potential partners; support devices available.
For the previous year, real GDP growth (IMF, October 2020) in Togo increased by 5.3%. Adult literacy rate (WB, 2018) is 63.7%. Real GDP growth per capita (IMF, Oct. 2020) +2.8%, while Urbanization rate (WB, 2018) +41.7%, and the share of the population with less than US USD 1.90 per day (WB, 2015) is 49.8%. GDP dynamics for 2019-2020 slightly up, but growth expectations are significant and positive, as evidenced by the data presented in table 1
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Table 1
The dynamics of the GRP of the Republic of Togo for 2019-2020
General information
Togo Sub-Saharan Africa
Area (WB, 2018) 56 790 km2 21,7 M km2
Population (UN, 2020) 8,3 bilions 1094,4 bilions
Urbanization rate (WB, 2018) 41,7% 40,2%
Population growth (UN, 2020) 2,4% 2,6%
Fertility rate (UN, 2015-2020) 4,4 children per woman 4,7 children per woman
Life expectancy at birth (UN, 2015-2020) 60,5 years 60,5 years
Share of population under 15 years of age (UN, 2020) 40,6% 42,1%
Share of population with less than US USD 1.90 per day (WB, 2015) 49,8% 42,3%
Adult literacy rate (WB, 2018) 63,7% 65,6%
ODA per capita (WB, 2018) 37,6 USD 46,7 USD
HDI Ranking 2018 (UNDP, 2019) 167/189 -
Main macroeconomic indicators
T°g° Sub-Saharan Africa
Nominal GDP in 2020 (IMF, Oct. 2020) 5,7 bilions USD 1 714,2 bilions USD
GDP / haben2020 (IMF, Oct. 2020) 690,3 1 566,3 USD
Sectoral distribution of GDP in 2018 (UNCTAD)
2019 2020 2019 2020
Real GDP growth (IMF, Oct. 2020) +5,3% 0% +3,2% -3%
Real GDP growth per capita (IMF, Oct. 2020) +2,8% -2,4% +0,8% -5,3%
Annual average inflation rate (IMF, Oct. 2020) +0,7% +1,4% +8,5% +10,6%
Total budgetary balance, including grants ( in % of GDP) (IMF, Oct. 2020) 2,1% -7,1% -4,2% -7,6%
Public debt (as a % of GDP) (IMF, Oct. 2020) 70,9% 73,5% 50,4% 56,6%
Public external debt (as a % of GDP) (IMF, Oct. 2020) 23,5% 31,6% 23,4% 28,1%
External current balance -4,3% -6,3% -3,6% -4,8%
Source - Classement Doing Business 2020 (97/190); Classement Transparency International 2019 (130/180, 30/54)
With a 2019 GDP of XOF 4,231 billion, or USD 7.2 billion for an estimated population of 8.1 million inhabitants growing at a rate of 2.4% per year, Togo belongs to the category of LDCs. ) with a GDP / capita of around 890 USD. In terms of sectoral breakdown, the primary sector contributes 19.7% to GDP; the secondary sector, which is based in particular on the cement industry, the extraction of phosphates and beverages represents 13.9% of the GDP, while the services centred around trade, port, airport and banking activity contribute to half of GDP (49.9%), the balance (16.5%) being made up of taxes and levies. The informal sector remains largely predominant, contributing more than 50% to the added value of the various sectors of the economy. Clinker (about 13% of export earnings), phosphates (10%) and cotton lint are the three main export products [1]. The commissioning, in October 2014, of new docks for containerized handling (third quay of Bolloré and new dock of LCT-a joint-parity subsidiary between MSC and China Merchant Holding International) make the port of Lomé a leading transhipment platform. plan in the subregion. Togo is investing in the short and medium term on new investments in the cement sector, in the development of a "phosphates" pole, in the creation of a special economic zone with Olam and in agricultural development cantered on agro poles. Human development, as recorded by the 2019 UNDP report, is low, with the country ranked 167th out of 189 in the world with a score of 0.513. The Togolese business climate, measured by Doing Business 2020, has improved significantly with a gain of 40 places. This is the largest increase recorded on the African continent over the year, which allowed the country to rise to 97th place in the world out of 190. Economic situation Togolese growth remains below the average for the countries of the WAEMU (6.1% in 2019), in particular due to the sharp contraction in public investment with the end of pre-financing, but it was however higher than that of sub-Saharan Africa (3.1% in 2019). After the impact of the social unrest of 2017 with a rate falling to 4.4%, the activity gradually recovered (+ 4.9% in 2018) to reach 5.3% in 2019, a rate very close to the 2016 level (+ 5.6%). The 2020 target, initially set at + 5.4%, had to be revised downwards due to the global health crisis and now stands at 0%. Tourism with hotels and restaurants, land and air transport, the beverage industry, among others, are severely impacted as well as the informal sector. On the other hand, port activity, after a sharp decline in April, returned to normal levels and the cement industry improved its production volumes. Economic activity is therefore generally down compared to 2019 but with strong contrasts depending on the sector. The INHPC recorded, on an annual average, a slight increase of 0.7% in 2019. The year 2020 will be marked by an acceleration in inflation which, if we take into account of the result for November 2019 (+ 1.5% on annual average) should however remain below the initial projection of + 2% [5].
The concept of "sustainable development" is most often considered from the point of view of the country
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[7]. However, it should be noted the importance of strengthening resilience at the macro level, where the main indicators reflecting the changes in the regions of the country. Given the relationship identified, competitiveness and sustainable development of the territory, we think of the prerequisite for an assessment of the competitiveness of the Togolese Republic. The analysis of the socio-economic development of the Republic over a number of recent years has been characterized by a growth trend in all macroeconomic indicators, apart from the impact of the COVID-19 health crisis: 2013 - 4,32 billion USD; 2014 -4,56 billion USD; 2015 - 4,179 billion USD; 2016 -4,484 billion USD; 2017 - 4,808 billion USD; 2018 -5,359 billion USD; 2019 - 7,2 billion USD; 2020 -8,13 billion USD [5].
The table is based on the report on results and key areas ministry of the Togolese Economy for 2018-2019 the positive dynamics of economic growth is due to the stabilization in the industrial sector of the economy, an increase in investment, the growth of consumer demand, export-import and especially the modernization of agriculture via the NDP. GDP in 2013 compared to the previous year amounted to + 9.46% (2014).
Nevertheless, despite high growth rates in many macroeconomic indicators, the country still lags far behind the average sub-Saharan African indicators and belongs to regions with low levels of development. Thus, in 2020, according to the GRP indicator of the World bank, the republic ranks 97th out of 190 countries, in terms of average investments per capita Since 2016, the Togolese authorities have led a constant policy of reducing the public deficit (base commitments, donations included) which has thus increased from 9.5% of GDP in 2016 to 2.9% in 2019 and an initial forecast of 1.9% for 2020. The impact of COVID both at the level of additional expenses (support for fragile populations with the NOVISSI program, subsidies for water and electricity tariffs, support for basic products - flour, postponement of the burden of companies) and the decline in state revenues led the government to present an amending finance law with a deficit of 7.1% of GDP. The target is to return to 3% of GDP by 2024-2025.
In addition to preserving and strengthening food and food security, the goal will be to gradually transform agro-food agriculture into an inclusive and inclusive agro-food sector that creates wealth, improves living conditions and protects the environment, as described in the Strategies of the WBG:
The transformation of agriculture in Africa (2016-2025) and the industrialization of Africa that is currently being claimed. This approach will involve developing efficient and sustainable infrastructure and production methods with better trained and better equipped farmers in dynamic and professional sectors involving the private sector. Operations will necessarily include elements relating to environmental protection and sustainable management of natural resources. Activities under this component will enable:
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agricultural productivity; rapid access to electricity and drinking water; processing of agricultural raw materials; exports of agro-industrial products; and skills in agriculture and Agro-Food.
These efforts and weaknesses of the Togolese territory represent opportunities and risks for the tourism sector on the Togolese market. However, the objective is to allow the definition of a "strategic position of success". This concept covers the main assets that could provide a long-term superiority over the competition of neighbouring countries.
Togo has a unique opportunity in the world; that of having "KOUTAMAKOU", which is unique in the world with these multitudes cultures. An absolute comparative advantage, recognized by tourists.
For the AGET, the policy followed by the government allows to create favorable conditions for a revival of the economy. The business climate continues to improve and the reforms are boosting the competitiveness of companies in the domestic market [2]. However, not everything is rosy. AGET points to high production costs, unfair competition from the informal sector and difficulties in accessing regional markets, among others.
The association is preparing the publication of a white paper, a kind of exhaustive and uncompromising diagnosis of the situation.
"It is important to note the positive points, but also to highlight everything that constitutes a brake on the development of our companies", explains Kwasi José Symenouh, President of AGET.
AGET brings together 49 companies active in many sectors such as banking and insurance, industry, agro-food, distribution, services, hospitality and public works.
The Togolese economy is expected to experience a slight improvement this year. According to the ADB, the country's economic growth is expected to reach 5.3% in 2020, and 5.5% a year later. A development that is explained by the country's performance, especially in the agricultural field. Indeed, agriculture remains the engine of the Togolese economy, along with cotton production, and many others. To achieve this level, the country has since invested in the development of several projects and programs, in order to revitalize the sector. One of them, the PNIASA whose goal is to reduce poverty, while preserving the environment [3].
The sector that brings jobs, Togolese agriculture has benefited in recent years, many investments, both from the state, as well as from the various development partners. This has allowed this sector to make achievements over the past five years, thus increasing its contribution to GDP.
Already in 2017, growth was at 4,4% compared to the 2016 year when it reached 5.1%. Since then it has strengthened around 5%. Efforts and progress that reassure the various partner institutions, which accompany the country on the path of growth.
Togo is a country in Western Africa bordering the Bight of Benin. Neighbouring countries include Benin, Burkina Faso, and Ghana. The geography of Togo is
East European Scientific Journal #4(68), 2021 43 characterized by a rolling Savanna in the north, hills in the central region, and a savannah, woodland plateau, and coastal plain in the south. The government system is a republic; the chief of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. Togo has a mixed economy in which the private sector is emerging, but most of the population relies on traditional subsistence agriculture. Togo is a member of the ECOWAS.
Ethnic Groups: Adja-Ewe/Mina 42.4%, Kabye/Tem 25.9%, Para-Gourma/Akan 17.1%, Akposso/Akebu 4.1%, Ana-Ife 3.2%, other Togolese 1.7%, foreigners 5.2%, no response .4% (2013 est.).
Religions Christian 43.7%, folk 35.6%, Muslim 14%, Hindu <.1%, Buddhist <.1%, Jewish <.1%, other.5%, none 6.2% (2010 est.) The GDP growth projections for 2021 and 2022 (Constant Prices, Annual % Change) were updated by the IMF in January 2021.
The agricultural sector contributes to 22.5% of GDP and employs 32% of the active workforce (WB). The main food crops include cassava, yams, maize, millet, and sorghum, with cocoa, coffee and cotton as cash crops (generating about 20% of export earnings). Although many farmers do practice subsistence farming, some basic foodstuff still needs to be imported.
The industrial sector is quite limited in Togo, accounting for only 15.4% of GDP and 19% of the total employment. With an estimated 60 million metric tons of reserves, phosphate is the country's most important commodity, making Togo one of the world's largest producers of phosphate. Hence, mining is the main industrial sub-sector, followed by food processing [6]. The services sector is estimated to account for 28.5% of GDP, giving employment to 48% of the active population. The sector has been growing consistently in recent years (7.9% in 2017 and 4.4% in 2018 according to the ADB). Trade is the biggest contributor to this sector.
Based on the fact that the development of tourism is determined by a set of territorial resources, we believe that it is necessary to consider certain guidelines for assessing the tourism potential of the region.
At the heart of the methodology of a comprehensive assessment of the tourist potential presented the potential analysed in the territory from the point of view of: natural and historic-cultural resources; socio-economic; infrastructure; and personnel.
The bank will help the government finance hydroelectric infrastructure (dams, perimeters, low-lying areas, etc.). The objective will be to take advantage of the region water supply networks and to establish under-exploited structures. The current study of the PPF on the development of agro poles will determine the implementation and technical characteristics of the various structures. In addition to hydro-agricultural development, the city of Agbassa (Kara) and the neighbouring cantons targeted by agro poles will also provide infrastructure capable of meeting drinking water and sanitation needs. The
44 East European Scientific Journal #4(68), 2021 strategy is based on the development of mini-AEP consisting of wells, water towers, supply networks and fountains. The support of the Bank of the Kara region will enable the country:
The A.E.P. on doubling the implementation of the Agro poles of Kara includes three main filaments that will be identified in the PPF study: additional infrastructure; the website of companies and production unit.
The bank will support the government in the development of reserve infrastructure such as energy supply, hydroelectric development and reconstruction of rural roads. The government will develop Agro poles on 60 hectares, which will include facilities and equipment for rent, including: flexible surfaces in dust, offices, warehouses, working chamber, technology platform, etc. In addition, the government will provide technical and financial support to local farmers and agro-food companies. Agro-industrial enterprises will provide at their own expense the construction of industrial agricultural plantations and the creation of production units in Agro poles. In the study, the MFN will determine the indicative costs of the creation of the Agro poles "Kara, and savanna", propose appropriate models of public-private partnership and clarify the promising type of use of the Bank's private window resources. For these agro-industrial projects, the bank will be able to help structure them, apply environmental and social best practices and mobilize other development partners for financing.
Development of the agro poles of the interior of the country:
Agricultural productivity SDGs-6.1 on "Universal, equitable and affordable access to water" and SDG-12.2 on "Rational use of natural resources". Indicators and targets from 2015 to 2020 in the Kara agro poles region are: increase of developed lowlands and irrigated areas from 10,000 to 15,000 ha; improved productivity per hectare from 250 to 800 kg for sesame; increasing the number of agro-industry enterprises from 0 to 3, and increasing the rate of access to drinking water from 25 per cent to 55 per cent.
This component is included in the Inland agro pole Development Project.
It will include the construction of a power transmission line that extends over about 50 km from Sari-Cava for the organization of agro pole activities in the parks and the electrification of villages in prefectures. The electrification of cantonal capitals is part of a government program in the 150 cantonal capitals of the country that are not yet electrified. The programme plans to increase the electrification rate of villages from 16% currently to 43% by 2020. As part of the National Financing Plan project preparation studies, guidance will be provided on the Bank's commitment to this objective. These studies will also determine the demand for electrical energy at the beginning of the activities of the agro poles and surrounding communities, as well as the evolution of the so-called demand. Based on this query, the studies will determine the characteristics of the power grid.
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In addition, in order to increase the electricity supply in the Kara District, the aforementioned studies will examine the expediency of a power plant at the Bagan site with an estimated capacity of 6 million euros is currently funding a feasibility study of the Bagan hydroelectric power station in addition to the PPF study.
With regard to the de-incarceration of the agro poles, the Bank's support: the construction of rural roads to serve agricultural products and agro-industry and the rehabilitation of a regional integration road that will allow the removal of agro pole production in the port and the Abidjan-Lagos corridor.
The routes will facilitate the evacuation of Agro pole products to deficit areas and spawning areas, as well as outside the country, using the port of Lomé and the road along the Abidjan-Lagos corridor. This PPF study will identify indicators and targets for reducing transport costs and travel time. Available resources will allow the development of approximately 400 km of rural tracks and 28.2 km of road on the Avepozo-Aneho section. The restoration of this road will include an environmental component to protect people from sea waters. The objective will be to use this route of the Abidjan Lagos corridor to accelerate the export of products from Agro pole in the interior of the country.
Over the past five years, the bank has actively financed regional infrastructure and financial institutions.
Agro poles will benefit from technical and financial support to enable them to benefit from regional financial resources and to exploit regional infrastructures in the disposal of agro industrial products. The Bank will ensure that its partners (including the financial sector) are mobilised for the co-financing of agro poles and strengthen the coordination and synergy of their actions in order to facilitate the construction of the additional infrastructure necessary for the efficient development of agro poles.
Required in the agro pole. The focus of the training will be on the sustainability of investments in young people, as foreseen in the Strategy 2016-2025 of the WBG's YEP. At least 250 workers will be trained until 2020, of which 60% are women and 90% are young people between the ages of 15 and 35, according to the training program to be defined in the PPF study. 50 SMEs, 50% of which are managed by young people (15-35 years old) and 30% by women, will be trained in the introduction of production methods and the development of new agro-industrial product lines. The Bank in support of the Institute of Statistics in Togo will improve the country's capacity to produce baseline data and data on exposure in rural areas and urban intervention areas in order to combat inequalities between rural and urban areas.
The bank will assist the Togolese government in revising the legal framework of the electricity subsector in order to adapt it to the national and regional context and make it attractive for private investment. In this regard, the bank will revise the Electricity Act and develop implementing decrees. The government intends to revise this law to allow the private sector to
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participate in electricity generation. The government plans to establish a national rural electrification agency and fund to accelerate the electrification of the country's cantons and villages. The bank will support the development of legal texts, Structure. Improved governance in the electricity subsector will enable the country to make progress towards SDG-7.
Universal, equitable and affordable access to reliable and modern energy services. In rural areas, between 2015 and 2020, the access rate will increase from 5% to 18%.
Improving the institutional and regulatory framework of the agricultural sector will make business conditions favourable for the development of agro poles. Support for the structural transformation of Togolese agriculture will be preceded by the adoption of a new Land code that will reduce the time required to register real estate from 288 days in 2016 to 150 days in 2020. It is also a question of supporting the government in the adoption of the agrarian policy and the framework law on agricultural programming.
The bank will continue to assist the government in mobilizing internal resources to support the financing of public infrastructure for the development of agro poles. Improving the institutional capacity of the DTO therefore goes hand in hand with reforms aimed at broadening the tax base, streamlining exemption policies and establishing sound cadastre management.
The Bank will also support the establishment of an adequate mechanism for the identification, design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of public investments in order to improve the rate of implementation of the national investment plan in the decentralized regions and more particularly in the agro poles region of the interior of the country. In addition, the energy and agriculture sectors will have a Medium-term Expenditure Framework (MTC) aligned with the strategy.
The Bank will support the decentralization process to ensure the active participation of women, youth and all regions of the country in the political, economic and social transformation of Togo. As decentralization takes place gradually and gradually, the Bank's assistance over the next five years will focus on the establishment of a legal, financial and strategic framework for local administration and governance.
The expected achievements before 2020 are: the adoption of the decentralization policy and the strategy for its implementation; the legal and financial framework for decentralization and the act on the status of agents of local authorities.
Decentralized territories with their elected bodies should be operational before 2020. The Bank will engage in a dialogue with the government to ensure that the legal framework integrates the gender dimension in decentralized bodies in the same spirit as the law passed in June 2013 on the representation of gender parity lists in the various elections. Therefore, the participation of women in decision-making and economic activities is expected to increase with the introduction of decentralization.
Non-lending activities will consist of advisory and dialogue services based on analytical studies. These activities will all be aligned with the pillars of the SPC. To strengthen the policy dialogue, the Bank will work with the Government to conduct economic and sectoral studies and analytical work in a number of sectors with a view to bridging the analytical knowledge gap.
Conclusions and directions of further research. Agriculture, forestry and spatial planning: in Togo, agriculture remains the basis of an economy that employs more than 50% of the working population. However, Togolese agriculture remains family and subsistence. It is not modern and remains particularly vulnerable to climate change. Rainfall disturbances, and sometimes floods and droughts, mainly affect non-irrigated agricultural production. The decline in the agricultural sector's contribution to growth from 67.8% in 2014 to 12.7% in 2015 is due to adverse precipitation conditions, including late rainfall and irregular rainfall. In addition, despite the significant potential of the country, irrigation is very poorly developed, except for gravity-type facilities, mainly for growing food crops in the lowlands and horticulture around streams. The reduction in the supply of plant, meat and fish products and, consequently, the supply of cities can lead to social tensions and even socio-political crises.
The economic potential of the region, which includes the production capacity and organizations that ensure its operation and consumption of tourist products throughout the entire stay of the consumer (tourists).
References:
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2. Economic / AGET / Forces et faiblesses de l'économie togolaise / [Electronic resource]. - Access mode : https://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Economie/Forces-et-faiblesses-de-l-economie-togolaise. Access date : 30.04.2021.
3. Economic/Golf Info / Economie togolaise : 5,3% de croissance attendue en 2020 / [Electronic resource]. - Access - mode: https://golfe-info.com/economie-togolaise-53-de-croissance-attendue-en-2020/. -Access date : 30.04.2021.
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46 East European Scientific Journal #4(68), 2021 potential/togo/economical-context. - Access date : 30.04.2021.
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УДК 331.52
Роман Андреевич Гладких,
аспирант кафедры «Экономика и бухгалтерский учет», Забайкальский государственный университет 672039 г. Чита ул. Александро-Заводская, д. 30
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МАСШТАБОВ НЕФОРМАЛЬНОЙ ЗАНЯТОСТИ И БЕЗРАБОТИЦЫ
НА РОССИЙСКОМ РЫНКЕ ТРУДА.
DOI: 10.31618/ESSA.2782-1994.2021.5.68.27 Аннотация. В данной статье исследуются масштабы неформальной занятости и безработицы по России и округам. Измеряется степень вовлеченности в неформальную занятость по уровню образования, сферам деятельности, а также исследуется влияние номинальной заработной платы на неформальный сектор и безработицу. Предложен комплекс мер, способствующий снижению доли неформальной занятости и безработицы на рынке труда.
Abstract. This article examines the scale of informal employment and unemployment in Russia and its districts. The degree of involvement in informal employment is measured by level of education, spheres of activity, and the influence of nominal wages on the informal sector and unemployment is investigated. A set of measures is proposed to reduce the share of informal employment and unemployment in the labor market.
Ключевые слова: неформальная занятость, неофициальная занятость, неформальный сектор, теневая экономика, рынок труда, налоги, заработная плата, безработица.
Keywords: informal employment, informal employment, informal sector, shadow economy, labor market, taxes, wages, unemployment.
В современной России масштабы теневой (неформальной) экономики имеют существенные масштабы и тенденции к сокращению данного феномена не наблюдается. Помимо того, что такая деятельность вредит всей экономике государства, она также сказывается и на социальной обстановке, как по регионам, так и по всей России. Это и обуславливает изучение данных трудовых отношений с целью выявить метод, позволяющий стабилизировать (ограничить) распространение неформальных трудовых отношений.
Сам феномен теневая (неформальная) экономика не нова, над её пониманием и стремлением определить масштабы с целью их снижения, трудятся как зарубежные, так и отечественные ученые: Буров В.Ю. [1], Голованов Е.Б. [3], Барсукова С.Ю. [2], Гутманн П. [7], Э. де Сото [5], Фейг Э. [6], Харт К [4].
Интерес к теневой экономике возник во второй половине 60-ых годов ХХ века. Само понятие «неформальный сектор» принадлежит социологу К. Харту, в свою очередь на изучение теневых экономических отношению существенно повлияла работа Эрнандо де Сото «Иной путь». Влияние теневых отношений на экономику в стране было очевидно, что и поспособствовало в осуществлении Э. Фейгом одной из первых оценок масштабов теневой экономической деятельности в Соединенных Штатах Америки. Также определенный вклад в изучение масштабов и роли
представленных трудовых отношений провёл учёный П. Гутманн в своей работе «Подпольная экономика».
Из отечественных исследователей необходимо отметить доцента, доктора экономических наук Бурова В.Ю. Он считает, что «современная теневая экономика возникла не только в результате попыток ограничить свободу рынка, но и в силу природы самих рыночных отношений, которые базируются на стремлении индивидуума: а) к неадекватному обогащению; б) к защите своих социальных благ, необходимых для элементарного физиологического и духовного выживания. При этом стремление населения к выживанию и обогащению (получение дополнительных доходов), полностью «совпадает» со стремлением обогащения любой ценой представителей теневого и криминального сектора экономики» [1 с. 32].
В современном мире нет единой концепции, позволяющей измерить величину теневых (неформальных) отношений, каждый
исследователь данным трудовым отношениям даёт своё определение. Однако все они схожи во мнении, что без внимания со стороны государственных органов данные отношения оставаться не должны. Но для начала следует выявить причины, способствующие развитию теневой экономики и неформальным трудовым отношениям, в частности. Для наглядности использовать схему, изображенную на рисунке 1.
