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10МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
DOI: 10.12731/2658-6649-2022-14-3-326-341 UDC 664.7
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAIN PRODUCTION
AND MARKETING IN SIBERIA
A.A. Bykov, V.V. Aleshchenko, R.I. Chupin, E.V. Popova, A.M. Kumratova
The paper is devoted to the urgent problem for the regions producing grain under unfavorable natural and climatic conditions providing grain to consumers and the sector of the economy under the conditions of the world food market transformation. Siberia is the largest grain producer in the Russian Federation. The region produces over 14 million tons of grain annually. In turn, according to estimations by scientists at the Siberian Federal Scientific Centre ofAgro-BioTechnologies ofthe Russian Academy of Sciences, the volume of grain production in Siberia could reach 19.7 million tons by 2025. This research aims to determine the formation and development characteristics of grain production and marketing in Siberia and develop the organizational and economic mechanism for its regulation. The approach used for the formation and development of grain production and sales takes into account the interaction of producers, the specifics of Siberian regions and is based on specific areas of the grain market. The research reflects the results of the study, which includes (1) the analysis of Siberia's natural and climatic conditions, (2) evaluation of grain production and marketing, (3) identification of the specific features of production in the region, and (4) identification of the production and marketing main problems. The grain production and the market analysis have established that there are disproportions between the volume of grain production and food industry demand, livestock production and industrial processing in Siberia regions. The tendencies and patterns analysis of grain complex development in Siberia allows us to conclude that its dynamic development is possible at a qualitatively new level. For this purpose, we have developed the organizational-economic mechanism of grain production and marketing regulation.
Only a comprehensive approach to the regulation of production with the active participation of the government will increase the volume of grain on the market.
Keywords: grain market; Siberia; grain production; export
For citation. Bykov A.A., Aleshchenko V.V., Chupin R.I., Popova E.V., Kumratova A.M. Formation and Development Characteristics of Grain Production and Marketing in Siberia. Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture, 2022, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 326-341. DOI: 10.12731/2658-6649-2022-14-3-326-341
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И СБЫТА ЗЕРНА В СИБИРИ
А.А. Быков, В.В. Алещенко, Р.И. Чупин, Е.В. Попова, А.М. Кумратова
Статья посвящена проблеме актуальной для регионов, производящих зерно в неблагоприятных природно-климатических условиях - обеспечению зерном потребителей и отрасли экономики в условиях трансформации мирового продовольственного рынка. Сибирь - крупнейший производитель зерна в Российской Федерации. Ежегодно в регионе производится более 14 млн тонн зерна. В свою очередь, по расчетам ученых Сибирского федерального научного центра агробиотехнологий Российской академии наук (СФНЦА РАН), к 2025 году объем производства зерна в Сибири может составить 19,7 млн тонн. Целью авторского исследования является определение особенностей формирования и развития производства и сбыта зерна в Сибири и разработке организационно-экономического механизма по их регулированию. Используемый подход к формированию и развитию производства и сбыта зерна учитывает взаимодействия производителей, особенности регионов Сибири и основывается на конкретные направления развития зернового рынка. В статье отражены результаты исследования, включающего анализ природно-климатических условий Сибири, оценку производства и сбыта зерна, выявления специфических особенностей производства в регионе, выявления основных проблем производства и сбыта. Анализ производства и рынка зерна позволил установить, что в регионах Сибири имеют место диспропорции между объемами производства зерна и его спросом со стороны пищевой промышленности, животноводства и промышленной переработки. Анализ тенденций и закономерностей развития зернового комплекса Сибири позволяет сделать вывод о возможности его динамичного развития на качественно
новом уровне. Для этого нами разработан организационно-экономический механизм регулирования производства и сбыта зерна. Только комплексный подход к регулированию производства при активном участии государства будет способствовать увеличению объемов зерна на рынке.
Ключевые слова: зерновой рынок; Сибирь; производство зерна; экспорт
Для цитирования. Быков А.А., Алещенко В.В., Чупин Р.И., Попова Е.В., Кумратова А.М. Особенности формирования и развития производства и сбыта зерна в Сибири // Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture. 2022. Т. 14, №3. С. 326-341. DOI: 10.12731/2658-6649-2022-14-3-326-341
Introduction
Under current economic conditions, grain production determines the development and functioning of agricultural and food markets; therefore, its development mainly contributes to the growth of the agro-food complex [6]. The grain market covers all aspects of expanded agricultural reproduction; therefore, it should be considered a structural formation that characterizes a certain type of economic functioning and connection formation. Despite the low bioclimatic potential of the agricultural zone (2-2.5 times lower than in the European part of Russia), Siberia has all the conditions for the grain market development [20]. The gross grain and pulses harvest averaged 14.8 million tons in 2015-2019 (share in total Russian production is 12.4%) [13]. In 2015-2019, the share of food crops in the structure of grain crops was 71.9% and 69.3% in total grain production. Compared to 2010, the area under winter rye and cereal crops in Siberia has decreased, while the area under wheat, which forms the main consignments of grains for the market, has expanded. The development of grain production has been negatively affected by higher food grain prices than for coarse grain and higher transportation tariffs for grain transportation. This led to increased regional self-sufficiency in grain, which caused inefficient use of the bioclimatic potential of Siberian territories and, consequently, a decrease in the grain quality characteristics. Grain prices analysis shows that in 2017-2019, prices in Siberian regions were lower than the Russian average. Prices within regions fluctuate: 2017 - 1,716.1 RUB/t; 2018 - 3,766.3 RUB/t; 2019 - 3,032.2 RUB/t. The highest prices were for pulses, corn, and wheat, and the lowest for oats. Thus, in 2019, the wheat cost was 8,111.7 RUB/t, corn cost was 8,576.2 rub/t, and oats cost was 5,908.7 RUB/t. The highest grain sales prices for 20172019 were recorded in the Khakassia Republic, Irkutsk, and Tomsk regions.
The main objective of the Siberian grain market is to provide the territory with grain resources through the rational use of its production potential and or-
ganization of grain promotion from producer to consumer with minimal costs. The problems of functioning and development of the grain market are reflected in the works of A.I. Altukhov [1], A.A. Klyukach [8], B.S. Koshelev [10], P.M. Pershukevich [14], V.F. Stukach [9], I.G. Ushachev [21]. At the same time, the researchers' publications cover insufficiently the improving and organizational issues and economic mechanisms of grain farming adaptation to modern conditions, considering the regional characteristics of the grain market development.
Materials and Methods
Descriptive analysis. This research aims to identify the formation of grain production features in Siberia and create an organizational and economic mechanism for its development. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set and solved:
• Analysis of Siberia natural-climatic conditions;
• Grain production assessment;
• Grain prices analysis by regions;
• Assessment of land availability, equipment and grain processing enterprises capacity;
• Identification of specific grain production and marketing features;
• Identification of main problems of grain production and marketing;
• Development of the organizational-economic mechanism of development of production and marketing of grain and grain products.
The research has shown that grain production and marketing depend on the influence of external and internal factors, mainly on natural-climatic factors, public demand geography and national economy branches demand, development of production and market infrastructure, level of governmental support, tariff and non-tariff barriers. As a methodological basis, we used the data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service [22], the Federal Customs Service [23], and data from primary sources of information. Grain production is considered for the years 2010-2019. The study's methodological basis includes the works of the following scientists in the field of the grain market, as well as legislative and regulatory acts regulating this sphere: V.V Aleshchenko, O. A. Aleshchenko, V A. Dobiyakova [4], A. I. Altukhov [2], A.V Gordeev, V A. Butkovsky [5], I. G. Gainutdinov [20], V. V. Garshin, R.V Podkolzin [15], G. M. Gritsenko [14], S. A. Zhidkov [6], A. A. Klyukach [8], B. S. Koshelev [9], P. M. Pershukevich [13], S. A. Raeva [18], V. F. Stukach [10], L. V. Tyu [12], I. G. Ushachev [21]. The paper used economic and statistical methods and statistical grouping techniques. According to the authors, the analysis of the selected
characteristics will make it possible to determine the specifics of the formation and development of grain production and marketing in Siberia.
Results
Grain largely determines the inter-sectoral proportions of the entire Siberia regions' economy. Grain production is the basis for the sustainable functioning of the agro-food sector; it has a systemic nature for other sectors of the economy [11]. The state of grain production and the grain market situation in the world are accepted as the main indicator of food security [9]. The Siberian grain market predetermines the agricultural and food market's functioning.
Siberia's grain market development depends on grain farming efficiency. A specific feature of the region is the wide latitudinal gradient. The sum of temperatures over 10X, which is used for zoning grain and pulse crops varieties, increases from north to south from 1550^ to 2050°Q annual precipitation decreases from 450-500 to 250-300 mm. In this region, the summer (July -August) precipitation maximum stands out sharply; the precipitation is up to 40%-50% of the annual sum. In general, the natural-climatic conditions of the Siberian subjects arable territory are diverse and more suitable for the cultivation of early- and mid-maturing varieties of spring cereals and leguminous crops, whose needs in the sum of active temperatures are 1400-1700°C.
Siberia (Siberian Federal District) contains most Russian land resources: agricultural land is 19.6%, the total sown area is 17.6%, grain and pulse crops are 18.6%. The district's arable land is mainly represented (70%-80%) by potentially fertile soils.
Over the last 10 years, the availability of equipment has decreased: one tractor takes up to 450 ha of arable land; a combine harvester takes 459 ha of grain crops. Energy capacity per 100 ha of the sown area has decreased to 143 hp [14].
Siberia has a wide network of industrial enterprises producing flour, cereals, pasta, compound feedstuff for pig and poultry breeding needs, but the utilization of production capacity level is 47%-58% [5]. Currently, Siberian regions can export 5.5 million tons of grain, including 1.0 million tons for export [1].
The characteristic features of the current stage of Siberia's grain complex development are inadequate economic relations between the market subjects, a relatively low level of material and technical support of grain producers and their financial condition, the presence of shadow sales channels, and a high level of transaction costs.
The Siberian grain market has specific features:
• The grain market predetermines the entire agri-food market development in the region, as grain is a strategic resource, the availability of which determines economic stability in society, the volume of commodity movement and efficiency of sales of grain products in Siberia, the rate of return on funds invested in production;
• Harvest and quality of grain are highly dependent on natural-climatic conditions, which leads to instability of grain production volumes with high-quality characteristics and its supply to the market on inter-regional and inter-state relations;
• Mismatch between the level of grain production and consumption in the region;
• Zonal nature of certain types of grain production;
• Most of the produced grain goes to the market, and a small part remains in the farms for internal consumption;
• Instability and seasonality of grain production leads to the necessity to stockpile grain and contributes to high capital requirements and low fixed assets turnover ratio;
• High price volatility, making the price mechanism unable to regulate supply and demand;
• Low competitiveness and a large number of intermediary organizations, which increase transaction costs [10].
One of the seed market formation characteristics is the seasonal nature of the demand for seeds during the sowing season [18].
Among the main principles of the Siberian grain market are the following: (1) unlimited number of market participants; (2) freedom in the choice of grain marketing channels; and (3) system of government regulation of grain production and marketing, which determines the price mechanism, interventions, subsidies, and reimbursement of some material costs [23].
Currently, there is a shortage of durum wheat, rye, and grain grown using organic technology on the Siberia grain market [15].
Studies have identified the main problems that hinder Siberia's grain market development:
• The high dependence of grain lot formation and its quality characteristics on natural-climatic conditions, which complicates the contract execution;
• Insufficient resource and transport-logistical support of the grain market;
• High transport tariffs for grain transportation, and lack of transportation conditions unification;
• Restrictions on the export of grain and grain products;
• Lack of unified quality standards for grain with importing countries;
• Price volatility on the grain market and its dependence on the world market situation, gross grain harvest in other regions of Russia;
• Poor information transparency on the grain market;
• High transaction costs (their share in the cost structure of enterprises can exceed 26%).
If the problems of the grain market in Siberia are not solved in time, its spontaneous functioning will intensify.
The results framework is based on the parameters of the Long-term Strategy for the Development of the Grain Complex until 2035 [17], the State Program "Agricultural Development and Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets" [16]; Agro-industrial complex of Russia in 2019. [19]. The legal basis for the grain market is provided by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Grain" [7] and the Federal Law "On the Development of Agriculture" [24].
Further grain production formation and development is seen in improving the organizational and economic mechanism of its functioning, which should be based on the mutual interest of all subjects and take into account the specific features of the grain industry in each region of Siberia. At the same time, the active regulatory role should belong to the government, and market regulators should stimulate the increase in the production of grain and its products [4].
Discussion
Summarizing the domestic and foreign experience in the regulation of the grain market, we believe that in developing the organizational-economic mechanism aimed at the grain production development in Siberia, it is necessary to take into account regional characteristics of production and its development considering risk factors since the successful activity on the Siberia grain market is associated with the management decisions effectiveness and their implementation.
First of all, it is necessary to work out a regional target program of grain economy and grain market development in Siberia regions, which should present clear guidelines for the development of quantitative and qualitative parameters of grain production, distribution, exchange, and consumption. Such a program should form effective channels of grain and the marketing of its products. Therefore, the existence of inter-regional projects developed based on the Concept of the inter-regional program "Development of the Grain Market of
Siberia Until 2025" can become a driving force for the grain industry development in Siberia.
Within the Interregional Association Siberian Accord (Novosibirsk), the Russian Export Center JSC (Moscow) and the Association Siberian Grain Consortium (Novosibirsk), it is necessary to strengthen the work of interregional projects.
The coarse grain market development perspective is in increasing the sowing of leguminous and corn crops.
The formation of export resources grain quality through the rational use of natural advantages and the use of investment and innovation factors should become a priority marketing strategy for the coming perspective and requires mandatory government regulation.
Considering the grain market in Siberia characteristics, the tools and methods of management of negative influence of agro-ecological risks can be the following: increasing of using highly productive seeds zone: soft spring wheat - "Altaiska-ya-100," "Altaiskaya-530," "Voloshinka," etc.; hard spring wheat - "Zhemchuzhina Sibiri," "Oasis"; soft winter wheat - "Zimushka," "Novosibirskaya 51," "Omska-ya-5," etc.; winter rye - "Irtyshskaya," "Krasnoyarskaya Universalnaya"; improvement of the grain crop system insurance with governmental support based on the foreign countries experience (if profitability is reduced by 60%, compensation from the government can be up to 70% of the lost profit) [3].
The perspective of overcoming risks in the market is in the development of exchange trading as a necessary element of civilized market trade in grain and the creation of an inter-regional grain stabilization fund that carries out commodity interventions in the market. Grain market in Siberian regions should be formed considering the situation, market infrastructure development, and competition. In turn, the grain industry competitiveness is characterized by individual production costs, quality indicators, and market capacity [2].
Grain storage capacity calculation in Siberian transport and logistics centers has shown that the capacity of one-time grain storage is more than 5.0 million tons. We believe that infrastructure development should be faster than grain production growth, and the leading role in the formation of market infrastructure should belong to the government. When supplying grain outside Siberia, it is necessary to link grain storage and transportation capacities with its main commodity movement.
The current situation on the grain market of Siberia allows us to state that the grain market formation and development should occur with the government's active participation in creating information and marketing centers, developing
transport and logistics infrastructure, and improving storage and transportation systems of grain and grain products, including a unified information and communication system of the grain market, a system of licensed warehouses, harmonized system of domestic standards with the international system.
Conclusion
The study has achieved the set goal and solved the tasks; it has identified the main factors that have the greatest impact on the functioning and development of grain production and marketing in Siberia: (1) natural and climatic conditions; (2) level of development of production and market infrastructure; (3) logistics; (4) world and regional grain market conditions; and (5) competitiveness on foreign markets.
The grain production development in Siberia perspective is in the formation of market-based economic structures that will interact with the Russian Grain Union, Interregional Association of Economic Cooperation "Siberian Agreement," the Association "Siberian Grain Consortium" on the development of grain production and market, as well as the Russian Export Center. As a result, the Siberian grain market will be a set of specialized regional markets. This will help create conditions for the functioning of commodity-money relations and the implementation of equivalent inter-sectoral and inter-regional commodity exchange.
The practical significance of the research is to identify the specific features of the development of grain production and marketing in Siberia, which are determined by the unique characteristics of the territory - various natural and climatic conditions within the administrative unit, favorable soil conditions, immense production scale, limited sales in the national market, low level of infrastructure development, remoteness of the territory from foreign markets (which requires optimization of transaction costs). The organizational and economic mechanism for the development of production and marketing of grain proposed by the researchers was developed considering these specific features; it is based on an integrated approach and allows meeting the needs of the market in grain with high-quality characteristics. With grain production reaching 19.7 million tons by 2025, the priority for inter-regional grain relations will be to increase the supply of grain from more favorable production areas. The regions of Siberia can supply the interregional market with (1) high-quality, environmentally friendly grain, (2) grain grown by organic farming, (3) grain processing products and flour products. The decrease of supplies to the grain market is explained by the fact that by 2025 it is planned to increase the market share of grain products with high added value, including products of deep
grain processing. On the domestic market, coarse grain supplies will increase to areas that are most favorable for livestock development but do not have a comparative advantage in grain production.
Acknowledgment. The research was supported by the grant of the President of the Russian Federation, Project MK-5244.2021.2.
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AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Alexander A. Bykov: general guidance of the research direction, work with statistical information, results interpretation, preparation of the text of the paper.
Vitaly V. Aleshchenko : work with statistical information, results interpretation,
preparation of the text of the paper. Roman I. Chupin: results interpretation, preparation of the text of the paper. Elena V. Popova: results interpretation, preparation of the text of the paper. Alfira M. Kumratova: results interpretation, preparation of the text of the paper.
ВКЛАД АВТОРОВ Быков А.А.: общее руководство направлением исследования, работа со статистической информацией, интерпретация результатов, подготовка текста статьи.
Алещенко В.В.: работа со статистической информацией, интерпретация
результатов, подготовка текста статьи. Чупин Р.И.: интерпретация результатов, подготовка текста статьи. Попова Е.В.: интерпретация результатов, подготовка текста статьи. Кумратова А.М.: интерпретация результатов, подготовка текста статьи.
DATA ABOUT THE AUTHORS Alexandr A. Bykov
Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology of Russian Academy of Sciences
2b, Tsentralnaya Str., Krasnoobsk, 630501, Russian Federation bykov4 7@yandex. ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5034-6777
Vitaly V. Aleshchenko
Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
17, Academician Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibisrk, 630090, Russian Federation 564435@mail.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4158-6127
Roman I. Chupin
Omsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 15, Karl Marks Ave., Omsk, 644024, Russian Federation roman-chupin@yandex.ru ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8904-1380
Elena V. Popova
Kuban State Agrarian University
13, Kalinina Str., Krasnodar, 350044, Russian Federation
elena-popov@yandex.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8533-6897
Alfira M. Kumratova
Kuban State Agrarian University
13, Kalinina Str., Krasnodar, 350044, Russian Federation alfa05@yandex. ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4536-9680
ДАННЫЕ ОБ АВТОРАХ Александр А. Быков
Сибирский Федеральный Научный Центр Агробиотехнологии РАН ул. Центральная, 2б, г. Краснообск, 630501, Российская Федерация bykov4 7@yandex. ru
Виталий В. Алещенко
Институт Экономики и Организации Промышленного Производства Сибирского Отделения Российской Академии Наук
пр. Академика Лаврентьева, 17, г. Новосибирск, 630090, Российская
Федерация
564435@mail.ru
Роман И. Чупин
Омский Научный Центр Сибирского Отделения Российской Академии Наук
пр. Карла Маркса, 15, Омск, 644024, Российская Федерация roman-chupin@yandex.ru
Елена В. Попова
Кубанский Государственный Аграрный Университет
ул. Калинина, 13, г. Краснодар, 350044, Российская Федерация
elena-popov@yandex.ru
Алфира М. Кумратова
Кубанский Государственный Аграрный Университет
ул. Калинина, 13, г. Краснодар, 350044, Российская Федерация
alfa05@yandex. т
Поступила 19.06.2022
После рецензирования 25.06.2022
Принята 30.06.2022
Received 19.06.2022 Revised 25.06.2022 Accepted 30.06.2022
