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АНАЛИЗ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ В ОЭЗ КАЛИНИНГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
Ю.К. Ковалева, магистрант
Российский экономический университет имени Г.В. Плеханова (Россия, г. Москва)
DOI:10.24412/2411-0450-2022-4-1-212-216
Аннотация. ОЭЗ Калининградской области является частью российской территории с льготным налоговым режимом для предпринимательской деятельности, инвестиционная активность которой в последнее время развивается благодаря благоприятным условиям для расширения бизнеса. Более того созданию такого выгодного положения для развития бизнес-процессов способствует приток иностранных инвестиций наряду с привлечением новых европейских резидентов, нацеленных на проектную реализацию в разных секторах экономики Калининградской области. Таким образом, для исследования инвестиционной активности иностранных инвесторов в Калининградской ОЭЗ в данной статье будут проанализированы рыночные доли иностранных резидентов в перспективных отраслях области, представлено статистическое сравнение между основными европейскими резидентами и рассмотрены реальные примеры процветающих бизнес-проектов на ближайшее будущее.
Ключевые слова: инвестиционная деятельность, иностранные инвестиции, резиденты ОЭЗ, сектора экономики, Калининградская область.
The investment activity development of each Russian Federation region depends primarily on the state regulation, which reveals the relevance topic of this study research. Talking directly about the business development and increased investment in the Kaliningrad region then it is worth to mention that nowadays this region is a special economic zone until 2045 [1].
Nowadays, there are many residents operating in this economic zone, for example, about 139 of them are carrying out nationally important investment projects, the volume of investments in which is about 150 million rubles including both private and public investments. Most of the residents carry out
their activities in manufacturing industry, primarily in agricultural industry. Besides an increasing number of logistics projects are also successful, because these projects relate to all sectors of the economy [2]. Therefore, the investment activity development in the Kaliningrad region is happening very rapidly because there are very favorable conditions for business development in this Russian Federation region particularly for the most priority state economic sectors [3].
The number of economic entities in this SEZ rapidly increases from year to year and nowadays the location of these enterprises can be observed in pic. 1.
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Pic. 1. SEZ residents in the Kaliningrad region [4]
According to the presented data, it can be noticed that most of the subjects are situated in the very center of the Kaliningrad region. These enterprises include such perspective industries of economic entities for leading business activity according to the investment attractiveness of Kaliningrad region SEZ as manufacturing, extraction of amber, engineering, information technology, pharmaceutical and medical, shipbuilding, automotive, furniture, tourism [5].
Additionally, it is worth mentioning the importance of foreign investments inflows in the Kaliningrad region SEZ in terms of new residents' attraction from other European parts to build up their business projects or startups in perspective industries of this area. Thereby when it comes to foreign investments, in support and implementation of which the «Association of Foreign Investors in the Kaliningrad region» was established, it has been actively functioning since 2005, protecting the interests of foreign investors and
contributing to the formation of a favorable investment climate in the Kaliningrad region. The Association actively works in the interests of its members, builds effective interaction between business, society, and government by supporting and promoting investment projects and initiatives. There are three main principles that are followed by this Association [6]:
- protection of the Association members' interests at the level of executive and legislative authorities;
- participation in projects to create conditions for effective business environment;
- formation of the region's image as a safe and attractive territory for investment.
Thus, foreign investment companies operating in various sectors of the Kaliningrad region's economy (pic. 2) are members of the Association and residents of the Kaliningrad region's special economic zone.
Pic. 2. Economic sectors in SEZ of the Kaliningrad region foreign investment companies [6]
Looking at the pie chart above obviously the biggest shares are taken by the manufacturing and financial industries and consisted of 33% and 25% of the whole Kaliningrad's economic sectors respectively. Whereas the average positions are presented by construction (14%) and trade (10%) sectors together
with the lowest shares (less than 10%) which are reflected by services, agricultural and transportation industries from 9% to 3%.
Moreover, most of these foreign investment companies are presented by the following countries in 2020 (pic. 3).
Pic. 3. Foreign investments' countries in the Kaliningrad SEZ (by the share, %) Source: compiled by the author based on information from resource [7]
Thus, the biggest shares are taken by Lithuanian and German residents (about 23% and 20% of the whole foreign investments' market share) that is quite evident according to close territorial location to the Kaliningrad region (approximately 550 km to Berlin and
310 km to Vilnius) and gives an opportunity to drive or deliver a cargo just in few hours and by any kind of transport. In that way, Lithuania is a regular monetary financial investor in the veritable region of Kaliningrad's economy that has 87 endeavors with the Lith-
uanian capital in the region. For example, the fish dealing with undertaking «Vi-chyunayRus» (complete Lithuanian investments: 9 million USD), «Kaliningrad's Delikates» meat handling plant (7 million USD), the sweets parlor shop «Novaya Ruta» (5 million USD) are situated there [6]. Together with German partner «Textima Export Import GmbH» it was established the company «AMPERETEX», which in 2020 became a resident of the Kaliningrad special economic zone, and in 2021 opened a factory to produce innovative textile fabrics in the «Khrabrovo Industrial Park». 11% of market share are represented by Italian investors, for example, such companies as «Carpelli Group» and «Zamperla S.p.A.» specializing in the construction of logistics centers and supermarkets, equipment production for alternative energy generation and solid waste recycling which were quite interested in SEZ preferences and logistical advantages. French and Cypriot investors each own 6% of the foreign investments' market share. In 2017 the world's leading manufacturer of glassware, the French company «Arc International», signed an agreement with the Kaliningrad region government on the plant construction to produce high-strength glass tableware in the
«Chernyakhovsk Industrial Park», investments in which amounted to 6,5 billion rubles. As for Cyprus, by way of redomicilation three more companies from the Republic of Cyprus were registered in the special administrative region on Oktyabrsky Island in Kaliningrad in April 2021 such as «Landlink Limited», «Norcroston Holdings Limited» and «Tuscellville Holdings Limited», whose main activity is the rental and management of their own or leased real estate. The lowest market shares in the equivalent of 3% are occupied by the rest of the countries including the Czech Republic, Austria, Belgium, the USA, Turkey, Switzerland, Croatia, Brazil, the UK, India, Norway, Denmark.
To sum up, having analyzed the data on the inflow of foreign investments from other worldwide countries, Kaliningrad's SEZ is more attractive to international investment partners closely situated towards Kaliningrad territory as Lithuanian and German entities. It can be explained in terms of cost savings due to short distances, well-organized transport and transfer hub, and resemblance in economic sectors' activities. Therefore, it is relevant to build and further support business development potential exactly in such directions for immediate prospects.
References
1. Federal Law "On the Special Economic Zone in the Kaliningrad Region and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" No. 16-FZ 10.01.2006 (latest edition).
2. Sinenko O.A., Tsyganova T.D. Special Economic Zones in Russia: Practice of Application of Tax Incentives and Assessment of Efficiency / O.A. Sinenko, T.D. Tsyganova // Bulletin of Ural Federal University. Series Economics and Management. - 2018. - Vol. 17. - № 1. -Pp. 166-191.
3. Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. - [Electronic resource]. -Access mode: https://www.economy.gov.ru/ (accessed 12.12.2021).
4. Administration of the special economic zone in the Kaliningrad region. - [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://oez.gov39.ru/news/predstavlyaem-prezentatsiyu-unikalnykh-preimushchestv-investitsionnogo-rezhima-oez-v-kaliningradskoy/ (accessed 14.12.2021).
5. Ministry of Economic Development, Industry and Trade of the Kaliningrad region. - [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://minprom.gov39.ru/ (accessed 15.12.2021).
6. Investment activity of the special economic zone in the Kaliningrad region. - [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://investinkaliningrad.ru/ (accessed 18.12.2021).
7. Territorial authority of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Kaliningrad Region. -[Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://kaliningrad.gks.ru/ (accessed 18.12.2021).
FOREIGN INVESTMENT ANALYSIS IN SEZ OF THE KALININGRAD REGION
J.K. Kovaleva, Graduate Student Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Russia, Moscow)
Abstract. Kaliningrad region SEZ is one of the Russian territorial parts with preferential tax regime for business activities, the investment activity development of which has recently progressed due to favorable conditions for business expansion. Furthermore, in this case foreign investments inflows contribute to realization of such profitable business environment along with new European residents' attraction to stimulate various sectors of the Kaliningrad region's economy. Thereby in order to research the subject of foreign investment activity in Kaliningrad's SEZ this article will cover analysis of international residents' market shares in perspective industries, present statistical comparison between the main European residents and consider real examples of thriving business projects for the nearest future.
Keywords: investment activity, foreign investments, SEZ residents, economic sectors, Kaliningrad region.
