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Таким образом, в результате проведенного исследования показана эффективность применения фитоароматерапии в психотерапевтической практике.
1 2 2 2 F. H. M. Narain , K. J. van Zwieten , P. L. Lippens , K. P. Schmidt , 2 2 2 2 2 P. Gervois , P. Colla , Y. Palmers , M. Vandersteen , A. Reyskens ,
I. Robeyns 2, S. A. Varzin3, A. V. Zinkovsky3,1. A. Zoubova3, K. S. Lamur1
FOOT INVERSION AND EVERSION MOVEMENTS IN STANCE AND SWING -SOME
COMPARATIVE-ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
1 Department of Anatomy, University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname Department of Anatomy, BioMed, University of Hasselt, transnational University
Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
3
Department of Biomechanics and Valeology, Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnical
University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Quadrupedalism in primates and their precursors is characterized by moving forward in a parasagittal plane, while the foot keeps clinging to the substratum. This imposes external rotation on the lower leg, transferred to inversion of the foot by cardan-like functions of the ankle joint 1. Foot inversion is turning the sole of the foot inwards whereas eversion is turning it outwards. In foot and ankle, such rotational movements include calcaneo-cuboid pivoting in lower primates, their precursors and bipedal hominids. Axes of foot inversion run through this calcaneo-cuboid pivot in primates, as well as in the opossum, a predecessor 2. At the onset of stance, by a foot contacting the ground, opossum and lower primates lack initial heel contact while higher primates have heel contact at touchdown. Prerequisites for heel strike at the onset of stance include foot dorsiflexion followed by foot eversion, as will be discussed below.
Ranges of motion of foot inversion and eversion in stance and swing during the gait cycle were recently determined, thus confirming and adjusting previous measurements 3 4. Generally speaking, foot dorsiflexion at touchdown mainly by activity of m. tibialis anterior, includes initial foot inversion, simultaneously caused by this muscle as well 5. During stance, the foot then displays eversion which is mainly caused by the foot evertor muscles, like the mm. peronei. At the end of stance, the foot ends up in about 9° inversion - just before, but also during toe-off. Before push-off moreover, plantar flexion caused by flexor muscles of the foot has already started. During the swing phase the foot gradually everts, while foot plantar flexion eventually changes into foot dorsiflexion again 6. On the occasion of these phenomena mentioned here, two concluding remarks may be made.
First - in a primate predecessor such as the opossum, foot plantar flexion at late stance continues until toe-off. Then the foot rapidly changes to dorsiflexion, accom-
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panied by foot eversion ' . This is possible thanks to some conservative characters of
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arthrology and myology in the opossum lower leg, ankle, and foot ' . Second -in man, in chronic neuropathy like in the case of the diabetes foot, the ranges of motion of foot inversion and eversion are considerably smaller than those in the healthy foot10. The incidence of such a decrease, at touchdown as well as during toe-off, may easily lead to gait impairment in these patients with chronic neuropathy 11. Such neuropathies should be rightly diagnosed, to start rehabilitation as early as possible.
References
1. MAESTRO M. (2004) Rappel biomécanique des articulations talo-crurale et sous-talienne. Médecine et Chirurgie du Pied, 20, 1, 6-10.
2. NARAIN F.H.M., VAN ZWIETEN K.J., LIPPENS P.L., LAMUR K.S. (2003) Aspects of arthrology in the lower leg of the opossum. European Journal of Morphology, 41, 1, 68.
3. MATSUSAKA N. (1986) Control of the medial-lateral balance in walking. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 57, 555-559.
4. SMITH R., RATTANAPRASERT U., O' DWYER N. (2001) Coordination of the ankle joint complex during walking. Human Movement Science 20, 447 - 460.
5. VAN ZWIETEN K.J., BIESMANS S., SCHMIDT K. P., LIPPENS P.L., REYSKENS A., ROBEYNS I., VANDERSTEEN M., MAHABIER R.V., NARAIN F.H.M., LAMUR K.S. (2008) Non-sagittal movements in lower leg and foot, and some of their underlying anatomical and kinematical principles. In: Sviridenok, A.I. (Ed.) Biomechanics of Human Foot: Materials of the International and Practical Conference, Grodno, June 18 - 19, 2008, ISBN 978-985-515-043-6, 27-29.
6. JENKYN T.R., ANAS K., NICHOL A. (2009) Foot segment kinematics during normal walking using a multisegment model of the foot and ankle complex. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 131, March 2009, 0345041-03450417.
7. SZALAY F. Evolutionary history of the marsupials and an analysis of oste-ological characters. Cambridge University Press, New York 1994.
8. NARAIN F.H.M., VAN ZWIETEN K.J., GERVOIS P., LIPPENS P.L.,
REYSKENS A., COLLA P., PALMERS Y., SCHMIDT K.P., VANDERSTEEN M.,
BIESMANS S., ROBEYNS I., OP 'T EIJNDE B., ZINKOVSKY A., VARZIN, S., LAMUR K.S. (2009) Human foot inversion prior to toe-off: an analysis by means of
functional morphology, and comparative anatomical observation. Journal of Vibro-
engineering, 11, 3, 530-535.
9. NARAIN F.H.M., VAN ZWIETEN K.J., LIPPENS P.L., LAMUR K.S., ADRIAENSENS P., GELAN J. (2005) Deep muscles in the lower leg of the opossum. European Journal of Morphology, 42, 3, 147.
10. RAO S., SALTZMAN C., YACK H.J. (2007) Segmental foot mobility in individuals with and without diabetes and neuropathy. Clinical Biomechanics, 22, 464-471.
11. MEROLLI A., UCCIOLI L. (2005) Plantar pressure distribution in patients with neuropathic diabetic foot. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Biomechanics, 3, 1, 61-64.
K. J. van Zwieten1, K. P. Schmidt1, G. J. Bex1, P. L. Lippens1, A. V. Zinkovsky2,
2 2 2 2 V. A. Sholukha , O. E. Piskun , S. A. Varzin , I. A. Zoubova
HAND POSITIONS IN SCROLLING, AS RELATED TO PC-WORKERS' DYSTONIA, AND TREATMENT OF DYSTONIA BY MEANS OF VIBROSTIMULATION AND EXTERNAL SHOCK WAVES THERAPY
department of Anatomy, BioMed, University of Hasselt, transnational University Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Biomechanics and Valeology, Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Recently, an interesting study was brought forward, concerning the distinguishing of our body from not-body devices 1. In using the computer, the computer mouse may be regarded as such a device that is experienced as part of our body sometimes, especially in relation to hand and fingers. In handling the computer mouse however, hand and finger will always try to follow their own characteristic kinematics. It is not surprising therefore, that various upper extremity dysfunctions emerged, together with the increasing popularity of the PC. This coincidence may become even more relevant, also in view of the still growing computer use by e.g. the elderly 2.
In the next survey, some frequent hand and finger dysfunctions related to mouse scrolling will be dealt with, mainly based on our specific knowledge of finger anatomy and kinematics.
Nowadays it is generally accepted that, preceding peripheral dystonia of hand and fingers, complaints of peripheral neuropathy may be experienced too 3. Such
